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1、2017年英语专业八级考试真题答案及解析PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 1.signing 2.primary 3.literacy/to become literate 4.different but complementary 5.not involving recollection 6.many social contexts 7.characteristics/features 8.reaction MINI-LECTURE听力原文9.distance 10.emphasis and emotion 1 1.d
2、eliberate 12.intimacy and in皿ediacy13.continuum 14.degrees of interactivity/discourses and texts 15.the usage/users goal/aim/purpose The Modes of Language 语言的模式Good morning,everyone!In our last lecture,I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system.And today I am going to move on to ano
3、ther topic,that is,the modes oflanguage.大家早上好！上次我们讲到，语言是符号系统的一部分。今天我们讲下一个话题，语言的模式。As you may know,messages are transmitted in human language most frequently through two primary modes:speech and w血ng.Well,you know,there is also a third mode,which is not that frequently used as speech and writing.(1)T
4、he third mode is called si画ng,which is used by deaf people.But in todays lecture,we will just focus on speech and writing,and the specific features of these two modes.大家都知道，人类语言中的信息通常以两种基本模式传递：“说”和”写”。当然，还有第三种模式，但不如“说”和”写”那么常用。第三种模式叫作手势语，听障者经常用这种方式。但是今天，我们主要讲”说”和”写”，以及这两种模式的特点。2 In lin istics it is
5、common noted that s eech is rima and writin seconda.Linguistics take this position because all languages are spoken except those dead languages such as Latin,which is only existent in written form.All children will naturally acquire the spoken version of a language if they are exposed to it.They acq
6、uire the spoken form of their mother tongue during the formative period of language acquisition.3 However to become literate a child will need some kind of formal schoolin in reading and writing.In many respects,we might call speech primary and writing secondary.It implies that writing has a second-
7、class status when compared with speech.(4)In fact,it is more accurate to view the two modes as havin different but com lement roles.For instance,in most legal systems,while an oral contract is legally binding,a written contract is pref erred.The reason is simpleunlike speech,w门tingprovides a permane
8、nt record of the contract.(5)Thus,if the terms of the contract are dis uted the written record of the contract can be consulted and inte reted.Dis utes over an oral contract will involve one ersons recollection of the contract versus another ersons.语言学上普遍认为，先有”说”，才有”写”。语言学有这样的观点，是因为世界上说什么语言的人都有，除了那些
9、巳经废弃的语言，比如只以书面形式继续存在着的拉丁语。直接接触一种语言的话，所有儿童都会自然习得这种语言的口语。在语言习得的形成阶段，他们会自然习得母语的口语。但是，到了学读书写字的时候，孩子们要去接受学校的正式读写教育。很多情况下，我们会认为先有”说”才有”写”。也就是说，跟”说“比起来，”写”是第二位的。其实，比较恰当的看法是，这两种模式作用不同却互为补充。比如，在很多法律体系中，虽然口头约定是有法律约束力的，但是人们还是倾向才用书面约定。原因很简单。”写”下来的文件可以作为约定的永久备案，”说”的就不行。所以，如果约定条款有争议，双方可以查阅书面约定，重新解读。口头约定如果有争议，双方会各
10、自回忆约定内容，才能对质。6 While w门tinma be the referred mode for a contract in man other contexts s eech will be more a ro riate.Because the most common e of s eechface-to-face conversationis hi hl interactive.This mode is well-suited to man social contexts such as casual conversations over lunch business tran
11、sactions in a oce store discussions between students and teachers in a classroom.7 And in these contexts interactive dialo es have man advanta es over writin.For instance,individuals engaged in conversation can ask for immediate clarification if there is a question about something said;in a letter t
12、o a friend,in contrast,such immediacy is lacking.(8)When speaking to one another s eakers are face to face and can therefore see how individuals react to what is said.On the other hand,9 writin creates distance between writer and reader reventin the writer from ettin any immediate reaction from the
13、reader.(10)Speech is oral,thus making it possible to use intonation to emphasize words or phrased and express emotion.Of course,one might say that writing has punctuation.Well,it can express only a small proportion of the features that intonation has.Because speech is created on-line,it is produced
14、quickly and easily.This may result in many ungrammatical constructions,but rarely do these rough sentences cause miscommunications.You know,if there is a misunderstanding,it can be easily corrected.On the contrary,(11)writing is much more deliberate.It require planning,editing and thus taking much m
15、ore time to produce on the part ofthewriter.拟定协议时人们倾向”写”的形式，而在许多情况下，“说”比较合适。因为面对面交谈这一说话最常见的形式，具有极强的交互性。这个模式适用的社会情境有很多，比如午餐时的闲聊，零售店里的商业交易，课堂上的师生讨论。在这些情境中，互动式对话对比书写的优势便显现出来。比如，谈话中如果说过的内容出现问题，谈话者可以立即给出明确解释。而在写给朋友的信中，解释就没有这么及时了。谈话时，说话者面对面，也就可以看到对方对所谈内容的反应。而书写拉开了书写者和读者的距离，书写者没办法得知读者看到书写内容时的直接反应。说话都是口头的，因
16、此可以借助语调强调重点词语，表达感情。当然，也有人会说，书写还有标点符号呢。对，标点符号只能表现语调能表现出的一小部分信息。因为说话都是“在线的”，方便快捷。这可能就出现了很多语法错误，但是这样不讲究的句子很少引起误解。因为如果发生误解，谈话者可以立即改正。相反，书写需要深思熟虑。书写需要书写者打草稿，修改，然后再完整地写出来。Because of all these characteristics of writing,if an individual desires a casual,intimate encounter with a friend,he or she is more li
17、kely to meet personally than write a letter.In this case,writing a letter to a friend might turn out to be too formal.Of course,in todays world,the highly-developed technology has made such encounters possible with instant messagint over a computer or a smart phone.And if someone wishes to have such
18、 an encounter with a friend hvmg many miles away,then this kind of on-line w巾tenchat can mimic a face-to-face conversation.(12)But because such conversations are a h brid of s eech and w门tinthe still lack the intimac and immediac of a face-to-face conversation.以上都是书写的特征。因此人们想跟朋友亲密又自在地交流时，一般都是去见一面，而不
19、是写信。在这种情况下，给朋友写信显得大正式了。当然，在当今世界，技术高度发达，电脑或者手机上的一条即时信息，就可以实现这样的交流。如果想要和千里之外的朋友亲密自在地交谈，这种在线书写版的“闲聊”可以暂时代替面对面交谈。不过，因为这样的谈话是说话与书写的混合体，跟面对面交谈比起来，通常没有那么亲密，也没有那么即时。13 While s eech and w门tinare often viewed as discrete modes it is im ortant for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing
20、.(14)While speech is in general more interactive than w门tinvarious kinds of s oken and written En lish dis la various de ees ofinteractivit.For 2 instance,various linguistic markers of interactive discourse,such as first and second person pronouns,contractions,and private verbs such as think and fee
21、l,occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches,interviews,and broadcasts.In addition,some kinds of w门ting,such as academic prose and official documents,exhibited few markers of interactive discourse,but the other kinds of written te
22、xts,particularly personal letters,ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.“说”和”写“通常被看作两个各自独立的模式，但是，要注意，“说”和”写”之间也存在着连续统一体。”说”一般比”写”更具交互性，而不同种类的书面英语和英语口语也表现出了不同程度的交互性。比如，许多交际话语的语言学标记，如第一、二人称代词，缩写词，以及“认为”、“感觉”之类的私动词，都经常出现在电话交谈和面对面交谈中，在即兴演讲、采访和广播中出现频率较低。另外，许多种书面形式，比如学术
23、文章和官方文件，都极少出现交际话语的标记，但是其他种类的书面文本，尤其是私人信件，比许多口语语篇的交互性都要强。In other words,15 how lan a e is structured de ends less on whether it is s oken or written but more on how it is being used.For example,a personal letter,even though it is written,will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because
24、the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.On the other hand,in an interview,the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed.Therefore,though interviews are spoken,they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain mor
25、e features typically associated with written texts.换旬话说，语言的组织形式，与采用”说”还是”写”的模式关系较小，与实际用途关系比较大。比如，私人信件虽然是书面的，也具有许多带有交互性的语言学特征。因为写信者希望和收信人产生互动。而采访，目的不是交流，而是获取被采访人的信息。因此，虽然采访采用了”说”的模式，却没有那么多交互性标记，而是包含了许多书面文本的常见特征。OK,to sum up,we have been dealing with the modes of language in todays lecture.The two mos
26、t frequently used modes are speech and writing.As two different modes of language,speech and writing have their own characteristics.Speech is a preferred mode in many social contacts where interactivity is needed.Of course,when a formal stable record is preferred,writing should be an appropriate mod
27、e.Finally,I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing.In the following lecture,we will concentrate on the linguistic structures of language.Thank you!好了，总结一下，我们今天讲了语言的模式。两种最常用的模式就是口语和书面语。这两种语言模式各有特点。要求交互性的社会交往中，往往采用口语的形式。当然，如果需要形成正式且持久的记录，书面形式则比较合适。最后，我还要强调，口语和书面语中间存在
28、着连续统一体。下次上课，我们要讲到语言的语言学结构。谢谢大家！SECTION B INTERVIEW 1.What is international leadersassessment of the current battle againstEbola?答案：B.Disheartening.2.How many people are now working in the treatment unit in Liberia?答案：A.200.3.According to Mary,what is the challenge in the battle against Ebola?答案：D.In
29、sufficient operational efforts on the ground.4.Why do health workers need case management protocol training?答案：B.They can open up more treatment umts.5.What does this interview mainly talk about?答案：C.Ebola outpacing operational efforts.6.What is Toms main role in his new position?3 答案：D.Creating thi
30、ngs from changes in behavior,media,etc.7.According to Tom,what does innovation require of people?答案：B.Being brave and willing to take a risk 8.What does Tom see as game-changing chances in the future?答案:B.A1mmg at a consumer level.9.What does Tom do first to deal with the toughest part of his work?答
31、案：D.Examining the future carefully.10.Which of the following might Tom work for?答案：A.A media agency.INTERVIEW!听力原文M:Good evening,everybody.Des ite new romise of aid international leaders rovided disheartenin assessments of the current battle a ainst Ebola.The head of the World Bank said the internat
32、ional communitycommunity had failed miserably in its initial response.The director of the Center for disease control said the situation reminded him of the early days of the AIDS epidemic.We get our own assessment from one of the few nongovernmental groups treating patients in West Africa.Internatio
33、nal Medical Corps has built a treatment clinic in Liberia and is constructing other facilities in both Liberia and Sierra Leone.Its president and CEO,Mary Johnson,joins me now.Thank you for Jommgus.W:Thank you,Jack.M:How many beds,how many facilities,how many people would you say that youre engaged
34、in treating now?W:OK,So,in Liberia,International Medical Corps opened up a 70-bed hospitalor actually we call it a treatment unit.We opened that up in mid-September.We are scaling up and we will be opening up another treatment unit in Sierra Leone.In Liberia we have about 200 eo le workin in this tr
35、eatment unit,trying to contain it,as well as treating people who have Ebola,With the hopes that they will recover,and they are recovering when they receive treatment.M:Do you have any sense that the progress of this disease is beingis slowing?W:Well,let me say that its clear that efforts,like oursan
36、d other organizations,are working.When there are treatment efforts,when there are health care workers to treat patients as they come inI mean,our first patients that arrived to our treatment unit,they died at the doorstep.But now we see that patients are recovering,and they are returning back to the
37、ir families.So any efforts around treatment and containment are workin.The roblem and the challen e is that there areust not enou h o erational efforts on the ground.Thats the challenge.M:Is that because a lack of international action or nongovernmental action,or is it because the infrastructure in
38、these communities is so difficult that even if you sent them 10 pop-up hospitals,they couldnt build them?W:OK.Well,its a number of factors.One certainly,the health care infrastructure are very weak in West Africa,under-resourced.They dont have enough health workers.Thats one thing.The second thing i
39、s the spread wasnt contained more quickly some months ago.International donors are stepping up.In fact,our treatment unit in Liberia was made possible from a grant from US AIDs Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.It took 5 million to open that up and about a million a month.So,part of it is that t
40、he resources need to be there,but also people are really afraid.They are afraid to provide treatment because they also need to keep their own health workers safe.And so one of the things that we胆匹done is we have said to other communi health eo le as well as other international NGOs we 4 will rovide
41、case mana ement rotocol trainin.We will train their workers so that the can o en u more treatment facilities.The roblem we have now is that the disease and the outbreak is beinis outpacing the operational efforts on the红ound.There are a lot of plans in place,by the way,to change that,and were still
42、within that window.M:Well,Mary,thank you very much for staying with us today.W:Youre welcome.Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard.Q 1:What is international leadersassessment of the current battle against Ebola?Q2:How many people are now working in the treatment unit in Liberia?Q3:A
43、ccording to Mary,what is the challenge in the battle against Ebola?Q4:Why do health workers need case management protocol training?Q5:What does this interview mainly talk about?男：虽然一直有国家做出援助承诺，许多国际领导者还是对当前抗击埃博拉的努力做出负面评价。世界银行行长说，国际社会在最初反应方面”惨败”。疾病控制中心的主任说，这种情况让他想起了抗击艾滋病的最初阶段。有几个非政府组织在西非治疗病人，我们从它们那里得到
44、了评估。国际医疗队在利比里亚建立了一个治疗诊所，目前正在利比里亚和塞拉利昂建设其他机构。我身旁这位是国际医疗队总裁兼首席执行官玛丽约翰逊。谢谢你参加我们的节目。女：谢谢你，杰克。男：当前的治疗中，你们投入了多少床位、机构以及医护人员？女：好吧，国际医疗队在利比里亚开了一家70个床位的医院，实际上我们称之为诊疗中心。是在9月中旬开的。我们正在扩大规模，将在塞拉利昂再开一家诊疗中心。在利比里亚，我们有大约200人在这个诊疗中心工作，试图控制埃博拉病毒，同时为病人提供治疗，希望他们能康复，其实开始治疗后他们就在康复了。男：你觉得这种疾病的发展速度有没有放缓？女：嗯，让我说的话，很明显，我们这些组织的
45、努力初见成效。我们努力提供医疗服务，病人来就诊时，能马上得到医护人员的救治。我们的第一批病人刚刚来到我们的诊疗中心，就不幸去世了。但现在我们可以看到病人正在康复，陆续出院。因此，治疗和遏制方面的努力都在发挥作用。问题和挑战在于，当地没有足够的运转力量。这是一个挑战。男：是因为国际行动或非政府行动不足，还是因为这些社区的基础设施非常落后，即使你给他们送去10家临时医院，他们也无法经营？女：好吧。有很多因素。第一，在西非，卫生保健基础设施非常薄弱，资源不足。这里缺少卫生工作者。这是其一。还有，病毒几个月前没有受到快速遏制。国际捐助者正在加紧行动。事实上，我们在利比里亚的诊疗中心是由美国国际开发署的
46、外国灾难援助办公室提供的。开张需要500万，日常经营每月大约需要100万。所以，目前的问题是资源需要就位，而人们的恐惧也是一个问题。他们害怕提供治疗，因为他们也需要保护自己的医护人员。所以我们告诉其他社区卫生人员以及其他国际非政府组织，我们将提供病例管理制度培训。我们将为这些工作人员提供培训，以便他们能开放更多的治疗机构。我们现在面临的问题是疾病和疫情的爆发速度正在超过当地抗击病毒的速度。顺便说一下，要改变这种局面，有很多计划巳经就位，而我们还有机会。男：玛丽，非常感谢你今天来到这里。女：不客气。请根据刚才听到的内容，回答第1题至第5题。问题1:国际领导人对当前抗击埃博拉疫情行动的评价是什么？
47、问题2:现在有多少人在利比里亚的诊疗中心工作？问题3:根据玛丽的说法，抗击埃博拉病毒的挑战是什么？5 问题4:为什么卫生工作者需要案例管理制度培训？问题5:这次采访主要内容是什么？INTERVIEW2听力原文W:Tom I understand When Havas Media North America hired ou earl this ear to be head of strate印andinnovation,it did not include the words future of futurist m your title,but a large part of your ro
48、le is understanding where the near and not-so-distant futures of media can be applied and accelerated in ways that give Havas and its clients a competitive advantage.M:Yes.W:So,what exactly is your role at Havas?M:Well,Im very lucky in that I get paid to think!M y role 1s about understanding the cha
49、nges m behavior technolo and media and then to use that information to ins ire new thinkin and new ideas and then to bring them to life.It could be anything from what the Internet of things means for our clients,to how mobile coupons could develop.The key is making something from it.W:What areas of
50、business do you think require the most focus on innovation right now?M:I think we need to innovate in two very broad areas.First,we need to start working around people and not our own interests or channels.We need to create new processes and structures,and bring in new talent to take advantage of th