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1、2015年专八真题详解（新题型优化）PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION sEcf,oN A Understanding Academic Lectures Good morning,everybody.Now,at the university,you,as students,are often _called on to perform many types of listening tasks:listening in a group discussion,listening to a teacher on a one-to-one basis,and liste
2、ning to academic lectures.So what Im going to talk about today is what a listener needs to be able to do in order to comprehend an academic lecture efficiently.OK.What do you need to do in order to understand the lecture?Now there are four things that Im going to talk about.1 The first thin is that
3、ou need to be aware of all of the arts of the Ian ua e that carry meaning.You all know that words carry meaning.So youve got to be aware of the vocabulary of the language,2but there are some other features.For one thing,3you need to be aware of stress.Let me give you an ex扣nple.I went to the bar.I w
4、ent to the bar.It makes a difference.In the second example,Im stressing the fact that it was me and not someone else so that this means stress has some meaning.(4Now the next thin.ou mi ht want to listen for is intonation.For example,if I say He came.He C扛ne?There are two different meanings.One is a
5、 statement,the other one is a question.5And another thing you need to listen for is rhythm.For instance,Can you see,Mary?VS Can you see Mary?da da DA da.da da da DA da.Those two mean something different.In.the first one,they are talking directly to Mary,while the second one means Can you see Maryove
6、r there?Now the next thing you must do when you listen is that you need to add information that the lecturer expects you to add.All lecturers assume that they share some information with their audience and that their audience does not need them to explain every word.6And listeners have an ability to
7、 add this information due to two sources of information.That is,one,7their knowledge of a particular subject;and,two,(8their knowledge or experience of the world.So remember:listening is not a matter of just absorbing the speakers words;the listener has to do more than that.The listener is not a tap
8、e recorder,absorbing the speakers words and putting them into his or her brain.Rather,91istening involves hearing the speakers words and reinterpreting them,lOadding information if necessary.So the meaning is not in the word alone,rather it is in the person who uses it or responds to it so that the
9、second thing that a listener must do add information that the lecturer assumes that they share.OK.(llThe third thin that a listener needs to do and this is to me the most im ortant thin of all and thats to predict as you listen.Now let me give you two reasons why you have to predict.For one thing,12
10、if you predict it helps you overcome noise.What do I mean by noise?Maybe theres noise outside and you cant hear me.Maybe youre in the back of the room and you cant hear all that well.Maybe the microphone doesnt work Maybe theres noise inside your head.By that I mean maybe youre thinking of something
11、 else.And then all of a sudden,youll remember Oh,Ive got to listen.By being able to predict during the lecture,you can just keep listening to the lecture and not lose the idea of whats going on.So predicting is important to help you overcome outside noise and inside noise.And another reason that pre
12、dicting is important is because it saves you time.Now when you listen you need time to think about the information,relate it to old ideas,take notes,and if youre only keeping up with what Im saying or what the lecturers saying,you have no time to do that.And Ill bet a lot of you are having that prob
13、lem right now because its so hard just to follow everything Im saying,that you dont have time to note down ideas.So predicting saves you time.If you can guess what Im going to say,youre able to take notes,youre able to think,you have more time.OK?13And there are two types of predictions that you can
14、 make:predictions of content and predictions of organization.Let me give you an ex扣nple in terms of content.If you hear the words Because he loved to cook,his favorite room was what would you ex-专八2015-1 1 pect?Kitchen.You can guess this because you know people cook in the kitchen.OK?14And you can a
15、lso predict organization.So if I was going to tell you a story,youd expect me to tell you why the story is important,give you a setting for the story.So you have expectations of what the speaker is going to talk about and how the speaker will organize his or her words.Now lets come to the last thing
16、 a listener must do:the listener must evaluate,as he or she is listening,decide whats important,whats not,decide how something relates to something else.OK?There are again two reasons for this.15The fi江st one is evaluatin hel s ou to decide what to take notes about:whats irn ortant to write down?wha
17、ts not irn ortant to write down?And the second reason is that eval让ating helps you to keep information.Studies have shown that we retain more information if ideas are connected to one another rather than just individually remembered.So for example,if I give you five ideas that are not related to one
18、 another,thats much more difficult to remember than five ideas that are related.So you can see evaluating helps you to remember information be杠er because it connects ideas to one another.OK.From what Ive said so far,you can see theres a lot involved in listening to lectures:language awareness,adding
19、 information,making predictions and evaluations.I hope these will be useful to you in lecture comprehension.1.carriers of meaning/meaning carriers/parts of language【解析】本题要求补充完整有效理解讲座的第一个要点。录音提到，首先我们要弄明 白语言中传达意义的所有部分(all that carry meaning),这里可以填入名词短语 carriers of meaning 或 meaning carriers,或者选填 parts
20、 of language。2.other f ea tu res（解析】空格与提纲中 的 words 为并列关系，讲座说文字传达意义，因此需要理解词汇；接着语义一转，提到还有一些其他要素(some other features),故填入名词结构 other features。3.stress【解析】讲座在提到 other features 时，首先提到要注意”重读(stress),并举了 I went to the bar这个例子。4.intonation（解析 讲座提到 的第二个特点是“语调 (intonation),并举出 了 降调 的 He came.和升调 的Hecame?作例子。5.
21、rhythm（解析】讲座提到的第三个特点是“节奏(rhythm)。注意 rhythm 的拼写，不要误写成 rhyme 了。6.adding information【解析】本题需填入说明听众(listeners)行为的词。讲座提到，所有 的演讲者(lecturers)都认为他们与听众共享了一些信息，而听众不需要他们解释每个词语，听众有能力 自 行添加信息。该题上一行用了动名词形式的 sharing information,故本题也应填入动名词形式，答案即 adding information。7.a particular subject（解析】听众的第一种信息来源是听众对某个特定学科所掌握的知识
22、(their knowledge of a particular subject),故答案是 a particul釭subject。8.knowledge or experience【解析】讲 座 中 提 到 的 第 二 种 信 息 来源是听众对这个世界的 了解或经验(knowledge or experience of the world)。of the world 卷面上已经给出，故只需填上 knowledge or experience。9.reinterpreting【解析】讲座 中提到，听力 过程 中，在听到说话者的话语(hearing the speakers words)之后是“
23、重新解释这些话语(reinterpreting them),故应填入 reinterpreting。10.adding【解析讲 座 提 到 的 第 三 步 是“必 要 时 添 加 信 息”(adding information if necessary),故 填 人adding。11.Predicting【解析】本 题 要 求 填 出 有 效 理 解 讲 座 的 第 三 个 要点。录音提到第三点要做的是，在听的 同时进行预测(prdict邸you listen)。由 于提纲中第一、二点都用 了 大写 的 动 名 词 结构(Understanding all 和Adding informatio
24、n),故本题填入动名 词 Predicting,注意首字母要大写。12.overcome noise【解析】讲座提到了两点需要进行“预测”的原因。其中 第一个原 因 是”进行预测 可 以 帮助你对抗噪音”(overcome noise),故 本 空 答 案 就 是 overcomen01se。13.types of predictions【解 析】录 音 提 到 有 两 种 预 测 类 型(two types of predictions),其中一个是预测 内容(content)。根据空格下面的 content 以及所填答案不得多于三个单词的规定，可确定本题应填入types of predic
25、tions。14.organization【解析】讲座除了提到可 以 预测 内 容外，还提到可 以预测”结构(organization)。15.content II point【解析】本题要求补充完整 评估(evaluating)的作用之一。讲座提到，评估首先帮助我们判断哪些需要记笔记，哪些是需要记下的重要信息，哪些是不需要记下的信息。言下之意就是决定笔记的内容或要点，故填 content 或 point。专八 2015-12(T)=THERESA MAY(!)=Interviewer Part One:SECTION B(I):3 Now both the overnment and the
26、 O osition a ree that state schools are not ood enough.And the Opposition is coming up with some new proposals of their own to improve them.But is their approach really all thin different from the governments?Today,we have Theresa May,the Shadow Education Secretary from the Opposition,with郎on the ra
27、dio show.Good afternoon.Theresa.(T):Good afternoon.(I):Can I remind you of what John Major said,only a few years ago,when he was prime Minister?He said.We should give people opportunity and choice.I dont mean some people.I mean everyone,opportunity for all.Well,that is precisely what the present gov
28、ernment is saying:opportunity for all.(T):The hallmark of this government is that what they say and what they actually do is always different.And thats no different in education.What we see from the present government is they may talk about opportunity for all,they may talk about choice,1 but actual
29、ly they are cutting opportuni个and reducin choice.And what I think is most dama in is that actuall the are ivin a messa e:dont bother If oure from a state school there are barriers to be ut in our lace.But,this is far from the truth:universities have been doing a very great deal to encourage state sc
30、hool pupils to apply.The point is that we still havent got enough state school pupils applying to our leading universities.(I):5But our overnment had ei hteen ears to et more of them into Oxbrid e.(T):4And indeed we increased the number of oun eo le in this count oin into universi from one in eight
31、to one in three.The number of state pupils being accepted by Oxford and Cambridge,and other leading 皿versities,the proportion of state pupils has actually increased,2but there is a problem in many of our second schools of e ectations and its the resent Government that has been levellin dowri expecta
32、tions,rather than raising them.(I):5But I was talkin about u ils from state schools oin to the so called elite universities.That didnt go up during your time.(T):The number from the state schools,who are going to leading universities,has increased over the years,but there is still an issue about ens
33、uring that pupils from our state schools apply to go into the universities,and if you look at the Oxford figures,for example,you see that the percentage of students applying to Oxford from the state schools is about 1%,whereas from the private schools its over 4.5%,2so that ou know thats the roblem
34、its e ectations in the state s stem that have been driven down by this Government over the years.1.In Theresas view,what is the present govermnent doing?D【解析】Theresa在访谈中说，我们看到 当前政府谈及给所有人以 机会，但实际上他们 削 减 了 机会，减少 了选择面(cutting opportunity and reducing choice)o此外，Theresa觉得最有破坏性的是政府传递一个信息：如果你来 自公立学校，会有很多阻
35、碍。由此可知D项“减少了给公立学校学生的机会”是Theresa对当前政府的看法。【点睛】Theresa在 话 语 中 明 确 谈及 当 前政府 实 际 上 所做 的 和 所 宣 称 的 不 一 致，A项“做 了 他们 对 学 校 所承诺做 的 事 情”不 对。Theresa提 到 公 立 学校 中 申 请 顶 尖 大 学 的 学 生 人数不 够，没有提到B项 所 说 的“政府为 顶 尖 大 学 创 造机会”。C项“考 虑 为 公立学校 的 学 生 除去 障碍”与Theresa所 说 的”政府传递 了 一个信 息：来 自 公立 学校会遇到 障 碍”不 符。2.What is the proble
36、m in secondary schools now?C 解析】Theresa两 次 提 到 政 府 降 低 了 中 学 生 的 期 望，分 别 是levellingdown expectations以 及Itsexpectationsthat have been driven down。C项用动词lower同义替换了Theresa原话中 的levelling down 和driven down,为本题答案。【点睛】Theresa说她所 在 的 党 派 一 直努力 让 更 多 公立 学校 的 学 生 进入到 顶 尖 的 大 学，大 学 也 在 努 力 这 么 做(have been worki
37、ng very hard at doing that),A项“大 学 没 有 努 力 接 受 公 立 学 校 的 学 生”和D项“顶 尖 大 学 拒 绝 公 立 学 校 的 学生”与 此相反。Theresa提 到 被 牛 津大 学、剑 桥大 学 以 及 其他 顶 尖 大 学 录取 的 公 立 学 校 的 学 生，其 比 例 实 际 上 有 所 增 长(has actually increased),据 此 排 除B项“公 立 学 校 申 请 牛 津 大 学 的 学 生 人数 没有增加“。3.What can we learn from the interview?B 解析】访谈的开场白就点 明
38、 当前政府和反对党均觉得公立学校需要改进，他们 的谈话也是围绕这个来展开的，B项正确。点睛】谈话 中 虽 有提 到 公 立 学 校 的 学 生 想报 读 顶 尖 大 学 的 人 数 不 多，但 并 没有说 是 出 于公立 学 校 的 阻止，也 不 是 牛 津专八2015-13有招 生 偏 好，而是 由 政府 的 误 导 所致，所 以 排 除 A 和 C。此 外，文 中没 有 提 到 公立 学校和 私 立 学 校 的 学 生 谁 更 努力，D无 原 文根据。4.What contribution does Theresa think her party has made ineducation?
39、D(解析）Theresa 指出现任政府的误导性行为让公立学校的学生以为申请读大学是有障碍 的，从而导致公立学校报读大学的人数不多。谈及此，采访者质询了 Theresa 所在党派在这方面的表现。从 Theresa 的 回答“增加了上大学的年轻人数量”中，可 知 答 案 选D。【点睛 虽 然Theresa在 回 应 采 访 者 时提及反对党 执政期 内 报读 大 学 的 人数 有 所增 长，牛 津 和 剑 桥拟 录 的 公 立 学 校 学 生的 比例 也有提高，但 牛 津 和 剑 桥在 这里 相 当 于 一 种 举 例，代 表 的 是 顶 尖 大 学，所 以 不 等 同 于说 反 对 党 鼓励 公
40、 立 学 校 学 生去 读 牛 津 或 鼓励 牛 津 扩 招，排 除A和B。Theresa只 指 出 了 当 前政 府 降低 了 公 立 学 校 学 生 的 期 望，并 没有说反对党提高了 这些 学 生 的 期 望，排 除C。5.Whats the mans focus in this part of the interview?A(解析男士就是采访者，他发言的内容不多，除了开场白之外就只说了两旬，且针对的都是公立学校学生去读顶尖大学的人数情况，由此可见本题答案为 A。【点睛一直话病 当 前政 府 的 教 育 政 策 的 是Theresa而 非 采访 者，而 且 她 主 要 针对 的 并 非B
41、项 说 的 大 学 招 生 的 问 题，而是政府对 中 学 生 的 不 当 引 导。男 士 说 的 是公 立 学校 学 生 去读 国 内 顶 尖 大 学 的 人数，而 非 只 针对牛 津 和 剑 桥所 招 人数，C项 不 对。D项 是Theresa提 到 的 要 点，并 非 男 士 关 注 焦 点。Part Two:(I):But,again,you had the opportunity to do that as well,I mean to get more children from state schools into those leading universities,and i
42、t didnt happen.(T):We have been getting more children from state schools into the leading universities,and the universities have been working very hard at doing that.9But I think there is I oin to be a real roblem in the short term as a result of what the resent overnment has been doin.Because the h
43、ave been ivin a message that there are barriers there,and weve seen it today,9there are reports already that Cambrid e has been findin state school u ils rin in u and sa that the are not oin to bother to a 1 now.Thats the real lama e the Government has been doin far from opening opportunities,theyre
44、 actually closing down opportunities.(I):Well,theyd argue with that of course,and what they would say is one of the things we want to.do is improve the standard of our schools.Now one of the ways they want to do it is to give schools the opp01tunity to run themselves more completely than they are do
45、ing at the moment,to give schools more powers,exactly the same as you.You made a speech last night laying out the way you see the education system changing in this country.I se no difference here at all between you and them.(T):Theres a very great deal of difference actually.The present government t
46、alks about freedom for schools,it talks about getting money into schools,but if you look in the detail of what they are proposing,the reality is very different.We genuinely want to make schools free,and give them the freedom to have all of the money to spend on what is going on in their schools.(I):
47、.all of it?(T):well,the government say in the future eighty-five pence in the pound will go to the schools.I want to make sure that every pound spent on schools is a pound spent in schools.61 think schools should have the mone and have the ower to decide how to s end it because the lrnow best whats
48、in the interest of their pupils.(I):Right,so the answer to my question was yes,all of that money will go to the schools,will it?(T):61 want to see eve ound s ent on schools (I):.well,you say,all of the money being spent in schools going into schools.Fine,but what does it mean in practice?Does it mea
49、n,I repeat the question,that all of that money,all of it,will go to the schools?(T):What it means is that all the money at the moment that is being spent on the schools should be spent in the schools,rather than(I)七.and on local(T):.rather than money,that is supposed to be spent on schools,but is be
50、ing held back in bureaucracy.(I):lOSo at the moment a certain amount of mone oes to schools a certain am.ount of mone oes to local education authorities are you saying that in future,no money will go to Local Education Authorities,but all of the money will go to the schools.I mean,thats a very strai