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1、2016年英语专业八级考试真题答案及解析PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION AMINI-LECTURE 1.the dialectical model mon and fixed 3.premises 4.opposition/arguing 5.arguments as perforn诅nces/therhetorical model 6.participating/the participant/participatory 7.be tailored to/convince/cater to 8.how we argue 9.tactics/str
2、ategies 10.negotiation and collaboration 11.theyre dead ends/theres no solution 12.learning with losing 13.questions/objections/arguments in opposition 14.achieve positive effects 15.support oneself/be self-supported MINI-LECTURE听力原文Models for Arguments 论证的模式Good morning,everyone.My name is David an
3、d I am good at arguing.So welcome to our introductory lecture on argumentation.Why do we want to argue?Why do we try to convince other people to believe things that they dont want to believe.And is that even a nice thing to do?Is that a nice way to treat other human being,try and make them think som
4、ething they dont want to think?Well,my answer is going to make reference to three models for arguments.大家早上好。我叫大卫，擅长辩论。欢迎大家来听这次辩论的介绍。我们为什么想要辩论？为什么我们想要让别人相信他们不愿相信的事情。这样做到底好不好？这样对待别人，试图让他们思考不想思考的事情，到底合不合适？我的答案将涉及到三种辩论模式。1 The first model-lets call this the dialectical model-is that we think of ar ents
5、 as war.And ou know what thats like.There is a lot of screamin and shoutin and winnin and losin.2 And thats not reall ave hel ful model for ar in but its a ret common and fixed one.I guess you must have seen that type of arguing many times-in the street,on the bus or in the subway.Lets move on to th
6、e second model.The second model for arguing regards arguments as proofs.Think of a mathematicians argument.Heres my argument.Does it work?Is it any good?(3)Are the premises warranted?Are the inferences valid?Does the conclusion follow the premises?(4)No opposition,no adversariali-not necessaril an a
7、r in in the adversarial sense.(5)And theres a third model to kee in mind that I think is oin to be ve hel ful and that is ar ents as erformances.Ar ents has been in front of an audience.We can think of a politician trying to present a position,trying to convince the audience of something.(6)But ther
8、es another twist on this model that I really think is im ortant namel that when we ar e before an audience sometimes the audience has a more artici ato role in the ar entthat is ou resent our ar ments in front of an audience who are likeuries that make aud ent and decide the case.(5)Lets call this m
9、odel the rhetorical model where ou have to tailor our ar ment to the audience at hand.第一种模式，我们叫它辩证模式，这种模式中，我们把辩论看作战争。你也知道那是怎样的情况。充斥着扰攘与成败。这种模式对辩论帮助不大，却很普遍，很常用。我猜你一定经常看到这种辩论：大街上，公交车上，地铁里。接下来我们看第二种模式。第二种论证模式把争论作为验证过程。想想数学家的论证。这是我的论点。这个论点有效吗？有什么优点吗？前提可以保证为真吗？推断有效吗？结论与前提一致吗？没有反对方，没有对抗，不需要任何反对的声音与之争论。还有第
10、三种模式，我觉得非常有用，它把辩论看作表演。辩论被呈现在观众面前。说到这里我们可以想到竟争某个职位的政客，试图说服人们相信某些事。但是我认为对这个模式的一个曲解有必要指出，我们在观众面前辩论的时候，观众有时候会参与到辩论中。你将辩论呈现在观众面前，他们像陪审团一样，做出决定，裁决案件。我们把这个模式叫作修辞模式，你可以根据面前的观众修改辩论。Of those three,the argument as war is the dominant one.(8)It dominates how we talk about ar ents it dominates how we think about
11、 ar ments and because of that it sha es how we ar e,our actual conduct in arguments.We want strong arguments,arguments that have a lot of punch,arguments that are right on target.We want to have our defenses up and our strategies all in order.We want killer arguments.Thats the kind of argument we wa
12、nt.It is the dominant way of thinking about arguments.When Im talking about arguments,thats probably what you thought of,the adversarial model.But the war metaphor,the war paradigm or model for thinking about arguments,has,I think,negative effects on how we argue.(9)First,it elevates tactics over su
13、bstance.You can take a class in logic argumentation.You learn all about the strategies that people use to try and win arguments and that makes arguing adversarial;its polarizing.And the only foreseeable outcomes are triumph,glorious triumph,or disgraceful defeat.10 I think those are ve destructive e
14、ffects and worst of all it seems to revent thin s like ne otiation and collaboration.Um,I think the argument-as-war metaphor inhibits those other kinds of resolutions to argumentation.(11)And finally,this is really the worst thing,ar ents dont seem to et us an herethere dead ends.We dont etan here.这
15、三个模式中，将辩论当作战争的模式占主导地位。它使每当我们提起辩论，就是这种模式。这种模式基本代表了我们对辩论的理解，因此，它也影响着我们论证的方式以及在论证中我们的实际做法。我们需要强有力的辩论，直指目标。我们想把自己武装起来，组织好策略去应对。我们想要击败对手。这是我们想要的辩论。这就是一种主流的辩论观。谈到论证，你可能会想到对抗模式。但是我认为战争这个隐喻，将论证看作战争的范式或者模式对我们的辩论方式产生了消极作用。首先，它将技巧置于内容之上。你可以去上一节逻辑辩论课。你可以学到几乎所有人们常用的辩论技巧去赢得辩论，这些技巧将辩论两极化，对抗化。可预见的结果只有光荣的胜利或者可耻的败北。我
16、觉得那些技巧是具有杀伤力的，它将协商合作这些事排除在外。我觉得，将辩论看作战争这个隐喻排除了其他各种解决争论的方案。最后，最糟糕的是，这样的辩论并没有得出任何结论，变成了死胡同。无法得出任何结论。Oh,and one more thing.12 That is if ar ment is war then theres also an im licit as ect of meaning,learning with losing.And let me explain what I mean.(13)Suppose you and I have an ar ment.You believe a
17、ro osition and I dont.And Isa Well wh do ou believe that?And ou ive me our reasons.And I obect and sa Well what about?And ou answer m obection.And I have a uestion:Well what do ou mean?How does it a 1 over here?And ou answer m uestion.Now su ose at the end of the da Ive obected Ive uestioned Ive rai
18、sed all sorts of uestions from an o osite ers ective and in eve case ouve res onded to m satisfaction.2 哦！还有，如果辩论是战争的话，那么还有一点含义，就是吸取失败的教训。我解释一下。假设你和我在辩论。你相信一个命题而我不信。我就说：“你为什么相信这个？“你给出了你的理由，我反对说，“那么“你回答了我的反对意见。我问：“那你是什么意思？那么在这个地方如何解释？“你回答了我的问题。假设，这一天要结束了，我提出了反对意见，提出了质疑，也从反面问了各种问题，你的回答都令我满意。And so at
19、the end of the day,I say,You know what?I guess youre right.Maybe finally I lost my argument.But isnt it also a process of learning?So you see arguments may also have positive effects.14 So how can we find new wa s to achieve those ositive effects?We need to think of new kinds of arguments.Here I hav
20、e some suggestions.If we want to think of new kinds of arguments,what we need to do is think of new kinds of arguers,people who argue.So try this:Think of all the roles that people play in arguments.Theres the proponent and the opponent in an adversarial,dialectical argument.Theres the audience in r
21、hetorical arguments.Theres the reasoner in arguments as proofs.All these different roles.Now,can you imagine an argument in which you are the arguer,but youre also in the audience,watching yourself argue?(15)Can you imagine yourself watching yourself ar如e?That means you need to be supported by yours
22、elf.Even when you lose the argument,still,at the end of the argument,you could say,Wow,that was a good argument!Can you do that?I think you can.In this way,youve been supported by yourself.一天结束了，我说，“你知道吗？我觉得你是对的。“最后我输了辩论。可是这不是学习的过程吗？所以，你看，辩论也有积极作用的。那么，我们要怎么找到实现这些积极作用的新方式呢？我们要想出新的辩论。这里我有几个问题。如果要想出新的辩
23、论，我们需要想出新的辩论者，也就是参与辩论的人。试试这个方法：想出辩论中人的所有角色。对抗辩论，辨证辩论中有支持者和反对者。修辞辩论中要有观众。把辩论当作依据，需要有人做推理。这些都是辩论中的不同角色。现在想象一下，在一场论争中，你是辩论者，同时也是观众，看着你自己辩论。你能想象自己看着自己辩论吗？也就是说你要自己支持自己。这样即使最后输掉争论，你也可以说“好精彩的辩论啊！“你可以做到吗？我觉得你可以的。这样，你自己支持自己。Up till now,I have lost a lot of arguments.It really takes practice to become a good
24、arguer,in the sense of being able to benefit from losing,but fortunately,Ive had many,many colleagues who have been willing to step up and provide that practice for me.迄今为止，我巳经输了很多场争论。成为出色的辩论者真的需要练习，因为可以从失败中吸取教训。不过，很幸运，我有很多同事，他们都愿意陪我练习。OK.To sum up,in todays lecture,I have introduced three models of
25、 arguments.The first model is called the dialectical model.The second one is the model of arguments as proofs.And the last one is called the rhetorical model,the model of arguments as performances.I have also emphasized that,though the adversarial type of arguments is quite common,we can still make
26、arguments produce some positive effects.Next time I will continue our discussion on the process ofarguing.总结一下，今天我介绍了三种辩论的模型。第一种叫作辩证模型。第二种模型将辩论作为依据。最后一种叫作修辞模型，将辩论看作表演。要强调的是，虽然对抗式辩论非常常见，我们还是可以让辩论产生积极作用。下次我会继续讨论辩论过程。SECTION B INTERVIEW 1.What is the topic of the interview?答案：C.Maggies view on studying
27、 with Mom.2.Which of the following indicates that they have the same study schedule?答案：A.Theytak e exams m the same weeks.3.What do the mother and daughter have in common as students?3 答案：D.Taking notes by hand.4.What is the biggest advantage of studying with Mom?答案：D.Encouragement.5.What is the big
28、gest disadvantage of studying with Mom?答案:B.Occasional interference from Mom.6.Why is parent and kids studying together a common case?答案：A.Because parents need to be ready for new jobs.7.What would Maggies Mom like to be after college?答案：C.Lawyer.8.How does Maggies Mom feel about sitting in class af
29、ter thirty years?答案：D.Frustrated.9.What is most challenging for Maggies Mom?答案：C.To accept what is taught.10.How does Maggie describe the process of picking out ones career path?答案：B.Gradual.INTERVIEW!听力原文M:Good evening,everybody.(1)Today we are pleased to have invited Maggie Shorts from Harvard Uni
30、versi to tell us her feelin of stud in to ether with her mom.Well,Maggie.W:Thanks.Im happy to meet you all.M:Maggie,are you and your mom studying the same major at the university?W:Not really.She is studying in law school and Im studying journalism.So,you see she is a graduate student while I am an
31、undergraduate.Since we study at the same time and hers is a four-year night program,our school schedules are synched.M:Which means?W:2 We follow the same schedules of stud.We take our exams durin the same bus weeks and ex erience similar relief at the end of December and Ma.Last spring,we compared n
32、otes on our cover letters and interviews for our job applications.Last June,as we were both preparing for our summer internships,my mother and I traded fashion advice.Presently,we will probably graduate within days of each other.M:Interesting.Then you must have a lot in common at study.W:You bet.3 A
33、s students weve shared stud habits take notes b hand eneral truths You cant avoid havin a few bad rofessors and encoura in latitude like its oka!No one will care how ou did on our Science of Cookin or Constitutional Law midterm!.Where shes listened to my complaints about freshman-year roommates and
34、dining-hall food,Ive helped her buy textbooks online and wished her luck in moot-court practice.Occasionally,weve even studied together.When Mom came to visit during Freshman Parents Weekend,I took her into the libraries on the pretext that she was on the library tour.We sat side by side in the big
35、open room on the first floor,she diligently taking notes on a huge red volume that she had lugged from New York City on the train,I casually reading about Greek myths.M:What do you think is the biggest advantage of having a parent studying together with you?W:I know that my mother has felt the frust
36、ration of a paper that wont write and the excitement of mastering a difficult topic.I dont need to explain my elaborate theory that I am a bad test-taker,shes said the same thing about herself.And talking with her is a good way to get perspective on those occasional hurdles that crop up in college.A
37、lthough we are both taking a substantial course load,Mom 4 is also working a full-time job in the financial industry.(4)That urges me to study harder,so I should say encouragement.M:Any disadvantages then?W:5 Well sometimes I wonder whether we are ettin a little too involved in each others scholasti
38、c lives.This usually occurs to me about twice a year,when my mother calls to inform me of her grades.Once,she reached me in the middle of a date(I got my first A!Arent you going to congratulate me?),and often,when the news has been disappointing,I havent known how to respond.Last fall,I was chastise
39、d for passing along a speculative tidbit I had heard in the dining hall-that,because of grade inflation,GP As once considered good might be viewed with new scrutiny.Jane has informed me thatB is the new F,Mom announced at Thanksgiving.I didnt know what to say to comfort her.男：大家晚上好。很高兴我们今天邀请到哈佛大学的玛吉
40、肖茨来跟我们分享，和妈妈一起上学的感觉。玛吉。女：谢谢。很高兴见到大家。男：玛吉，你和妈妈在大学学的是同一专业吗？女：没有。她在法学院学习，我学新闻。她是研究生，而我是本科生。我们在同一时间学习，她上的是四年制夜校，我们的学校时间表是一样的。男：这意味着什么？女：我们遵循相同的学习时间表。我们在相同的几个考试周里忙着参加考试，在12月底和5月底的时候一起放松。去年春天，我们对比了求职信和面试的笔记。去年6月，当我们都在为暑期实习做准备时，妈妈和我交换了关于穿着打扮的建议。目前，我们两个可能会在几天内相继毕业。男：很有趣。那你们在学习上一定有很多共同点。女：当然。作为学生，我们有共同的学习习惯（
41、手写笔记），面临同样的现实（不可避免地会碰到一些糟糕的教授），并互相鼓励（比如，没关系！没有人会关心你在“烹任科学”或”宪法”期中考试中表现怎么样的！）她会听我抱怨新生室友和食堂伙食，我帮她在网上买了课本，并祝她在模拟法庭联系中表现出色。偶尔，我们还一起学习。双亲周妈妈来看望我时，我借口她去书海邀游，带她进了图书馆。我们肩并肩坐在一楼的大房间里，她翻看着坐火车从纽约市拖来的一本红色的大书，认真写笔记，我就随便读点希腊神话。男：你认为父母和你一起学习最大的好处是什么？女：我知道我的母亲面对一篇写不出来的论文有多么沮丧，也知道掌握一个高难度的话题之后她有多兴奋。我是一个“不会考试的人”，这不需要解
42、释，我妈说她也是这样。和妈妈聊天可以换一个角度看待大学里偶尔出现的障碍。虽然我们都在承受巨大的课程负担，但妈妈还在金融行业做全职工作。这激励着我更努力地学习，所以我认为最大的好处就是受到鼓励。男：有没有什么缺点呢？女：嗯，有时候我在想我们是不是对彼此的学习生活干涉大多了。这样的想法我每年会有两次，也就是我妈妈打电话通知我她的成绩的时候。有一次，我正在约会，她打电话过来(我得到了我的第一个A!你要恭喜我吗?)通常，传来的不是好消息，我还不知道该如何回应。去年秋天，我因传播在餐厅里听到的一段小道消息而受到惩罚。有人说，考试成绩给分过高，因此从前比较好的平均分数，可能会受到新的审查。”简告诉我，B是
43、新的F妈妈在感恩节这样说。我不知道该说什么安慰她。INTERVIEW2听力原文M:I see.Is the phenomenon of parent and kids studying together at university a rare case?5 W:I am afraid not.6 Chan in careers later in life is no Ion er a rari so it is not uncommon for students and their arents to be to in with bi decisions at the same time.C
44、lass surve s indicate that the maori of Harvard alumni have shifted directions when it comes to their careers.With the financial colla se of 2008 such shifts have become more wides read.Students have seen their famil members loseobs or chan e them.Gone is the time when ou start out at a com an and w
45、ork there for the rest of your life.M:So your mom started study again just because she wanted to change her career?W:Yes,7 she used to be in the real estate indus but now she wants to be a la er.M:Does her experience affect you somewhat?W:Certainly.Freshman Week,in one of the welcoming speeches,our
46、dean mentioned that many of us might have grown up thinking that doctor,lawyer,teacher were our only option.She urged us to stick to our dream.But later I realized talking about passions is one thing-actually following them is another.By the time I started to think about what professional directions
47、 I might want to take,I had heard The average American changes careers seven times so often that it was hard not to become numb to its message.The last thing that the enthusiastic Harvard student wants to do is to imagine moving from job to job until she lands somewhere by chance,especially when the
48、 economy is so uncertain.My mom can serve as a good example.Even if she graduated from Harvard herself as a brilliant student,she has to make alterations of her career.M:So,is your mom actually happy studying with younger students?W:Hard to say.8 Frustration is routine for older students ou know who
49、 have to learn how to study all over again.9 Mom once described the ex erience of takin classes with students half her a e after 30 ears in the workforce:Whats most challen in is that ou come into class knowin how to make a cake-but oure all there to make omelets.M:A kind of wasting time?W:Exactly.M
50、:Do you think your mom has played an important role in shaping your idea of what kind of person you want to be?W:Absolutely.Harvard offers many resources for students who want to figure out where their future lies.Advisers,tutors,and OCS keep their doors open to help undergraduates embark on this ki