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1、2010年专八真题详解（新题型优化）PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A Paralinguistic Features of Language Good morning,everyone.Today well continue our discussion on describing language.Last week we examined such features of,of language as grammar,vocabulary,the sounds of language,etc.In this lecture,well look
2、 at another important aspect of language.Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this.important aspect of language.Let me tell you.It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar or vocabulary.They are called paralinguistic features of language.These features fall i
3、nto two broad categories:those that involve the voice and those that involve the body.Now,the first category is what we call vocal paralinguistic features.lVocal features are actually tones of voice.While the are erha s not central to meanin in communication in the same wa as rammar or vocabul the m
4、a nevertheless conve attitude or intention in some wa.Let me give you some examples.2The first is whis erin which indicates the need for secrec.The second is breathiness.This is to show deep emotion.3The third is huskiness which is to show unim ortance.The fourth is nasal吓This,um,is to indicate anxi
5、ety.The last is extra lip rounding,which expresses greater intimacy,especially with babies,for example.So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice and when we do this consciously,we do it to create different effects in communication.4Now lets come to the second cate o
6、 h sical aralin uistic features which involves the body.In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice,we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies.You may ask:what are the ways,then?Let me cite some brief examples.The expression on our face,the gestures we make
7、and even proximity or way we sit,are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel,or whatwe mean.Let me explain some of these in more detail.First,facial expression.Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning.5We all lmow smiling is an almost universal si nal of leasure or we
8、lcome.But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common.For instance,6raisin e e-brows su ests that ou are s rised or interested in somethi他70ther facial actions such as bitin our Ii which indicates that ou are dee in thinkin or are uncertain about something;compressing the lips,which
9、 show that you are making decisions;and a visible clenching of the teeth,to show that you are angry,are all powerful conveyers of meaning,too.The second in this category is gesture.You see,we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings,though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use
10、may be specific to particular cultures.That is to say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning.Here,a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be.81n British En lish behavior shru in shoulders ma indicate an attitude of I dont care or I dont lmow.Crossing y
11、our arms may indicate relaxation.But it can also powerfully show you are bored.Waving can mean welcome and farewell while scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss.9In other cultures lacin our hand u on our heart is to indicate that ou are tellin the truth.Pointing your finger at your
12、 nose means its a secret.Thats why we say that gestures are culture-bound.The third is proximity,posture and echoing.Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers.This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent.Closeness,for example,in
13、dicates intimacy or threat to many speakers.lOBut distance may show formality,or lack of interest.Once again,Id like to say,proximity is also both a matter of personal style,and is often culture-bound.So,what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to
14、a speaker from another.llAnd stand.in close to someone ma be uite a ro-riate in some situations such as an informal but com letel out of lace in other situations such as 专八2010-1 1 a meeting with a superior.Next,posture.Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body,especially the back
15、,shoulders and head,when standing,walking or sitting.A few examples.12Hunched shoulders and a han in head ive a owerful indication of whether the erson is ha or not.A lowered head when speaking to a superior,with or without eye contact,can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures.On the
16、other hand,13direct level e e contact chan es the nature of the interaction and can be seen as either open or challenging.Last,echoing.Now,what is echoing?Let me start with an example.Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience.14When two people are keen to a ree with each other
17、the would likel thou h unconsciousl ado t the same osture as if an irnitation of each other.The sit or stand in the same manner.When used in this wa echoin a ears to complement the verbal communication.Of course,15when such imitation is carried out consciousl it often indicates that someone is mocki
18、n at another s eaker.OK.In todays lecture,we looked at some paralinguistic features,such as tone of voice,gesture and posture.These features,together with linguistic features of language,like grammar,or vocabulary,are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face to face encounters.In o
19、ur next lecture,well watch some video material,and see how people actually use paralinguistic means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.1.function II purpose II intention II aim II goal II objective【解析】讲座主题是副语言特征，本空谈的是第一类特筐声音副语言特征。冒号后的不定式”表达态度和意图”是这类副语言特征 的功能或作用，故填 function
20、或 purpose 等词。2.whispering【解析】讲座为了说明声音副语言特征能在交际中 帮助传达态度和意图，共举了五个例子。第一个例子是“低声说话(whispering),这暗示需要保密。3.huskiness【解析】此题考的是第三个例子”声音吵哑huskiness,暗示的是”不重要(show unimportance)。4.physical paralinguistic features【解析】讲座介绍的第二类特征是“身体副语言特征答 案 照 写 原 文提 到 的 physical paralinguistic features 即 可。注意参照第一类 的 vocal paralin
21、guistic features 的提示，features 要用复数形式。5.universal signal(s)/sign(s)II universal expression(s)II common expression(s)II usual expression(s)解析】此题涉及的是副语言特征的第二大类。与下面的 less common expressions 不那么常见的表情”是并列关系。录音中谈到面部表情时，提到“笑容在全世界范围内都是愉快和欢迎的信号”，故答案为 universal signal(s)或 universal expression(s)等。6.eyebrow rai
22、sing 解析】讲座在提到“不那么常见的表情(less com-mon expressions)时，首先举的例子是扬起 眉 毛(raising eye-brows),暗示你感到惊奇或对某事情感兴 趣(you are surprised or interested in something)。参照与此空并列 的 lip biting(该处是由 原文的 biting your lip 转化而来的），故答案应将原文的raising eye-brows 转换成 eye-brow raising。7.thought or uncertainty II meditation or uncertain-ty
23、 II contemplation or uncertainty【解析原文说“咬紧嘴唇表示你在深思或者对某事不确定”。根据上一行的名词词组 surprise or interest,可知此处也应填名词（词组）。故可把原文的形容词短语 deep in thinking or uncertain about something 转换为名词短语 thought or uncertainty,也可用近义表达代替。8.indifference/lack of knowledge/I dont know/I dont care【解析】谈到 gesture 时，录音说英 国人耸肩表达的是“我不在乎或我不知道
24、”。根据下行的名词 puzzlement和 secret 可知，此空应填入名词，故可用 indifference或沿用原文表达。9.truth-telling/telling(the)truth/honesty 解析】讲座在谈论其他文化中不 同手势的含义时提到，把手放在心脏上表示你在讲真话。根据题 目 上下文判断，此空需填一个名词性表达，故答案为 _truthtelling、telling(the)truth 或 honesty。10.distance II keeping a distance【解析】录音中谈到说话者之间 的身体距离也可传达很多信息。比如，距离近(closeness)可传达亲
25、密或威胁的信号，而保持距离则表示正式或缺乏兴趣。故答案为 distance 或 keeping a distance。11.situation II context II occasion【解析】录音中提到，proximity 的含义因不同个体和文化而异。之后又谈到“在某些场合如非正式的聚会上，即使很近的距离也很正常，但在其他场合如与上级见面，同样 的距离就会很不恰当”。故答案为 situation 或其近义表达。12.mood II happy or not II happy or unhappy【解析】录音中说到，hunched shoulders 和 a hang-ing head 可传
26、达一个人是否快乐。此空可根据原文whether a person is happy or not 总 结 出 答 案mood 或沿用原文的表达 happy or not。专八 2010-1213.open or challenge【解析】录音 中说到，平视的 眼神交流可 以看作 是一种开放或挑战(direct level eye contact.can be seen邸either open or challenging),故答案应填open or challenging。注意此处不能 只 选其中 一个词来填，只填其中一个会造成意思不完整。14.unconsciously same postu
27、re/unconscious imitation【解析】录音 中讲到echoing时用 了举例说明。譬如，当两个人非常认同对方的观点 时，他们往往会无意识地采取相 同的身体姿势（如相 同 的站姿或坐姿），这样能辅助语言的交际。根据题 目，答案为unconsciously same posture 或 unconscious imitation。15.mockery/mocking【解析】录音在末尾部分提到，当刻 意模仿别人时，代表是在嘲笑别人(mocking at another speaker),由于此处需要名词形式，故可选填mockery或mocking。SECTl!)N B Part O
28、ne:W:The word diversity has become a cliche in the United States today.lIt seems to me that nowadays Americans cannot turn on the television or read a news a er without seein the word o u somewhere as a descri tion of the础erican demo ra hic.Then what is this diversity in the US?Today,we are very ple
29、ased to have Dr James Johnson here on our talk show.Welcome,Dr Johnson.M:Thanks.W:Dr Johnson,we know you have done extensive research on diversity.So,what is,how do you define diversity in the American context?M:Well,at one time the US was called a melting pot,you know,which means that people of 11a
30、ny different religions,cultures,and races could shed their traditional cultural identities and blend into one homogeneous nation.W:Am I right in saying that a melting pot would emphasize the idea of all in one or being the same?M:Yes,you may say so.Um,of course,when the phrase melting pot was popula
31、r,there was also the idea of being different,but being different then simply meant Catholic as opposed to Protestant,or Irish as opposed to Swedish or Italian.W:Has the idea of being different change over the years?M:Yes,of course.You see today,2we use the word diversi to refer to more-visible ethni
32、c differences Asian American African American and Latino for instance.And religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions,not merely different branches of Christianity.W:And now is America as a whole truly diverse?M:Well,I think in all this talk of diversity there is a critical point that
33、 may be missed:that is,diversity is not occurring everywhere in the US,or at least not to a degree that would alter the demography of every region in the country.W:Oh,really?M:I can give you an example.Recently a New York Times article describes the town of Selinsgrove,Pennsylvania.You see,in the la
34、st 10 years things have barely changed in that town.The population has dropped by one,from 5,384 to 5,383 and the town remains virtually 100%white.5The article thus concludes that man ortions of the count rem血 like Selins rove virtuall unchan ed on this march toward diversity.W:3So re ions v in term
35、s of the de ree and es of diversi?M:3Thats correct.Lets sa there are 3 es of diversi in the US.And the differ from re ion to re ion.W:Could you elaborate on that?M:OK.The first is racial diversity.States with the most racially diverse populations stand in stark contrast to those with the least racia
36、lly diverse populations.Um,lets look at two states,California and Maine.From 1990 to 2000,Californias Caucasian populationmeaning non-Hispanic whites-declined from 57%to 48%.4B 2025 as is redicted that fi ure will dro to ust 34%which indicates the future change in the racial composition of Californi
37、a.50n the contr Maines Caucasian o ulation was 98%of its total o ulation throue1hout the 1990s and b 2025 Maines o ulation will still be 97%Cau-专八2010-13 casian which means virtuall no chan e in Maines racial diversi over the next 20 or so ears.1.Why does the woman say the word diversity has become
38、a cliche?C【解析 采访者开场第一旬就说diversity一词在美 国 巳经是老生常谈(has become a cliche),紧接着便道 出 她之所以这么说的原 因：美国人打开电视或看报纸时都会看到这个词 ，言下之意即这个词 常见于 电视和报纸等媒体，所以答案为C项。【点睛the idea of being different是Dr Johnson在 随后 的 回 答 中 提到 的 信 息，排 除A项 和B项。D项”该 词 如今 巳没 什 么 意 义“缺 乏 录 音 原 文依据。2.According to Dr Johnson,what is diversity in Ameri
39、ca?C【解析】录音中Dr Johnson谈到diversity时，给的定义是more对sible ethnic differences,故选C项。点睛】细 节 题。这个题 目 问diversity的 定 义。采访 开 头 女 主持 人 问：“你如何定义美 国 社 会 的 多 样 性?Dr Johnson没有 直接 回 答，而 是从 形 容 美 国 社会 的”大熔炉”一词(A项）谈起，之后 才 给 出 定义。所 以 解答本题 时 要 尤 其 注 意refer to 这样表定义 的 词。3.What does the example of Selinsgrove show?A【解析】主持人问”所
40、以，美国各地多样性的程度和类型因地区各异，是吗?Dr Johnson回答”完全正确”。故选A项。【点睛】细 节 题。预 读 选项 时 可 看 出 本题考查美 国 民 族 和 文化 的 多 样 性 与 地 区 的 关 系。从 举 出 的Selinsgrove镇、加 州 和缅 因 州 的 例 子 可得 出，多 样性 随 地 区 各 异。4.According to Dr Johnson,which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeup by 2025?D【解析】根据录音，到2025年加州 的 白 人 比例将从2000年 的
41、48%降至 34%,表 明这一地区种族构成将会发生巨 大变化，故选 D 项。【点睛细 节 题。选项 都 是地名，在 听 到 这 些 地名 时，要注 意 抓 取 相 关 的 细 节 信 息。本题答案 没 有 直 接 在 录 音 中 给 出，需 要简 单分析得 出 答案。5.What is the similarity between Selinsgrove and Maine according to the interview?B【解析】根据选项 的一些特征（如Both.、the same以及population和racial composition等），推测题 目 可能要问某两个地方的某个趋
42、势或共同之处。录音 中在讲Selinsgrove和Maine时，都提到它们的种族单一性基本没怎么变，所以 B 项”他们的种族构成都很稳定”为本题答案。【点睛】录音 只 提到Selinsgrove在 过 去 十 年 的 人 口 总 数几 乎 无 变 化，但 未提及Maine的 人 口 数 变 化 情 况，A项 不 对。录音 中 也 只 说 到Selinsgrove的 种 族 人 口 情 况 曾 被纽约 时 报报道，没说Maine有 否 因 此见 于报 端，C项 也 不 对。虽 然 两地 的 种族 构 成 都 比 较 单 一，而 且 都 是 白 人，但Maine的 是 高 加 索 人(Caucas
43、ian),录 音 中 有 专 门 指 出 是 指non-Hispanicwhites,提 示 白 人也 有 不 同 的 种 族 细 分，Selinsgrove的 只 说 了 是whites,因 此不 能 简 单 将 二 者 等 同，故不 选D项。Part Two:W:This shows that racial diversity is not occurring everywhere.Then what about other types of diversity?M:Right.The second type of diversity is age diversity.And there
44、are some interesting age gap developing between states.For example,there was a large gap between the average age of.the 5 states with the youngest populations and the 5 states with the oldest populations.This,of course,is well-known.What is less discussed is the difference between the racial makeup
45、of yotmger and older populations.6Most of the o ulations havin the reatest racial diversi are oun er on avera e than the o ulations with great Caucasian representation.It is also well-known that Caucasians tend to be more affluent than other ethnic groups on average.In our pay-as-you-go social secur
46、ity system,workers are taxed to pay the benefit of retirees.7So this could lead to a future where wealth is s stematicall redistributed from oun er oorer minorities to older wealthier ones.W:This is a very interesting point.Then what is the third type of diversity in the US?M:The third is religious
47、diversity.Immigration from India,Pakistan,and the Middle East brought radically increased numbers of Hindus and Muslims to the US.And Chinese,Vietnamese,Japanese and other Asian immigrants increased the numbers of Buddhists.W:Oh,I see.M:8But the oint is that these reli ions didnt settle eve here.The
48、 settled mainl in California and m or northeastern and mid-western cities such as New York Philadel hia Chica o and Minnea olis.9From 1990 to 2000 the number of Muslims in New York ci rew from 600 000 to nearl 1 million.lOIn the Los An eles area there are now more than 300 Buddhist tern les.专八2010-1
49、4 W:So we see that many parts of the US are truly becoming more diverse while at the same time others are essentially remaining the same in terms of race,age and religion.M:Yes,that is true.W:OK.Dr Johnson,thank you very much for coming on the show and talking to us.M:My pleasure.6.What does Dr John
50、son indicate during the interview?A【解析】在谈到第二种多样性 时，Dr Johnson指 出，相对来说年轻的人群种族差异较大，故选A项。【点睛】细 节 题。Dr Johnson讲 的 第 二 种 多 样 性 强 调 的 就 是 不 同 年 龄 的 人群 的 种 族 多 样 性 呈 现 明 显 差 异，其 中 越年 长 的人群，其 种 族越 单 一，因 此 B 和 D 都 不 对。录 音 中 提 到 退休养老 制 度 只 是 为 了 说 明 社 会不 同 人 群 和 族群 之 间 的 财 富 将会 重 新 分 配，C 混 淆 了 它 们 之 间 的 逻辑 关