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1、2018年英语专业八级考试真题答案及解析PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 1.our species/humans/human beings 2.(their)intelligence 3.learn from others 4.repeat 5.otherswisdom/other peoples wisdom 6.accumulate 7.an evolutionary dilemma 8,watching others/watching other people MINI-LECTURE听力原文9.systems
2、of communication 10.knowledge and wisdom 11.benefits of cooperation 12.established of identities 13.isolation 14.con皿unication 15.different languages Language and Humanity 语言和人类Good morning,everyone.In todays lecture,were going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity.As we all know
3、,language is very powerful.It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone elses mind.Languages are like genes ta脰ng,getting things they want.And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that,merely by uttering a sound,it can get objects to move across
4、 a room as ifby magic,and maybe even into its mouth.Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait,you know,h皿iansability to do things with language,has evolved,and why did this trait evolve only in our species?In order to get an answer to the question,we have to go to tool use in the chim
5、panzees.Chimpanzees can use tools,and we take that phenomenon as a sign of their intelligence.But if they really were intelligent,why would they crack open nuts with a rock?Why wouldnt they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them?Why not?I mean,th
6、ats what we do.大家早上好。在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。众所周知，语言是非常强大的。它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。黑猩猩可以使用工具，我们把这种现象作为它们智力的标志。但如果他们真的聪明，他们为什么要用石头砸开坚果呢？他
7、们为什么不去商店买一袋别人巳经打开的坚果呢？为什么不呢？我是说，我们就是这么做的。The reason the chimpanzees dont do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.That is the seem to lack the abili to learn from others b co in or imitatin or simply watching.As a result,they cant improve on othersideas,l
8、earn from othersmistakes,or even benefit from otherswisdom.And so theust do the same thin over and over and over a ain.In fact,we could o awa for a million ears and come back and these chim anzees would be doin the same thing with the same rocks to crack open the nuts.黑猩猩不这样做的原因是它们不能进行心理学家和人类学家所称的社会
9、学习。也就是说，他们似乎缺乏通过复制、模仿或仅仅是观看来向别人学习的能力。因此，他们不能就别人的想法加淘以改进，不能从别人的错误中学习，甚至不能从别人的智慧中获益。所以他们只是一遍又一遍地做同样的事情。事实上，我们可以过100万年再来看，这些黑猩猩会用同样的石头来敲开坚果。Okay,so what this tells us is that,contrary to the old saying,monkey see,monkey do,the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do thatat lea
10、st not very much.But by comparison,we humans can learn.We can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do.We can then choose,from among a range of options available,the best one.We can benefit from others ideas.We can build on their wisdom.And as a result our ideas do ac
11、cumulate and our technology progresses.And this cumulative cultural adaptation,as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas,is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday life.I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,0
12、00 or 2,000 years ago.And all of this is because of cumulative cultural adaptation.For instance,the chairs youre sitting in today,the lights in this lecture hall,my microphone,the iPads and the smart phones that you carry around with youall are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation.好的，这告诉我们，与“猴
13、子看，猴子做（有样学样）“这句老话相反，所有其他动物都不能做到这一点至少学到的不是很多。但相比之下，我们人类可以学习。我们可以通过观察其他人，复制或模仿他们的行为来学习。然后，我们可以从一系列可供选择的选项中选择最好的一个。我们可以从别人的想法中获益。我们可以依靠他们的智慧。因此，我们的想法不断积累，我们的技术不断进步。这种累积的文化适应，正如人类学家所称的，是思想的积累，与熙熙攘攘的日常生活中你周围的一切都有关。我的意思是，世界在飞速变化，与我们在1000年或2000年前所认识到的世界巳经完全不一样了。所有这些都是由于累积的文化适应。例如，你们今天坐的椅子，这个演讲厅的灯，我的麦克风，ipa
14、d和你们随身携带的智能手机所有这些都是累积文化适应的结果。But our ac uisition of social learnin would create an evolution dilemma and the solution to the dilemma,its fair to say,would determine not only the future course of our psychology,but the future course of the entire world.And most importantly for this,itll tell us why w
15、e have language.And the reason that dilemma arose is,it turns out,that social learning is visual theft.What I mean is if I can learn by watching you,I can steal your best ideas,and I can benefit from your efforts,without having to put in the same time and energy that you did into developing them.Soc
16、ial learning really is visual theft.And in any species that acquired it,it would encourage you to hide your best ideas,lest somebody steal them from you.And so some time around 200,000 years ago,our species confronted this crisis.And we chose to develo the s stems of con皿unicationthat would allow us
17、 to share ideas and to coo erate amon st others.Choosin this o tion would mean that a vastl eater fund of knowled e and wisdom would become available to an one individual than would ever arise from within an individual famil or an individual person on their own.Well,language is the result.但是，我们对社会学习
18、能力的习得会造成一个进化困境，而这个困境的解决方案，公平地说，不仅会决定我们心理的未来走向，也会决定整个世界的未来走向。最重要的是，它会告诉我们为什么我们有语言。之所以会出现这种困境，是因为，社会学习是视觉盗窃。我的意思是，如果我能通过观察你来学习，我就能窃取你最好的想法，我就能从你的努力中获益，而不用像你那样投入时间和精力去获得它们。社交学习真的是视觉盗窃。在任何获得这种能力的物种中，它都会鼓励你隐藏最好的想法，以免有人从你那里偷走它们。大约在20万年前，我们人类面临着这场危机。我们选择了开发出交流系统让我们可以分享想法，与他人展开合作。做出这一选择将意味着，任何个人都能获得比单独的家庭或个
19、人所能获得的多得多的知识和智慧。结果语言出现了。Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft.Language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperationfor reaching agreements,for striking deals and for coordinating 2 our activities.And you can see that,in a developing society that was beginn
20、ing to acquire language,not having language would be like a bird without wings.语言的演变是为了解决视觉盗窃的危机。语言是一种社会技术，可以增进合作的好处达成共同意见，完成交易，协调我们的活动。你可以看到，在一个开始学习语言的正在发展的社会中，没有语言就像没有翅膀的鸟。As I said at the beginning,language really is the voice of our genes.But,as we spread out around the world,we developed thousa
21、nds of different languages.Currently,there are about seven or eight thousand different languages spoken on Earth.And then another problem occurred.It seems that we use our language,not just to cooperate,but to draw rin s around our coo erative ou s and to establish identities,and perhaps to protect
22、our knowledge and wisdom and skills from being stolen from outside.And we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures,we see that different languages slow the flow of ideas between groups.正如我一开始所说的，语言确实是我们基因的声音。但是，我们散落到世界各地，发展出数千种不同的语言。目前，地球上大约有七千
23、到八千种不同的语言。然后另一个问题出现了。似乎我们使用语言，不仅仅是为了合作，而且是为了围绕我们的合作群体建立联系，建立身份，也许是为了保护我们的知识、智慧和技能不被外界窃取。我们之所以知道这一点，是因为当我们研究不同的语言群体并将他们与他们的文化联系起来时，我们发现不同的语言阻碍了群体之间的思想交流。Okay,this tendency we have,this seemin 1 natural tendenc we have oes towards isolation towards kee in eve hin to ourselves whereas our modem world i
24、s communicatin with itself and with each other more than it has at an time in its ast.And that communication that connectivit around the world that lobalization now raises a burden.Because these different lan a es im ose a barrier,as weve just seen,to the transfer of goods and ideas and technologies
25、 and wisdom.And they im ose a barrier to coo eration.What will be the solution?In a world in which we want to romote coo eration and exchan e and in a world that mi ht be de endent more than ever before on coo eration to maintain and enhance our levels of ros eri I think it mi ht be inevitable that
26、we have to confront the idea that our destin is to be one world with one lan a e.What do you think of the solution?好了，我们的这种倾向，这种看起来很自然的倾向，趋向于孤立，趋向于把所有的东西都留给我们自己，而我们的现代世界更多的是在和自己交流，和彼此交流，比过去任何时候都要多。这种交流，这种世界各地的联系，这种全球化现在带来了负担。因为正如我们刚才看到的，这些不同的语言对商品，思想，技术和智慧的转移造成了障碍。他们给合作设置了障碍。解决方案是什么？当前我们希望促进合作与交流，可能
27、比以往任何时候都更加依赖合作以维持和提高我们的繁荣水平，我认为我们不可避免地要面对这样一个观点：我们的宿命是同一个世界，用同一种语言。你认为这个解决办法怎么样？Okay,in todays lecture,I have presented to you how language shapes our humanity,what kind of dilemma social learning has created,and the possible solutions to the dilen皿a.In our next lecture,I am going to talk about ling
28、ua franca and its functions.好，在今天的演讲中，我向你们展示了语言如何塑造我们人类，社会学习创造了什么样的困境，以及可能的解决方案。下一讲，我将讲通用语及其功能。SECTION B INTERVIEW INTERVIEW I 1.Which aspect of the election event is the interviewee most concerned about?3 答案：D.Direction of the electoral events.2.Why was the announcement made yesterday,according to
29、the interviewee?答案：B.The date had been set previously.3.According to the BBC interviewer,why did the electoral institutions want to prepare the ground?答案：D.T o stop complamts from the labor.4.What did the interviewee think of the BBCs reason of preparing the ground?答案：B.Unreasonable.5.What is the in
30、terviewees attitude towards establishing a parallel presidency?答案：C.Opposed.INTERVIEWl听力原文W:Good evening listeners,this is BBC.Today,we are very delighted to have invited James Dobbins,US special representative for Afghanistan,to tell us the electoral process in Afghanistan currently.Well,James,how
31、are you reading whats happening in Afghanistan at the moment?M:Were concerned about the trend in events.We have been concerned for some time that the electoral process hasnt been moving forward smoothly.We believe there needs to be a powerful and transparent audit of potentially dishonest ballots an
32、d were sorry that hasnt moved forward quickly and substantially enough.We regret the preliminary announcement of results that was made yesterday.We think that was premature given that there are still a number of ballots that need to be examined and theres not yet a clear agreement on how best to do
33、so.We do believe that W:Forgive me for interrupting,James.Can I ask you why you think that announcement was made yesterday?M:I think it was made because the electoral institutions had reviousl set that date and the held 亘despiteadvice to the contrary from the UN,from the United States,and from other
34、 voices within Afghanistan,and we think that was unfortunate.W:Is there another reason that could be slightly more favorable?That is,they wanted to prepare the ound because if theust came out with one final result at the end of all this then it can be ret likel that the loser whoever it was oin to b
35、e was oin to com lain because the think it is unfair?M:I think its our view that the didnt have a basis for re arin the ound because theres such a lar e number of votes that still need to be examined and that therefore an relimina result mi ht be more misleading than preparing the ground.W:In terms
36、now of where this goes,weve already heard some very strong,very emotional language from the camp of the man who appears to be on the losing side of all this,Dr.Abdullah Abdullah.What have you been saying to him in order to try and calm those feelings?M:Well,we have heard talk about establishing a pa
37、rallel presidency.We made clear that the United States and its artners are not in a osition to su ort a divided Af hanistan.That any effort to establish a parallel presidency would make it impossible for the United States and its partners to continue their financial,economic and military support,and
38、 that the consequences for the country would be potentially quite terrible.Clearly,this is not something the Afghan population wants.Its not something they were voting for.And its not something that they expect to happen,but it could be the consequences of an ill-considered action.This is the end of
39、 Part One of the interview.Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard.1.Which aspect of the election event is the interviewee most concerned about?4 2.Why was the announcement made yesterday,according to the interviewee?3.According to the BBC interviewer,why did the electoral institution
40、s want to prepare the ground?4.What did the interviewee think of the BBCs reason of preparing the ground?5.What is the interviewees attitude towards establishing a parallel presidency?女：各位听众晚上好，这里是英国广播公司。今天，我们非常高兴地邀请美国驻阿富汗特别代表詹姆斯多宾斯向我们介绍阿富汗当前的选举进程。詹姆斯，你怎么看阿富汗当前的局面？男：我们关心的是事态的发展趋势。一段时间以来，我们一直担心选举进程没有
41、顺利进行。我们认为，有必要对可能不诚实的选票进行有力透明的审计。我们很遗憾，这次审计不够迅速有力。我们对昨天宣布的初步结果感到遗憾。我们认为，因为仍有许多选票需要审查，而且目前还没有就审查的最佳方式达成明确的一致，这样做还为时过早。我们认为女：请原谅我打断你，詹姆斯。我能不能问一下，为什么你认为那个公告是昨天发布的？男：我认为这是因为选举机构之前就确定了这个日期，尽管联合国和美国，以及阿富汗内部一些声音提出了反对意见，他们仍然坚持这一天发布，我们认为这很不幸。女：有没有另一个可能稍微有利一些的原因？也就是说，他们想要先做好铺垫，因为如果等到一切结束时给出最终结果，很可能无论输家是谁都会抱怨，认
42、为这不公平。男：我认为我们的观点是，他们没有做铺垫的依据，因为还有这么多选票需要审查，而且这样任何初步结果都可能比做铺垫更容易误导人。女：关于这件事的进展，我们巳经听到了一些非常强烈、非常情绪化的言论，这些言论来自阿卜杜拉阿卜杜拉博士，他所在的阵营似乎当前处于劣势一方。你怎样跟他聊天平复了这些情绪？男：我们听人说过要设立并行总统制度。我们明确表示，美国及其伙伴不可能支持阿富汗分裂。如果建立并行总统制度，那么美国及其伙伴将不会继续对其提供财政、经济和军事支持，而且这对该国来说可能相当可怕。显然，这不是阿富汗人民想要的。这不是他们投票的原因。这并不是他们希望发生的事情，但行动如果欠考虑，就可能导致
43、这样的后果。这是对话的第一部分。根据听到的内容，回答第1到5题。1.受访者最关心的是选举活动的哪一方面？2据受访者的说法，为什么昨天宣布这个消息？3据英国广播公司的采访者说，为什么选举机构想要做好铺垫？4被采访者如何看待英国广播公司提出的做好铺垫的原因？5.受访者对建立并行总统制度的态度如何？INTERVIEW2 6.What did the interviewee think both candidates need to do?答案：D.Seek support from important sectors.7.What was the margin of victory at the t
44、ime of the interview?答案：C.56%-44%.8.Who should be responsible for dealing with fraud in the election?答案：B.Electoral institutions.9.What does the interviewee think of the problem in the Afghanelection?答案：D.It occurred elsewhere.10.What is the interview mainly about?答案：A.Problems in the electoral proc
45、ess.5 INTERVIEW2听力原文W:Let me turn it on to the man who may end up the winner,Mr.Ashraf Ghani.What pressure,if any,are you trying to bring on him to ensure that whatever happens he tried to include Abdullah Abdullah,or Abdullah Abdullahs people in any future government?M:Were not making any assumptio
46、ns about who might be the winner or who might be the loser,and we think its premature for anybody to be doing so.Weve made clear to both candidates that two things need to happen.First of all,there needs to be a robust and transparent process for determining the winner,and theres still a good deal o
47、f work to be done there.And secondly,we believe that both candidates need to be in discussin the formation of a ovemment that would have the su ort of all im ortant com onents and elements within the coun a ovemment of national uni that would ensure that all of the si ificant sectors of Af han socie
48、 feel included.W:Youre saying its all a bit hasty to say whether one side or the other has won or lost.It is difficult,is it not,to see this result being overturned?This is a flat mar in of victo at the moment56 percent to 44 percent.It would be extraordinary to see the result overturned in the spac
49、e of a couple of weeks.M:I think both candidates have agreed that there was extensive fraud in the electoral process.Both candidates have agreed that the suspect ballots need to be audited.They havent agreed on exactly how to go about that.We believe its the res onsibilit of the electoral institutio
50、ns to o ahead and conduct that kind of broad audit whether or not the candidates have agreed on every precise element of the process,they will have to do it.And we believe until theyve done so its premature to be coming to any judgments.W:It is worrying though,isnt it?I suppose it was all too predic