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1、考点30 阅读理解推理判断之文章结构（核心考点精讲精练）1. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对推断文章结构进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：根据阅读文章整体推断文章结构。推断文章结构的方法：1.从整体出发，辨别文章结构图；2.根据文章的某一段落，选择文章作者是怎么展开或组织段落的。【备考策略】系统归类推断文章结构的方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】学业水平考试的是高中生的毕业考试，高考是国家选拔创新人才的考试。学考和高考分开考的目的很明确。高考就是选拔性考试，通过高考英语试题，考查学生的推
2、理判断能力和逻辑思维能力及品质是重要导向。通过阅读理解中，推断文章结构考查考生的整体观，从全局看问题的能力，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章结构的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：主要语篇结构特征。因此，推断文章结构的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。【2024年高考命题预测】推理判断之推断文章结构考点是新课标中明确要考的考点。在当今高考的新改革时代，考查文章结构题最能考查学生对语篇的整体把控，要求学生必须从大处着眼。预测在2024高考中，推断文章结构题有可能在高考阅读理解中呈现。【推理判断之文章结构考点指南】规律方法：文章结构主要的设题方式常
3、有： （1）How is the passage organized?（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? 规律方法：如何解决文章结构题？考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事
4、手法叫做倒叙。2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类，“提出论点分论点一分论点二分论点三结论”；第二类，“引入段导出论点分点论述结论”；第三类，“提出问题分析问题解决问题”；第四类，“提出反面观点批驳反面观点提出正面观点”。3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。（2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模）Sleep is reparative. Because we need to repair a lot while we sleep, its important to get
5、quality sleep. Most of us function better in the daytime with routines. We also function better at night with a routine because we want to keep pace with our natural body rhythms. Each persons routine may be different some people wash their face at night, and some take a bath just make sure it is a
6、routine. Thats true during the week and on the weekend; consistency matters. Have a winding down, getting ready for sleep routine, and carry that out at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slow you down for sleep. That may be reading, listening to music, meditating, pra
7、ying anything thats relaxing while also being constructive or healthy. Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. This is one of the key reasons why we sleep better in a co
8、oler environment. If your skin temperature increases and your room is already a bit warm, you will be too hot to sleep well. The exact temperature is a personal matter. The key is that its more toward cool than hot. Many consider 68 degrees an environment thats neither so cold we shiver nor so hot w
9、e sweat. But theres no scientific evidence for an exact, perfect sleeping temperature. At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our liv
10、es, and basically function as humans. We cant make up lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, its really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine.1What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?AA routin
11、e can be helpful in getting quality sleep.BIts best to avoid screens before you go to bed.CHigher quality of sleep leads to better mental health.DListening to music makes it difficult to stay asleep.2What will happen when people relax during sleep at night?ATheyll take more regular breaths.BTheyll f
12、eel cooler than in the day.CTheir skin temperature will rise.DThey will not get enough oxygen.3What main point does the author want to make in the last paragraph?AGood sleep can be made at any time.BSleep is important for many reasons.CTry to develop good sleep habits now.DLost sleep makes no differ
13、ence to people.4Whats the structure of the text?ABCD（2023届山东省潍坊市安丘市高三3月过程检测）A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incorporating a daily glass of wine can protect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking closely to Mediterranean eating habits, which also include plenty of nuts, seafoo
14、d, whole grains and olive oil, has been linked to a 23 per cent lower risk of dementia.Based on data gathered on 60,000 people via the UK Biobank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scored participants diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales.Usin
15、g one, those whose eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely to develop dementia than those whose diets least fit the pattern. A diet with a perfect score would involve more than four tablespoons of olive oil, at least two portions of vegetables and three of fruit per day as wel
16、l as a glass of wine. It would also include at least three servings of legumes, 90 grams of nuts, and three servings of fish or shellfish a week. The ideal diet would also involve very little red or processed meat, avoiding too many sweetened drinks, butter, margarine or cream.The second scale used
17、similar criteria and a close match on that was linked to a 14 per cent lower risk of dementia. The findings, published in the journal BMC Medicine, appeared to show a “protective effect regardless of someones genetic risk”.Dr Susan Mitchell, of Alzheimers Research UK, said, “There is a wealth of evi
18、dence that eating a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce the risk of cognitive decline. But the evidence for specific diets is much less clear-cut.” She pointed out that the study only drew on data from people with white, British or Irish ancestry. She said, “While there are no surefire ways to pr
19、event dementia yet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, along with plenty of exercise and not smoking, all contribute to good heart health, which in turn helps to protect our brain from diseases that lead to dementia.”5What did the study find out?AA new way to cure a disease.BA popular diet to keep
20、 balance.CA medical database to do research.DA possible strategy to reduce the risk of dementia.6How did the researchers carry out the study?ABy making comparison.BBy presenting the process.CBy consulting other studies.DBy analyzing cause and effect.7What does Susan Mitchell think of the study?AIts
21、evident.BIts limited.CIts practical.DIts promising.8Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?ABCD基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中四校联考】One of the most important changes cities must make to improve life in them is to separate people from their cars. Even when you have a strong
22、 public transport system in moving people between population hubs, the last mile - that section between the railway station and someones home, for example - can lead to car use if its considered too far or too dangerous to walk.The idea of a low-traffic neighbourhood (LTN) - where cars are banned fr
23、om quieter rat runs (偏僻小路) to keep them on the major routes - has taken off in parts of the UK. LTNs attempt to filter out cars from residential streets using bollards, camera-controlled gates or even planters full of flowers placed across the road, while pedestrians, cyclists and emergency vehicles
24、 can still pass.Analysis for the active transport charity Sustrans found that “driving a mile on a minor urban road is twice as likely to kill or seriously injure a child pedestrian, and three times more likely to kill or seriously injure a child cyclist, compared to driving a mile on an urban A-roa
25、d,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead to a rise in social isolation. LTNs reduce this danger, leading to a three-fold reduction in injuries, and have been shown to increase the number of visitors to local businesses.Also popular are e-scooter hire trials, which are taking plac
26、e in towns and cities including Middlesbrough, Bristol and Chelmsford. The trials see gaggles of electric scooters available to be picked up from street corners. The scooters are hired using an app and then, once theyre finished with, parked elsewhere inside the trial area, where theyre collected an
27、d recharged by the hiring company. A Department of Transport report on e-scooter use found they were “widely perceived to have environmental and convenience benefits,” but suffered from comparisons to childrens toys.But thats not all. The worlds first hub for demonstrating electric air taxis and dro
28、nes opened in Coventry earlier this year. The taxis and drones based at the hub all take off and land vertically like helicopters and are being used to travel short journeys or deliver cargo.Weaning us off our car addiction is one of the more difficult barriers standing between us and healthier citi
29、es. The first step that needs to be taken will be to tackle the dominance of the car.1What can we learn from Paragraph 1?APeople are considered reliant on cars to travel.BPublic transport system still needs improvement.CPollution from cars has an impact on peoples life quality.DResidential areas are
30、 usually far away from the railway station.2What do we know about the idea of an LTN?AIts a way to encourage social interaction and local business.BIts a series of measures to reserve the streets to walking residents.CIts a system that employs high technology to keep cars on the main roads.DIts a pr
31、actice proved effective in keeping children safe from traffic accidents.3Whats the structure of the text?P=ParagraphABCD4Whats the purpose of the text?ATo call on readers to construct a healthier city.BTo promote the latest developments in car alternatives.CTo introduce possible ways to get rid of d
32、ependence on cars.DTo inform citizens of technological advances to tackle social problems.2.【2023江西省赣州市期末】Youve probably already heard about AI-powered cameras that can recognize people just by analyzing their facial features, but what if there was a way for artificial intelligence to figure out wha
33、t you look like just by the sound of your voice and without comparing your voice to a database? Thats exactly what a team of scientists at MIT has been working on, and the results of their work are impressive. While their neural network, named Speech2Face, cant yet figure out the exact facial featur
34、es of a human just by their voice, it certainly gets plenty of details right.Speech2Face is trained in the training data, which is a collection of educational videos from YouTube. “Our model is designed to reveal statistical connections that exist between facial features and voices of speakers in th
35、e training data,” the creators of Speech2Face said. However, the data does not represent equally the entire world population. Therefore, the model- -as is the case with any machine learning model- is affected by this uneven distribution of data.You can tell a lot about a person from the way they spe
36、ak alone. For example, you can most likely tell if someone is male or female, or if they are young or old, but Speech2Face goes beyond that. It can determine fairly accurately the shape of someone s nose, cheekbones or jaw from their voice alone, because the way the nose and other bones in our faces
37、 are structured determines the way we sound.The racial characteristic is also one of the things Speech2Face can figure out with accuracy from listening to someones voice for just a few milliseconds, as people who come from the same groups tend to have similar qualities or features. The AI takes a va
38、riety of factors into account, and it sometimes produces impressive results, but its still a work in progress.1How does Speech2Face recognize a humans facial features?ABy the shape of their nose.BBy the sound of their voice.CBy the expression on their face.DBy the results of data comparison.2What ca
39、n we learn about Speech2Face according to the passage?AIt can tell a persons personality by his voice.BIt can determine where a person comes from.CIt can tell the size of a person by his voice.DIt can reconstruct an image of a persons face.3What is the correct structure of the text?ABCD4What will th
40、e text probably mention about Speech2Face fallowing the last paragraph?AIts market future.BIts features.CIts limitations.DIts applications.3.【2023届湖北省荆门市龙泉中学高考考前模拟】The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before:changes for the better,changes for the worse; changes that brought a l
41、ot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter
42、and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activitites in the twenty-first century w
43、ill result in even greater advantages to human beings : in pure sciencea wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning ; in applied sciencea more reasonable sharing of material benefits , and better protection of the environment.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creati
44、vity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nucl
45、ear weapons. Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War , the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race , as well as of many kinds
46、of animals.William Shakespeare said , “ The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线), good and ill together .” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activitiesscience seems to prove what Shakespeare said . But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with
47、the good ?Are we biologically programmed for war?17Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage ?（=Paragraph1 , = Paragraph 2，= Paragraph 3，= Paragraph 4，= Paragraph 5）ABC D 18From the fourth paragraph , we can infer that _.Aa great many nuclear weapons were actually used for warBa
48、 large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for warCthe author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weaponsDthe author is anxious about the huge number of unclear weapons on the earth19The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means_.AsimpleBmixedCsadDhappy20What you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to wri