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1、考点30 阅读理解推理判断之文章结构（核心考点精讲精练）1. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对推断文章结构进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：根据阅读文章整体推断文章结构。推断文章结构的方法：1.从整体出发，辨别文章结构图；2.根据文章的某一段落，选择文章作者是怎么展开或组织段落的。【备考策略】系统归类推断文章结构的方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】学业水平考试的是高中生的毕业考试，高考是国家选拔创新人才的考试。学考和高考分开考的目的很明确。高考就是选拔性考试，通过高考英语试题，考查学生的推
2、理判断能力和逻辑思维能力及品质是重要导向。通过阅读理解中，推断文章结构考查考生的整体观，从全局看问题的能力，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章结构的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：主要语篇结构特征。因此，推断文章结构的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。【2024年高考命题预测】推理判断之推断文章结构考点是新课标中明确要考的考点。在当今高考的新改革时代，考查文章结构题最能考查学生对语篇的整体把控，要求学生必须从大处着眼。预测在2024高考中，推断文章结构题有可能在高考阅读理解中呈现。【推理判断之文章结构考点指南】规律方法：文章结构主要的设题方式常
3、有： （1）How is the passage organized?（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? 规律方法：如何解决文章结构题？考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事
4、手法叫做倒叙。2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类，“提出论点分论点一分论点二分论点三结论”；第二类，“引入段导出论点分点论述结论”；第三类，“提出问题分析问题解决问题”；第四类，“提出反面观点批驳反面观点提出正面观点”。3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。（2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模）Sleep is reparative. Because we need to repair a lot while we sleep, its important to get
5、quality sleep. Most of us function better in the daytime with routines. We also function better at night with a routine because we want to keep pace with our natural body rhythms. Each persons routine may be different some people wash their face at night, and some take a bath just make sure it is a
6、routine. Thats true during the week and on the weekend; consistency matters. Have a winding down, getting ready for sleep routine, and carry that out at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slow you down for sleep. That may be reading, listening to music, meditating, pra
7、ying anything thats relaxing while also being constructive or healthy. Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. This is one of the key reasons why we sleep better in a co
8、oler environment. If your skin temperature increases and your room is already a bit warm, you will be too hot to sleep well. The exact temperature is a personal matter. The key is that its more toward cool than hot. Many consider 68 degrees an environment thats neither so cold we shiver nor so hot w
9、e sweat. But theres no scientific evidence for an exact, perfect sleeping temperature. At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our liv
10、es, and basically function as humans. We cant make up lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, its really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine.1What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?AA routin
11、e can be helpful in getting quality sleep.BIts best to avoid screens before you go to bed.CHigher quality of sleep leads to better mental health.DListening to music makes it difficult to stay asleep.2What will happen when people relax during sleep at night?ATheyll take more regular breaths.BTheyll f
12、eel cooler than in the day.CTheir skin temperature will rise.DThey will not get enough oxygen.3What main point does the author want to make in the last paragraph?AGood sleep can be made at any time.BSleep is important for many reasons.CTry to develop good sleep habits now.DLost sleep makes no differ
13、ence to people.4Whats the structure of the text?ABCD【答案】1A 2C 3C 4A【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，高质量的睡眠至关重要，作者在文章中主要论述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的习惯并严格执行、保持凉爽的温度有益于提高睡眠质量。1推理判断题。根据第二段“Most of us function better in the daytime with routines. We also function better at night with a routine because we want to keep pace with our na
14、tural body rhythms. Each persons routine may be different-some people wash their face at night, and some take a bath-just make sure it is a routine. Thats true during the week and on the weekend; consistency matters. (我们大多数人在白天按照习惯就会表现更好。我们在晚上按照习惯也会更好，因为我们想要跟上我们自然的身体节奏。每个人的习惯可能是不同的有些人晚上洗脸，有些人洗澡只要确保这
15、是一种习惯。工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。)”可知，养成习惯有助于获得高质量的睡眠。故选A。2细节理解题。根据第二段中“Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. (通常情况下，人们在睡觉时会放松，往往会放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。)”可知，当人们在晚上
16、睡觉时放松，他们的皮肤温度会升高。故选C。3主旨大意题。根据最后一段“At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our lives, and basically function as humans. We cant make u
17、p lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, its really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine. (归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的
18、睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”可知，作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的，并由此得出结论：从现在开始，尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始；由此可知，作者在最后一段要阐述的主要观点是现在就努力养成良好的睡眠习惯。故选C。4推理判断题。在文章第一段“Sleep is reparative. Because we need to repair a lot while we sleep, its important to get quality sleep
19、. (睡眠是修复性的。因为我们需要在睡觉时修复很多东西，所以获得高质量的睡眠很重要。)”作者阐述了高质量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Have a winding down, getting ready for sleep routine, and carry that out at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slow you down for sleep. That may be reading, listening to music, meditating, praying anythin
20、g thats relaxing while also being constructive or healthy. (有一个放松下来，准备睡觉的程序，每天晚上在同一时间进行。找一些能让你放松的事情，让你慢慢入睡。可以是阅读、听音乐、冥想、祈祷任何既放松又有益健康的事情。)”可知第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三段“Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasi
21、ng oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. This is one of the key reasons why we sleep better in a cooler environment. If your skin temperature increases and your room is already a bit warm, you will be too hot to sleep well. (通常情况下，人们会在睡前放松，并倾向于放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。这就是为什么我们在
22、凉爽的环境中睡得更好的关键原因之一。如果你的皮肤温度升高，而你的房间已经有点热了，你就会热得睡不好觉。)”以及第四段“The exact temperature is a personal matter. The key is that its more toward cool than hot. Many consider 68 degrees an environment thats neither so cold we shiver nor so hot we sweat. But theres no scientific evidence for an exact, perfect s
23、leeping temperature. (确切的温度是个人问题。关键是它更倾向于冷而不是热。许多人认为68度的环境既不会冷到让人发抖，也不会热到让人出汗。但是没有科学证据证明一个精确的、完美的睡眠温度。)”阐述了睡觉放松时人们皮肤温度会升高，凉爽的环境有助于提高睡眠质量；在文章最后一段“At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate
24、our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our lives, and basically function as humans. We cant make up lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, its really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtim
25、e routine. (归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的；并对自己的观点进行总结：从现在开始养成良好的习惯，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝习惯开始；由此可知，本文为总分总结构，其中第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量
26、；第三、四段阐述了凉爽的温度有助于提高睡眠质量；A选项符合文章结构。故选A。（2023届山东省潍坊市安丘市高三3月过程检测）A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incorporating a daily glass of wine can protect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking closely to Mediterranean eating habits, which also include plenty of nuts, seafood, whole grain
27、s and olive oil, has been linked to a 23 per cent lower risk of dementia.Based on data gathered on 60,000 people via the UK Biobank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scored participants diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales.Using one, those w
28、hose eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely to develop dementia than those whose diets least fit the pattern. A diet with a perfect score would involve more than four tablespoons of olive oil, at least two portions of vegetables and three of fruit per day as well as a glass o
29、f wine. It would also include at least three servings of legumes, 90 grams of nuts, and three servings of fish or shellfish a week. The ideal diet would also involve very little red or processed meat, avoiding too many sweetened drinks, butter, margarine or cream.The second scale used similar criter
30、ia and a close match on that was linked to a 14 per cent lower risk of dementia. The findings, published in the journal BMC Medicine, appeared to show a “protective effect regardless of someones genetic risk”.Dr Susan Mitchell, of Alzheimers Research UK, said, “There is a wealth of evidence that eat
31、ing a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce the risk of cognitive decline. But the evidence for specific diets is much less clear-cut.” She pointed out that the study only drew on data from people with white, British or Irish ancestry. She said, “While there are no surefire ways to prevent dementia
32、 yet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, along with plenty of exercise and not smoking, all contribute to good heart health, which in turn helps to protect our brain from diseases that lead to dementia.”5What did the study find out?AA new way to cure a disease.BA popular diet to keep balance.CA me
33、dical database to do research.DA possible strategy to reduce the risk of dementia.6How did the researchers carry out the study?ABy making comparison.BBy presenting the process.CBy consulting other studies.DBy analyzing cause and effect.7What does Susan Mitchell think of the study?AIts evident.BIts l
34、imited.CIts practical.DIts promising.8Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?ABCD【答案】5D 6A 7B 8C【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的研究发现富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。介绍了研究开展的过程以及Susan Mitchell博士对此研究的看法。5细节理解题。根据第一段“A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incorporating a daily glass of
35、wine can protect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking closely to Mediterranean eating habits, which also include plenty of nuts, seafood, whole grains and olive oil, has been linked to a 23 per cent lower risk of dementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海
36、鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知，这项研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略。故选D。6细节理解题。根据第二段“Based on data gathered on 60,000 people via the UK Biobank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scored participants diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数
37、据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”可知，研究人员通过比较进行这项研究。故选A。7细节理解题。根据最后一段“She pointed out that the study only drew on data from people with white, British or Irish ancestry.(她指出，这项研究只利用了白人、英国或爱尔兰血统的人的数据)”可知，Susan Mitchell认为这项研究有限制性。故选B。8推理判断题。根据第一段“A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incorporati
38、ng a daily glass of wine can protect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking closely to Mediterranean eating habits, which also include plenty of nuts, seafood, whole grains and olive oil, has been linked to a 23 per cent lower risk of dementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害
39、。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知第一段引出文章关于新研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略；第二段“Based on data gathered on 60,000 people via the UK Biobank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scored participants diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales.(根据2006年建立的
40、英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”总述研究开展的方式；第三段“Using one, those whose eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely to develop dementia than those whose diets least fit the pattern.(使用一种方法，饮食习惯最匹配的人患痴呆症的可能性比饮食习惯最不匹配的人低23%)”以及第四段“The second scale used similar crite
41、ria and a close match on that was linked to a 14 per cent lower risk of dementia.(第二个量表使用了类似的标准，与之接近的人患痴呆症的风险降低了14%)”为第二段的分论点，具体阐述研究过程；最后一段是Susan Mitchell对此研究的看法。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中四校联考】One of the most important changes cities must make to improve life in them is t
42、o separate people from their cars. Even when you have a strong public transport system in moving people between population hubs, the last mile - that section between the railway station and someones home, for example - can lead to car use if its considered too far or too dangerous to walk.The idea o
43、f a low-traffic neighbourhood (LTN) - where cars are banned from quieter rat runs (偏僻小路) to keep them on the major routes - has taken off in parts of the UK. LTNs attempt to filter out cars from residential streets using bollards, camera-controlled gates or even planters full of flowers placed acros
44、s the road, while pedestrians, cyclists and emergency vehicles can still pass.Analysis for the active transport charity Sustrans found that “driving a mile on a minor urban road is twice as likely to kill or seriously injure a child pedestrian, and three times more likely to kill or seriously injure
45、 a child cyclist, compared to driving a mile on an urban A-road,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead to a rise in social isolation. LTNs reduce this danger, leading to a three-fold reduction in injuries, and have been shown to increase the number of visitors to local businesses
46、.Also popular are e-scooter hire trials, which are taking place in towns and cities including Middlesbrough, Bristol and Chelmsford. The trials see gaggles of electric scooters available to be picked up from street corners. The scooters are hired using an app and then, once theyre finished with, par
47、ked elsewhere inside the trial area, where theyre collected and recharged by the hiring company. A Department of Transport report on e-scooter use found they were “widely perceived to have environmental and convenience benefits,” but suffered from comparisons to childrens toys.But thats not all. The
48、 worlds first hub for demonstrating electric air taxis and drones opened in Coventry earlier this year. The taxis and drones based at the hub all take off and land vertically like helicopters and are being used to travel short journeys or deliver cargo.Weaning us off our car addiction is one of the more difficult barriers standing between us and healthier cities. The first step that needs to be taken will be to tackle the dominance of the car.1What can we learn from Paragraph 1?APeople are considered reliant on cars to travel.