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1、2022年考研英语精选练习题 5阅读理解单项选择题Theeradicationofpovertyisasharedresponsibilityfortheinternationalcommunityindeed,amoralimperative.Thistaskhasbecomenolessurgentinthelastdecade,inspiteofrapideconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworld.Whilethepercentageoftheworldspopulationlivingonlessthan$1perdayhasfallenfrom28.3%t
2、o24.0%between1987and1998,populationgrowthhaskepttheabsolutenumberofpoorsteadyatsome1.2billion.Ifwetakeahighercutoffpointof$2perday,thepoorhaveincreasedby250millionoverthesametimeperiod,encompassing2.8billionpeople,oralmosthalfoftheworld’spopulation.NordoWorldBankprojectionslendundividedhopefor
3、thefuture.Underthebusinessasusualscenario,thenumberofpooronthe$1perdayscalewillnotchangeduringtheprojectionperiodupto2008.However,shouldpolicymeasuresbetakentoboosteconomicgrowthandmakethegrowthprocessmoreinclusivetothepoor,theWorldBankreckonsthat500millionpeoplecouldbebroughtoutofextremepovertyby20
4、08.Evenunderthismoreoptimisticscenario,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andespeciallySub-SaharanAfricawouldseelittle,ifany,progress.Thesamepatternemergesunderthehighercutoffpointof$2perday.Inthelightofthesedirestatisticsandprojections,itiseasytoappreciatethegrowingpublicconcernthatnotenoughisbeingdonetoa
5、ddresspovertyandpoverty-relatedsocialillnesses,suchaspoorworkconditions,alackofrespectforhumanrights,andnaturalresourcedegradation.Indeed,suchconcernshavebeenventedwithincreasingfrustration,includingattheMinisterialConferenceoftheWTOinSeattlelastyear,andmorerecentlyatthejointspringmeetingoftheIMFand
6、theWorldBank.Oneproblemfacinggovernmentsinpoverty-strickencountries,civilsociety,andinternationalorganizationsisthatpovertyisamultidimensionalproblemwithnosimplesolutionnotleastbecauseofitssheerscale.Thecausesandexpressionsofpovertyarenotthesameeverywhere,althoughsomecommontermscanoftenbefound,inclu
7、dingalackofaccesstoeducation,basichealthcare,andunequaldistributionofproductiveassets。Moreover,ruralcommunities,whichareoftenthehardesthitbypoverty,facetheirowndevelopmentproblemsrelatedtopoorinfrastructure,whichmakeitmorecostlytoparticipateinthenationalandglobaleconomy.Anotherfactorthatperpetuatesp
8、overtyisthatthepooroftenlackpoliticalleveragetoinfluencethepoliciesandprioritiesofgovernments.1Bysayingthattheeradicationofpovertyisamoralimperative,theauthormeans_.A.itisamoralresponsibilitytodoawaywithpovertyB.itiscloselyrelatedtotheformulationofmoralstandardC.raisingmoralstandardistheonlysolution
9、topovertyD.itismorallyimpossibletofindasolutiontopoverty查看原文2Between1987and1998,thenumberofpeoplelivingontwodollarsaday_.A.actuallyincreasedB.fellslightlyC.wascutdowngreatlyD.keptrisingsteadily查看原文3Whatmighthappenintheyear2008ifproperpoliciesforeconomicgrowthweremade?A.500millionmorepeoplewouldjoint
10、heextremelypoor.B.Nodrasticchangewouldhappentothelifeofthepoorinthepresentpoorregions.C.Thenumberofthepooronthe$1perdayscalewouldbegreatlycut.D.Thenumberofthepoorlivingon$2dollarsperdaywouldbedrasticallydecreased.查看原文4Whyisitnoteasytosolvethepovertyproblem?A.Becausetheinternationalcommunityhasntmade
11、enougheffortatit.B.Becausethegovernmentsinpoorcountriesdonotgiveenoughattentiontoit.C.Becausesolvingtheproblemisbeyondthemeansofthepoorcountries.D.Becauseitisaproblemthatinvolvesmultiplefactors.查看原文5WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanobstacletothesolutionofpoverty?A.Theenormoussizeofthepoorpopulat
12、ion.B.Slowereconomicdevelopmentinextremelypoorregions.C.Thegovernmentpolicyinpoverty-strickencountries.D.Theclassificationofthepoorpopulation.查看原文Withitsalmostsixbillionpeople,theworldoffersafascinatingvarietyofhumanshapesandcolors.Ashumansspreadthroughouttheworld,theiradaptationstodiverseclimateand
13、otherlivingconditionsresultedinthisfascinatingvarietyofcomplexions,colors,andshapes.Geneticmutationsaddeddistinctcharacteristicstothepeoplesoftheglobe.Inthissensetheconceptofrace,agroupwithinheritedphysicalcharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromanothergroup,isareality.Humansdoindeedcomeinavarietyofcolo
14、rsandshapes.Intwosenses,however,raceisamyth,afabricationofthehumanmind.Thefirstfabricationistheideathatanyoneraceissuperiortoanother.Allraceshavetheirgeniusesandtheiridiots.Likelanguage,noraceissuperiortoanother.AdolfHitlersideaswereextreme.Hebelievedthatasuperiorrace,calledtheAryans,wasresponsiblef
15、ortheculturalachievementsofEurope.Theypossessedthegeneticstuffthatmadetheminherentlysuperior.Evenmanyscientistsofthetime一notonlyGermanybutthroughoutEuropeandtheUnitedStatesespousedtheideaofracialsuperiority.Notsurprisingly,theyconsideredthemselvesmembersofthesupposedlysuperiorrace!Inadditiontothemyt
16、hofracialsuperiority,thereisasecondmyththatoftheexistenceofapurerace.Fromtheperspectiveofcontemporarybiology,humansshowsuchamixtureofphysicalcharacteristics.thatthepureracesdonotexist.Insteadoffallingintodistincttypesclearlyseparatefromoneanother,humancharacteristicsflowendlesslytogether.Theseminute
17、gradationsmadearbitraryanyattempttodrawdefinitelines.Largegroupingsofpeople,however,canbeclassifiedbybloodtypeandgenefrequencies.Yeteventhisarrangementdoesnotuncoverrace。Rather,suchclassificationsaresoarbitrarythatbiologistsandanthropologistscandrawuplistingsshowinganynumberofrace。AshleyMontagu,aphy
18、sicalanthropologist,pointedoutthatsomescientistshaveclassifiedhumansintoonlytworaceswhileothershavefoundasmanyastwothousand.Montaguhimselfclassifiedhumansintofortyracialgroups.Thisisnotmeanttoimplythattheideaofraceisamyth.Thatideaisdefinitelyverymuchalive.Itisfirmlyembeddedinourculture,asocialrealit
19、ythatweconfrontdaily.SociologistW.I.Thomasobservedthatifpeopledefinesituationsasreal,theyarerealintheirconsequences。Thefactthatnoraceissuperiororthatbiologicallywecannotevendecidehowpeopleshouldbeclassifiedintoracesisnotwhatcounts.Whatmakesadifferenceforsociallife,rather,isthatpeoplebelievetheseidea
20、s,forpeopleactonbeliefs,notfacts.Asaresult,wealwayshavepeoplelikeHitler.Mostpeople,fortunately,donotbelieveinsuchextremes,yetmostpeoplealsoappeartobeethnocentricenoughtobelieve,atleastjustalittle,thattheirownraceissuperiortoothers.6Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatthediversificationofhumanrac
21、eresultedfrom_.A.bothgeneticinheritanceandenvironmentalinfluencesB.thedifferentiationoftheinheritedphysicalcharacteristicsC.humansadaptationstodiverseclimateandotherlivingconditionsD.geneticmutationsalone查看原文7Thewordfabricationprobablymeans_.A.mysteryB.inventionC.exaggerationD.perspective查看原文8Whyist
22、herenopureraceaccordingtothepassage?A.Becausepeopleofdifferentracesoftengetmarried.B.Becausepeoplehavedifferentbloodtypes.C.Becauseracialcharacteristicsoverlap.D.Becausetherearesomanyracesintheworld.查看原文9Anyattemptatclassifyingraces_.A.isatbestarbitraryB.isboundtobebiasedC.tendstopickoutoneraceassup
23、eriorD.takescultureintoaccount查看原文10TheauthorconcludesthepassagebypointingoutthatA.itishardlypossibletoclassifyhumansintoracialgroupsB.weshouldbeonourguardagainstanyideaofracialsuperiorityC.raceisindeedamysterytobeexploredanduncoveredD.itisnotimportanthowpeopleshouldbeclassified查看原文第9页 共9页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页