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1、第四讲各具特色的句法第四讲各具特色的句法从句与句式从句与句式专题4.3并列句和状语从句考向考向1并列句中的并列连词并列句中的并列连词单句语法填空1.(2023全国I卷)Toeatone,youhavetodecidewhethertobiteasmallholeinitfirst,releasingthestreamandriskingaspill(溢出),toputthewholedumplinginyourmouth,lettingthehotsoupexplodeonyourtongue.解析：考查连词。句意：吃小笼包的时候，你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁，还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里，
2、让热汤在舌头上爆炸。whether.or.“是还是”，固定搭配，根据句意，故填or。2.(2023新课标全国II卷)Itsbeenanhonortowatchthepandaprogrammedevelop_toseethepandassettleintotheirnewhome.解析：考查连词。句意：看到大熊猫项目的发展，看到大熊猫们在新家安顿下来，我感到很荣幸。此空表示递进关系，表示“而且”。故填and。重重 温温 真真 题题orand3.(2023全国乙卷)Itisadistinctvisualcontrast(反差)thatshouldntwork,_somehowthesetwove
3、rydifferentworldsmakeagoodcombination.解析：考查连词。句意：这是一个明显的不可以协调的视觉对比，但从某种程度上看，这两个非常不同的世界，形成了一个很好的组合。前后并列句表示转折。故填yet/but。4.(2023浙江卷1月)DuringChinasdynasticperiod,emperorsplannedthecityofBeijing_arrangedtheresidentialareasaccordingtosocialclasses.解析：考查连词。句意：在中国的王朝时期，皇帝们根据社会阶层来规划北京市和安排居民区。根据句子结构判断，此空连接两个谓
4、语，构成并列关系。故填and。yet/butand5.(2022全国I卷)TheGPNPisdesignedtoreflecttheguidingprincipleof“protectingtheauthenticityandintegrityofnaturalecosystems,preservingbiologicaldiversity,protectingecologicalbufferzones,_leavingbehindpreciousnaturalassetsforfuturegenerations”.解析：考查连词。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护
5、生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处前后为并列关系，应用并列连词and。故填and。6.(2022全国II卷)Hehungonforafewminutes_screamedforhisfather,buthisfatherdidnthearhim.解析：考查并列连词。分析句子结构可知，句中hung与screamed是两个顺承的动作，上下文之间为并列关系。故用and。andand7.(2022全国乙卷)The“FirstInternationalTeaDayTeaRoadCooperativeInitiative”issuedatthecere
6、monycallsforpeopleworkingintheteaindustrytocometogethertopromoteinternationalcooperation_culturalexchanges.解析：考查连词。空前的internationalcooperation与空后的culturalexchanges为相同的名词短语成分,故需要用连词连接,由于前后表示并列关系,此处表示“促进国际合作和文化交流”。故用and。8.(2022浙江卷6月)“Thefeelingofbeingabletoseeit_toformmyopinionislikebreakingdownanothe
7、rwallasablindperson.”解析：考查连词。根据句子结构来判断，此空应用连词，连接前后两个不定式，表示并列关系。故填and。andand9.(2021全国I卷)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventure_offersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyourachinglegs.解析：考查连词。根据句子结构判断，此空连接两个并列谓语highlights和offers，表示顺连。故填and。10.(2021全国II卷)Ifo
8、undthecontactinformationofthecompany_emaileditspresident.解析：考查连词。句意：我找到了这家公司的联系方式，并给公司总裁发了电子邮件。“found”和“emailed”之间是并列关系，用and连接两个并列的谓语动词，所以填and。andand11.(2021全国甲卷)WehiredourbikesfromtherentalplaceattheSouthGate.Mybikewasoldandshaky_didthejob.解析：考查连词。根据句意可知，作者租的自行车虽然破旧但是仍然发挥作用。此处表示意义的转折。故填but。12.(2021
9、浙江卷1月).thescientistsfoundthatpeopleworldwidearegettingheavier_thatmostoftheriseisduetogainsinBMIinruralareas.解析：考查连词。句意：科学家们发现，世界各地的人们体重都在增加，而且增加的大部分体重是由于农村地区BMI的增加。根据句子结构判断，此空连接两个并列的宾语从句，表示递进。故填and。butand13.(2020新高考全国I卷)Theykepttheircollectionathomeuntilitgottoobig_ untiltheydied,andthenitwasgivent
10、oamuseum.解析：考查连词。句意：他们把收藏品放在家里，直到它们变得太大，或者直到他们去世，然后它们被送到一个博物馆。此处表示选择。故填or。14.(2020新高考全国II卷)Eachvolumeinthesetexploresawiderangeofmaterial,explainsthebasicconceptsofmajorapplicationsofdigitalsystems,_discussestheinfluencestheyhaveoneverydaylife.解析：考查连词。此空所填的词连接三个并列谓语explores,explains和discusses，表示递进。故
11、填and。orand15.(2020浙江卷1月)Itsalsothattheyareonaveragehealthier_moreproductiveforlonger.解析：考查连词。句意：这也是他们平均更健康和更长时间的生产力。根据句子结构来看，此空连接两个并列的比较级，译为“而且”。故填and。16.(2019全国II卷)IworknotbecauseIhaveto,_becauseIwantto.解析：考查并列连词。根据句意逻辑可知，此处为转折关系，句意：我工作不是因为我不得不做，而是因为我想做。此处用but与前文not呼应，构成“不是而是”之意，故填but。andbut17.(四川)
12、Itwastimeforhertohaveanewbaby,_itwasalsotimefortheyoungpandatobeindependent.解析：考查连词。句意：是时候再生一个孩子了，熊猫宝宝也到独立的时候了。Itwastimefor.和itwasalsotimefor.之间是并列关系，故填and。18.(新课标全国)Buttheriverwasntchangedinafewdays_evenafewmonths.解析：考查连词。句意：但是这条河几天甚至几个月都没有变化。afewdays和afewmonths为选择关系。故填or。andor19.(广东)SoNickcalledto
13、hisson,“Gotothevillageandbuysomesalt,butpayafairpriceforit:neithertoomuch_toolittle.”解析：考查并列连词。neither.nor.既不也不，为固定搭配。故填nor。nor考向考向2状语从句中的从属连词状语从句中的从属连词单句语法填空1.(2021全国乙卷)Itwasnotwidelyacceptedasatravelconcept_thelate1980s.解析：考查连词。句意：直到上世纪80年代末，这个概念才被广泛接受。分析句子结构并结合前面的not可知，本句是not.until.结构。故填until。2.(
14、2019新课标III卷)Onourwaytothehouse,itwasraining_hardthatwecouldnthelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtaketogetthere.ItwasinthemiddleofPearlCity.解析：考查副词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so.that.”意为“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句。故填so。untilso3.(2019天津卷)Tomissoindependentthatheneveraskshisparentsopinion_hewantstheirsuppo
15、rt.解析：考查从属连词。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。故填unless。4.(2018全国卷)Cornuseslesswater_riceandcreateslessfertilizer(化肥)runoff.解析：考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词less可知，填比较连词。故填than。unlessthan5.(全国)Overtime,_thepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.解析：考查从属连词。句意：长期以来，
16、随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样烹饪起来更快。as/when意为“当时，随着”。故填as/when。6.(四川)Themotherheldthebabyinherfrontpawsmuchthewayahumandoes._itcried,sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlecomfortingpats.解析：考查从属连词。句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据语境可知，when(当时)和if(如果)用在此处都合适。故填When/If。as/when When/If考考 点点 精精 析析框架结构图框架结
17、构图句子简单句复合句并列句名词性从句定语从句(形容词性从句)状语从句(副词性从句)主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句连词的分类连词的分类连词常分为并列连词(也叫等立连词)和从属连词两大类。并列句与并列连词的核心考点并列句与并列连词的核心考点1.并列句的基本概念并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。2.常见的并列连词(1)表示递进或顺承关系：常用的并列连词有and,notonly.but(also).等。Heh
18、adearnedplentyofmoneyandhecouldspenditfreely.Notonlyisheveryfast,buthes(also)gotmarvelloustechnique.(2)表示选择关系：常用的并列连词有or,either.or.等。EitheryoumustimproveyourworkorIshalldismissyou.(3)表示转折关系：常用的并列连词有but,yet,whereas等。Itstruethatheisyoung,butheisexperiencedandresponsible.Itwasarashthingtodo,yetonecanno
19、tbutadmirehercourage.Benefitsarelinkedtoinflation,whereastheyshouldbelinkedtothecostofliving.(4)表示因果关系：常用的并列连词有so,for等。Ididnotgotoworkyesterday,forIwasnotfeelingwell.Largecompaniesarehavingtocutback,sosmallbusinessesarebeingforcedtoclose.(5)when也可用作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于andatthis/thattime。常用于下列句式：sb.was
20、doingsth.when.；sb.wasabouttodo/onthepointofdoingsth.when.；sb.had(just)donesth.when.。(这三个句式when后的分句的时态都为一般过去时)Hewasthinkingabouttheproblem,whenanapplefelltotheground.Wewereabouttoleavewhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.IhadbeentherelittlemorethanaweekwhenIsettoworkinearnest.(6)while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。There
21、splentyofraininthesoutheast,whilethereslittleinthenortheast.从属连词与状语从句从属连词与状语从句一、时间状语从句1.before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：Itwillbelongbefore.(得过好久才)Itwillnotbelongbefore.(过不了多久就)Itwaslongbefore.(过了好久才)Itwasnotlongbefore.(过了不久就)，如：Itwillbenotlongbeforeweknowtheresultoftheexperiment.Scientistssayitmaybefiveo
22、rsixyearsbeforeitispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.2.since用作从属连词时，它所引导从句的谓语通常应是非延续性动词。但有时也可以是延续性动词或状态动词，应注意：若为延续性动词或状态动词，那么它所表示的通常是动作或状态的完成或结束(而不是其开始)。IhaventheardfromhimsincehelivedinBeijing.正译正译：自从他离开北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。误译误译：自从他住在北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。HehasnevercometoseemesinceIwasill.正译正译：自我病愈以来他还没
23、来看过我。误译误译：自我生病以来他还没来看过我。3.as,when,while用法一览表类别类别作作 用用例例 句句aswhenwhileas表示“当的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。(atorduringthetimethat)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。while意思是“当的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示aperiodoftime时，两者可以互换。Shecam
24、eupasIwasworking.(同时)Thecompetitorsstartedtorunasthegunwentoff.(几乎同时)Itwasraininghardwhenwearrivedattheschool.(指时间点)Whenwewereatschool,wewenttothelibraryeveryday.(在一段时间内)Pleasekeepsilentwhileothersareworking.Hefellasleepwhile/whenreading.Strikewhiletheironishot.(不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁”)4.引导时间状语从句的
25、连接词除上述外还有：(1)till,(until)not.until.表示“直到才”Heandtheotherdoctorsdidnotleaveuntiltheoperationwasover.Theywentonwiththeirworkattheemptyloonsuntil/tilllateintothenight.(2)hardly/scarcely.when.,nosooner.than.表示“刚就”Shehadhardlyhadtimetositandhavearestwhenthephonerangagain.=Hardlyhadshehadtimetositandhavear
26、estwhenthephonerangagain.Hehadnosoonerarrivedhomethanshestartedcomplaining.=Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanshestartedcomplaining.(3)directly,immediately,themoment,theminute,theinstant,assoonas意为“一就”Thethiefbeganrunningthemoment/directlyhesawthepoliceman.ThemomentIfinishmyhomewrok,Illgoouttoplayfootball
27、.(4)eachtime,everytimeThefirsttimeIspokeEnglishbeforeforeigners,Iwasastudentofhighschool.EverytimeImeetthepolicemanatthatcrossroads,hewillgivemeabigsmile.二、让步状语从句1.although与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用。Although/Thoughitsraining,(yet)theyarestillworkinginthefield.2.evenif或eventhough引导让步状语从句，表示
28、“即使”“纵然”，用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。Mygrandfatherstillplaystennisnowandthen,evenif/eventhoughhesinhissixties.3.nomatter后接who,what,where,how等疑问词引导让步状语从句，也可以在这类疑问词后面加上-ever构成whoever,whatever,wherever,however等。但在引导名词性从句时，只能用“疑问词-ever”类词。Whatever/Nomatterwhatyousay,Iwontbelieveyou.Whoever/Nomatterwhobreakstherule
29、,hewillbepunished.Wherever/NomatterwhereJennygoes,shesmistakenforhersister.Nomatterhow/Howeverhardtheworkis,youdbettertrytodoitwell.4.as也可以引导让步状语从句，需将从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词提前至从句句首，引起倒装；作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需省去。though引导的从句也可以倒装，但although引导的不可以。Difficultas/thoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.Ch
30、ildas/thoughheis,heremembersmanyTangpoems.MuchasIlikeit,Iwontbuyitbecauselackofmoney.Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.5.while也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，比though/although语气弱。while引导的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。WhileIadmitthatthereareproblems,Idontagreethattheycannotbesolved.三、原因状语从句：because,as,sinc
31、e,nowthat1.表示不知道的原因时用because，即说话人认为听话人不知道，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。Iknewshewasjokingbecauseshehadabiggrinonherface.2.表示已经知道的原因时用as或since，即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，因此它是句中不太重要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于主句之前，但有时却相反。Seeingallofthepupilsalreadyseated,theteachersaid,“Sinceeveryoneishere,letsstart.”S
32、ince/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.3.下列情况下只能使用because：(1)在回答why的问句时；(2)在用于强调句型时；Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthattheycouldnotcrosstheriver.(3)被not所否定时。WomeninsomeIslamiccountriesdonotvotebecausetheyhavenorightto.四、地点状语从句：where,wherever等Fromthenon,theywerehappytofollowJennywhereverheledt
33、hem.Theschoolwillbebuiltwheretherehadoncebeenadesertedfactory.五、目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat注意：目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词can,may,will,could,might,would,should连用，否则可能是结果状语从句，不可置于句首。IstudiedItaliansothatIwouldbeabletoreadDanteintheoriginal.IgotupearlyinorderthatIcouldbeintimeforthemorningexercises.六、结果状语从句：
34、that,sothat,so.that.,such.that.注意：so形容词/副词that从句；such名词that从句。Hespokeclearly,sothateverybodyunderstoodhim.Thestorywassofunnythatitmadeeverybodylaugh.Sheissuchalovelygirlthatwealllikeher.七、方式状语从句：as,asif/thoughYoushoulddoastheteachertellsyou.Irememberthewholethingasif/thoughithappenedyesterday.八、条件状语
35、从句：if,unless,so/aslongas,incase,once,onconditionthat等Youcanusemybikeaslongasyoureturnitontime.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.Wellletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepitcleanandtidy.Onceyourestuckindeepsnow,itsdifficulttoleveryourselfout.九、比较状语从句：than；(not)as/so.as.；(not)thesameas；the比较级，the比较级
36、Myhometownisas/sobeautifulasHangzhou.Wetreatgirlsexactlythesameasboys.Thiskindoffoodislessexpensivethanthatone.Themorewecandoforyou,thehappierwewillbe.写作中并列句和状语从句易错聚焦写作中并列句和状语从句易错聚焦一、在写作中往往缺乏并列句意识，主要存在以下两个方面的倾向：1.机械排列简单句Wefishedallday.Wedidntcatchafish.如果我们把意义相关的这两个句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：Wefishedalld
37、ay,butwedidntcatchafish.比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。2.逗号连接两个简单句Imenthusiaticandeasy-going,Imeasytogetalongwithandcancooperatewellwithothers.在该句中含有两个简单句，中间用逗号起了连接作用，显然这是不符合英语语法规则的。我们不妨做如下改动：Imenthusiasticandeasy-going,soImeasytogetalongwithandcancooperatewellwithothers.二、对
38、于状语从句，在实际运动中主要存在以下问题：1.从句意识缺乏Itrainedheavilyinthemorningtoday.Thereappearedseveralaccidentsontheroad.Itrainedsoheavilyinthemorningtodaythatthereappearedseveralaccidentsontheroad.通过比较不难发现，后句比前句更加紧凑且逻辑性强，增强了交际效果。2.状语从句成分残缺Pleaseclosethedoorsandwindowsbeforeleavetheclassroom.Pleaseclosethedoorsandwindo
39、wsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.由于受汉语的干扰，第一句中状语从句中漏掉了主语。(误误)(正正)3.连接词误用Nomatterhehadbeeninvitedornot,hewastheretocelebrateWuYousbirthday.Whetherhehadbeeninvitedornot,hewastheretocelebrateWuYousbirthday.这两句尽管从汉语角度来看意思相同，但是从语法角度nomatter一般后跟特殊疑问词，而whether可直接引导状语从句。Thoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,butworks
40、arenotwidelyread.Thoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,hisworksarenotwidelyread.在让步状语从句中，though和although不能与but连用。(误误)(误误)(正正)(正正)考考 点点 集集 训训I.单句语法填空1.Dontmeetan“Internetfriend”alone,_somethingdangerousmayhappentoyou.2.Nearlyeverykidhatesexams,_theyrenecessary.Theyhelptocheckifkidshavelearnedthespecifickn
41、owledge.3.Everyoneinthetownknewhim,_wehadnotroublefindinghishouse.4.Healwaysworkssohard_hedoeswellineverysubject.5.Istillremembermyfirstteacher_wehaventseeneachotherformanyyears.orbutsothoughthat6.KatesDadisgettingold.Shewillgobackhometoseehim_itisconvenient.7._jeanswereinventedover100yearsago,theyr
42、estillinfashiontoday.8.Theplayersdontneedtobesadabouttheresultoftherace_theyhavetriedtheirbest.9.Timewaitsfornoman.Butpeoplewontrealizethevalueoftime_itsgone.10.Manypeoplecannotlearnanylessonsfromthemistakes_theygethurtsomehow.wheneverAlthough/Though/Whileasuntilunless.语法填空(连词专练一)Americanscientistsh
43、avediscovered_walnuttreescanproducemore_walnuts.Thescientistssay_walnuttreesalsocanmakeachemicalformofthepopularpain-killingmedicineaspirin.Thetreesdothisunderthestress ofdisease_otherthreats.Scientistssaythechemicalmayhelpthetreesreducedamagefromdryweather,unseasonabletemperatures_otherchangesinthe
44、environment.Theresultsareimportant_presenceofthechemicalcouldwarngrowersearly_atreeisindanger.Growerscouldrecognizeaproblem_leavesonwalnuttreesdie_falloff.Thescientistssaidthefindingsalsoshow_aplantcancommunicatewithotherplantsthroughtheatmosphere.Forexample,atreecouldcommunicate_itisunderattackfrom
45、insects.Withthatinformation,agrowercouldbegincorrectivetreatment.Researchershaveknownforalongtime_laboratoryplantsmayproducemethylsalicylate,aspirinschemicalform.Aspirinwasfirstproducedfromthebarkcoveringonwillowtrees._theresearchershadneverbeforefoundmethylsalicylateinaforest.Theyhadnotconfirmed_tr
46、eescouldemit,_giveout,largeamountsofthechemicalintotheatmosphere.orandbecausethatbeforethatwhenthatButorthatthanandthatthat连词专练二Mymotherwascookinginthekitchen_Iwasdoingmyschoolassignments.NosoonerhadIfinishedmyhomework_thedoorbellrang.However,mysisterunlockedthedoor_Icouldopenit.Weweresurprisedthemo
47、mentwesawher_herclothesandfacewereterriblydirty.Shelookedmuchpoorer_weexpected._wedidntknowwhathadhappenedtoher,westoodthereandwaitedformysistersstory.Wewouldntleave_mysistertoldusallaboutit._mysistergotchanged,shetoldusthatshefellintoaditch_shewalkedonapathonherwaytomyuncleshomeinthecountryside.She
48、couldntgetoutoftheditch._shecriedforhelploudly,noonecouldhearher.Shetriedtoclimboutofit,but_hardshetried,shefailedtoescapefromit._timewentby,shegotworried.Afterseveralvainattemptsshehadtostand_shewasandwaited_aboystudentpassedbyandgaveherahand.Theboyreachedheralongropeandtoldhertoclimbwiththerope.Shedid_theboytold,sothatshecameout.whilethanbeforebecausethanSinceunlessAfter whenAlthough/Though/While howeverAswhereuntil as