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1、2012年专八真题详解（新题型优化）PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A Observing Behaviour Good morning,everyone.Today we will look at how to observe behaviour in research.Perhaps you would say it is easy and there is nothing extraordinary.Yes,you may be right.All of.us observe behaviour every day.For example,w
2、hen traveling in another country,we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture.And failing to be observing while walking or driving can be life-threatening.We learn by observing peoples behaviour.Researchers too rely on their observations to learn about behaviour,lbut the
3、re are differences.For instance,when we observe casually,we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations,and,2and when we rarel kee formal records of our observations.Instead,we rely on our memory of events.30bservations in research on the other hand are made under recisel defined conditio
4、ns that is in a s stematic and obective manner and with careful record kee in.Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies,and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation?Now,as you remember,the primary goal of observation is to describe beh
5、aviour,but it is in reality impossible to observe and describe all of a persons behaviour.So we have to rely on observing samples of peoples behaviour.Doing so,we must decide whether the samples represent peoples usual behaviour.Thus,we will first take a brief look at how researchers select samples
6、of behaviour.Before conducting an observational study,researchers must make a number of important decisions,thats about when and where observations will be made.As Ive said before,the researcher cannot observe all behaviour.Only certain behaviours occurring at particular times,in specific settings c
7、an be observed.In other words,behaviour must be sampled.In this lecture,I will briefly introduce two kinds of sampling,that is,4 time sampling and situation sampling.Now first,time sampling.Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation.Intervals may be sele
8、cted systematically or randomly.Suppose we want to observe students classroom behaviour.Then in systematic time sampling,our observations might be made during five 20-呻ute periods,beginning every hour.The first observation period could begin at 9 am,the second at 10 am and so forth.5However in rando
9、m sam lin these five 20-minute eriods ma be distributed randoml over the course of the da.That is to sa intervals between observation eriods could vsome Ion er others shorter.One point Id like to make is systematic and random time sampling are not always used in isolation.They are often combined in
10、studies.For example,while observation intervals are scheduled systematically,observations within an interval are made at random times.That means the researcher might decide to observe only during 15-second intervals that are randomly distributed within each 20-rninute period.6Now lets come to situat
11、ion sam lin.Then what is situation sam lin?6/71t involves studying behaviour in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions.By sampling as many different situations as possible researchers.can reduce the chance that their observation results w出be peculiar to a certain set of
12、 circumstances and conditions.8Wh?Because eo le or for that manner animals do not behave in exactl the same wa across all situations.For example,children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent,and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in th
13、e wild.9So b sam lin different situations a resercher can make more obective observations than he would in onl a s ecific situation.lOHavin discussed wa s to sam le behaviour in research we are now movin onto another issue that is what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs that is w
14、hether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour.This refers to the methods of observation.Observational methods can be 专八 2012-1 1 classified as observation with intervention or observation without intervention.Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways,11 partici
15、pant observation and field experiment.In participant observation,observers,that is researchers,play a dual role:They observe peoples behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing.If individuals who are being(!bserved lmow that the observer is present to collect informat
16、ion about their behaviour,this is undisguised participant observation.But in disguised participant observation,those who are being observed do not lmow that they are being observed.12Another method of observation with intervention is field e eriment.What is a field e eriment?When an observer control
17、s one or more conditions in a natural settin in order to determine the effect on behaviour this rocedure is called fielde eriment.The field experiment represents the most extreme form of intervention in observational methods.The essential difference between field experiments and other observational
18、methods is that researchers have more control in field experiments.Now lets take a look at observation without intervention.130bservation wi小out intervention is also called naturalistic observation because its main ose is to describe behaviour as it normall occu巧thatis1 in a natural setting,14withou
19、t an attem t b the observer to intervene.15An.observer using this method of observation acts as a assive recorder of what occurs.The events occur naturally and are not controlled by the observer.OK,in todays lecture,we have focused on how to make decisions of sampling before beginning our observatio
20、n,and what we can do during observation.I hope what weve discussed will help you in your future research design.1.Differences【解析】空格处的 A 点与下面的 B、C 并列，是讲座的第一大要点。讲座一开始就提到两种观察方法有区别(there are differences),故 答 案 填 Differences 即可。注意首字母要大写，而且应用复数形式。2.rare formal records【解析】原文提到，在 日 常生活的观察中，人们往往随意观察且 rarely
21、keep formal records,另外，由 于题目 只能填形容词或名 词，且限填三个词，故答案为rare formal records。注意要把原文的副词 rarely 改成形容词 rare,修饰名词短语 formal records。3.under defined conditions II systematic and objective【解析】原文提到研究性行为观察是在准确 限定的情况下进行 的(under precisely defined conditions),且 有 详 细 的 记 录(careful record keeping)。并 把under precisely d
22、efined conditions 进一步解释为in a systematic and objective manner。故答案可填 under defined conditions 或 systematic and objective。4.time sampling【解析】原文介 绍 了 两种取样 的 方式，分别是 timesampling 和 situation sampling,这里要填第一种，故填 time sampling。5.variable/of different lengths【解析】原文提到在 random sampling 中，每次观察的间隔时间会变(inteivals.
23、could vary)，可长可短(some longer others shorter)。根据题 目，这里可填形容词或介词短语，因此，答案是 variable 或 of different lengths。6.situation sampling【解析】原文 中 的 Now lets come to situation sam-piing 提示 了 第 二 种 取样 的 方式，并 通 过 what is situation sampling?对 situation sampling 进 行 了说明。7.different locations II different circumstances
24、/diff erent conditions【解析】在介绍 situation sampling 的定义时，原文说这是在不同地点、不同情况下研究行为(in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions),由 于字数的限制，答案在 locations,circumstances 和 conditions 中选填一个即可。8.varies/changes/differs【解析】原文提到运用 situation sampling 的原因是人或动物的行为方式不可能在所有情景中都一样。根据题 目，答案应该是表示变
25、化或不同 的动词的第三人称单数形式，故答案可 以 是 varies,changes,differs 等。9.advantage/purpose【解析】原文提到研究者通过 situation sampling 可以做出更客观的观察报告(more objective observations)。可见，更客观的观察报告是 situation sampling 的优势或 目 的。因此，答案应该是 advantage 或purpose。10.as it occurs（解析】原文明确指 出接下来要讨论另一个问 题，并通 过 that is 说 明 要 讨 论 的 是 what researchers sh
26、ould do to record behaviour as it occurs:,因此，答案应该就是 as it occurs。11.participant observation【解 析】原文 提 到“进 行 干 扰 的 观察(observationwith intervention)可分为两种，分别是 participantobservation 和 field experiment,后者在提纲 中 已经给出，此空填入前者。专八2012-12 12.has control II having control 解析】原文在 回答What is a field experiment?这个问题
27、时明 确指 出，在field experiment中 研究者控制一个或多个条件。另 外，根据空格后 的over可知 control应该是名 词(control作动词 时为及物动词，后 面不需要加over);再者，researcher为单数，因此，答案为has control或having control。13.normally occurring/in natural settings【解析】原文提到observation without intervention 的 主 要 目 的 是to describe behaviour as it normally occurs,that is,in
28、 a natural setting。根据题 目，该题应该填修饰behaviour的分词或介词短语，因 此，答案为normally occurring或in natural settings。14.method【解析】原文提到在observation without intervention的情况下，观察者是不对观察的对象和环境进行干扰的(without any attempt by the observer to intervene),这里 即空格后的no intervention,而根据题 目 前后的 内 容，本题应该填类似于题 目 中 出现的purpose和researcher这样 的单
29、个名 词，而“没有干扰”可以归纳为这一观 察手段 的方法或实施途径，故答案可填method。15.a passive recorder【解 析】原 文 提 到 在observation without intervention的情况下，观察者实际上是一个”被动 的记录者 答案照写录音提到 的a passive recorder即可。SECTION B Part One:M:People often wonder how the human brain creates,for example,a beautiful painting,a sculpture or even a delicious
30、 dinner.Today we are honoured to have Dr.Nancy Andreasen,a neuroscientist at the University of Iowa on our talk show.Dr.Andreasen has recently written a book called The Creating Brain:The Neuroscience of Genius.In her book,she tackles the question and tries to look into the brain behind creativity.M
31、:Dr.Andreasen,thanks for coming on our show.W:Pleasure.M:Now,Dr.Andreasen can we start with the question What is creativity?W:Well,creativity can be saying as a process.This process starts with a person,for example an artist,musician,inventor or even someone whos trying to figure out a better way of
32、 doing a task at work or at home.1 That erson must think about the roblem or or their roect in a novel wa and then come up with a solution.M:Hmm,I see.But how long will it take for the person to find a solution as it were?W:Well,it depends.1 The creative rocess can o b in a flash or it can take ears
33、.But the end result is invariabl the roduction of somethin new and useful such as the automobile or somethin beautiful and artistic such as a aintin b Vincent van Go h.M:Hmm,Dr.Andreasen,then do you think the ability to be creative is inborn or not?W:Well,no one knows yet if the ability to be creati
34、ve,for example,the ability to produce a haunting symphony is the result of the environment or a genetic makeup that allows people to be creative more easily.2However creativi does seem to run in certain families.M:Is that so?W:Yes.You see,2Johann Sebastian Bach was the most famous member of the Bach
35、 famil but there were 20 other eminent musicians who came from the same famil M:Thats very interesting.Now Dr.Andreasen,weve so far been talking about those famous creative people like van Gogh or Bach who have produced great pieces of work.lDoes that mean that creativity only resides in great peopl
36、e?W:lNo,certainly not.3Creativi is not limited I mean to the maste iece work of art but can also be found in eve da tasks such as cookin or ardenin.M:Oh,really?W:3For exam le a cook chan es a reci e or even makes one u usin in redients he or she has on hand to roduce a new one.He is in fact usin the
37、 creative rocess to create novel taste sensations.M:lSo can we sa both famous and ordin eo le can be creative?W:l阳M:Now Dr.Andreasen,can you describe to us what the actual creative process is?W:OK.Uh,4artists musicians and writers often describe eriods durin which the re rel n on ordin 专八2012-13crea
38、tivi.For exam le ou know writers can s end hours at the ke board uttin thou hts to ether this process is similar to the waypeople ut to ether novel ideas when talkin.And and man reat artists also describe a dream-like state du血which a s hon a oem or the idea for the endin of a play comes to them in
39、aflash.M:So whats going on in the brain during a flash of inspiration?W:Well,for the moment no one knows for sure,but but researchers suggest that creative people often slip into a zone in which ideas,uh,and thoughts come up freely in a sort of disorganized way.5During that state,a art of the brain
40、becomes ve active.And that brain re ion is known to be able to link u ideas or or thou hts in otentiall novel wa s.1.What do we learn about creativity?C【解析】Dr.Andreasen在 回答完“创新者通常需要花多久来想出 解决方案”之后，接着提到最终的创新成果都是新颖而实用 的东西(the end result is invariably.something new and useful),但形式各异(such as后列举了 多个不同形式的创
41、新成果），所以C项符合原文信息。【点睛】原 文 虽 提到 创 新 源 于 新颖 的 思考(in a novel way),但Dr.Andreasen也 表 示，目 前 并 不 知 道创 新 能 力 是 否 遗传所得，还提到 普通人也 可 以 创 新，故A项“创 新 能 力 源 自 伟 人 的 创 新 思 考”不 对。录 音 中 明 确 说 到 创 新 过 程 有 长 有 短(in a flash or it can take years),所 以 排 除B项“创 意 总 是 以 灵光 一现 的 方 式 出 现”。原 文 明 确 说创 新者 旨 在找 到 解决 问 题 的 更佳途径，试 图 得
42、到 解决方 案，故最终 目 的 应 该 是solutions,而 不 应 该 只 着 重 于“创 新 思 维 故D项 也 不 对。2.What does Dr.Andreasen want to show by citing the Bach family?A 解析】当采访者问创新能力是否天生时，Dr.Andreasen指 出，虽然不能确定创新源 自 环境还是基因，但是创新确实有家族性(creativity does seem to run in certain families)。随后采访者对此 提 出 疑 问Is that so?,Dr.Andreasen明确 回答Yes,并 以Bach
43、family为例进行说明。可见，引 用该例子是为 了 说明前面creativitydoes seem to run in certain fam让ies这句话，即说明创新能力具有“家族性”，也就是说，与基因构成有关。故答案是A项。点睛】例 证 题。应 注 意，文章 举例 都 是 为 上下 文 的 观 点 服务 的。一 般来说，观 点 会 出 现在 例 子 的 前 后（以 例 证 前 居 多）。对话 中，没有 明 确 提到B项”似 乎是环境 的 产 物”和D项”源 自 环境及基 因 构 成”的 观 点，可 首 先 排 除。在Bach family的例 子后，采访 者 提 出 疑 问”是 不 是伟
44、人才 有 创 造力 ,Dr.Andreasen明 确 回 答No,certainly not,C项 与 此 相 悖，故 也 可排 除。3.What does Dr.Andreasen want to explain by mentioning a cook?A【解析采访者问”是不是伟人才有创造力 ,Dr.Andreasen回答”不是”之后，接着说到创造力也常见于诸如烹任和园艺等 日 常活动中，然后对此进一步解释时就以厨师为例，表明普通人也具有创造力。所以本题选 A 项。【点睛】B项“要 成 为 一名 好 的 厨 师，创 造 性 思 维 很 重 要,C项“厨 师 如果创 造 了 一个食谱，他 就
45、 能 出 名,D项“厨 房 里 经常 发 生 创 新 活 动，它 们 只 是抓 住 录 音 中 的 个别 信息(cook,recipe等）通 过 断 章 取义 或 者 胡 乱 腮测 编 造 出 来 的 于扰 项。4.How many types of the creative process does Dr.Andreasen describe?B【解析】Dr.Andreasen说，创造过程既有仰赖普通的创造力 的时候，也有如做梦般的灵感进发的状态。可见，创新过程可分为两种，故B项正确。【点睛】细 节 总 结题。本题答 案 在 录 音 中 没有 直接提到，需 要 听 清Dr.Andreasen
46、对“实 际 的 创 新过程是什 么 样 的”这个问 题 的 回 答，然 后 再 归 纳。某 些 相 似 的 句 式 或 用 词 有 提 示 作 用，如 这 里 的artistsoften describe.和many great artists also describe.,这些就是需 要 归 纳 的 关键信息处，录音 中 出 现 了 两处，即使 听 不太清楚，也 可 以 推 断 出 本题答案。5.What is likely to happen in the brain during a flash of inspiration?C【解析】采访者提问人的大脑在灵光一闪的瞬间都会发生些什么事情
47、。根据Dr.Andreasen回答 中 的最后一句“我们已经知道大脑的那个区域可以连接思想或想法(that brain region is known tothoughts),可知本题应选C。【点睛】A项“筛 选 想 法._B项“回 顾 想 法”、D项“去 除 旧 想 法”在 录 音 中 均 未提及。Part Two:M:I see.Another question,do you think there is a creative personality?W:Well,perhaps w_e can put it this way.Gifted people in the arts or sc
48、ience tend to enjoy adventure.They often like to explore new places or ideas.Uh,6they dont like being hemmed in by rules or convention and and the often look at roblerns from a different an le.Another oint is is the often have to move do edl ahead on a roect-even when the outside world reects their
49、art or new ideas.专八 2012-14 M:Dr.Andreasen,what about the role of the environment in the creative process?W:7Environment does play a role.You see there have been hotbeds of creativity throughout history.7For exam le the ci of Florence durin the Renaissance eriod was home to both Leonardo da Vinci an
50、d Michelangelo.Both men in fact came from families that didnt especially value creativity,yet someone noticed a spark of talent in them and both got the training and fmancial backing to produce extraordinary pieces of art.M:Uh,8since the environment hel s in the creative rocess are there wa s for eo