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1、第四讲第四讲 各具特色的句法各具特色的句法-从句和句式从句和句式专题4.1 定语从句重重 温温 真真 题题考向考向1 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句关系代词引导的限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2023全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place _ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.解析：考查定语从句。此空修饰前面表示地点的名词，并同时在从句中做主语，只能用关系代词。故填that/which。2.(2022新高考全国I卷)The GPNP is i
2、ntended to provide stronger protection for all the species _ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处应用限制性定语从句的关系词，指代先行词species，指物，并在从句中作主语，且先行词前有all修饰，故只能用关系代词that。故填that。that/whichthat3.(2021新高考全国II卷)I decided that if I
3、 learned of a company _ used a lot of plastic,Id send it an email urging it to cut back.解析：考查定语从句。句意:我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中做主语，所以用which或that。4.(2020新高考全国I卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,for example,formed the core collec
4、tion of the British Museum _ opened in 1759.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，所以用which或that。故填which/that。which/thatwhich/that5.(2020新高考全国II卷)The Digital World is a set of volumes _ aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the
5、 nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.解析：考查定语从句。所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的名词volumes，指物，并在从句中作主语，故填that/which。6.(2020新高考全国III卷)In ancient China lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.解析：考查定语从句引导词。此处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词artist,指人，且定语从句中缺少定语，故填whose。that/whichwhose7.(2019新课标III卷)They
6、were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals.解析：考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人)，且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。8.(2019浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark.解析：考查定语从句。此空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，且从句中缺少
7、主语，因此用that或which引导。故填that/which。who that/which9.(2019北京卷)The students benefiting most from college are those _ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。此空引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who。10.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study publish
8、ed in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.解析：考查定语从句的关系词。此处引导定语从句，a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。who that/which考向考向2 “介词介词whom/which”或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2022全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer jour
9、ney,the man Cao Shengkang,_ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句。先行词是Cao Shengkang，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，所以填who。2.(2020全国I卷)Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe,China first
10、 had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句。先行词是表示地点的spot，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作状语，故填where。wherewho3.(2019江苏卷改编)We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个时
11、代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且从句中缺少时间状语，所以关系词用when。4.(2019天津卷改编)Their child is at the stage _ she can say individual words but not full sentences.解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。when wher
12、e考向考向3 关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句单句语法填空1.(2023新课标全国III卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.解析：考查非限制性定语从句。空前有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius孔子，定语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填who。2.(2019新课标II卷)Now Irene As
13、tbury works from 9 a.m.to 5 p.m.daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,_ she opened with her late husband Les.解析：考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，故用which。whichwho3.(2017全国)But Sarah,_ has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as
14、beauty.解析：考查非限制定语从句。引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。4.(2017浙江)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.解析：考查非限制定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修
15、饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故填where。who where 5.(全国)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.解析：考查非限制定语从句。先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s，且从句中缺
16、少状语，故填关系副词when。6.(全国)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.解析：考查非限制定语从句。所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人Confucius，且在从句中作主语，故填who。when who7.(广东)Of course whenever they turned to look at him,they had to look at Mary,
17、_ made her feel like a star.解析：考查非限制定语从句。由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容，故填which。which 考考 点点 精精 析析框架结构图框架结构图定语从句定语从句关系词关系词定义定义分类分类that和和which的区别的区别关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词指代人指代人whowhomwhosethat as指代物指代物whichwhosethat aswhen-时间时间where-地点地点why -原因原因限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句只用只用that的情况的情况只用只用which的情况的情况
18、定语从句的句法功能及相关定义定语从句的句法功能及相关定义1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?Those who are for the plan raise your hands,please.Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.A prosperity which/that had never been seen befor
19、e appears in the countryside.As is known to us all,the earth is spinning around the sun.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-,any-,every-,no-与-body，-thing的合成词或all,none,any,some,that,those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who,whom,which,that,whose,as等。关系副词：when,where,why等。定语从句的核心考点定语从
20、句的核心考点1确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)关系词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Xishuangbanna is a place which is worth visiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places(that/which)we can visit in China.(visit后面不能再加many places/them)2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词
21、用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。The first English book that I read was“The Prince and the Pauper”by Mark Twain.(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,the only,the very,the same,few等修饰时。Finally,the thief handed in everything that he had stolen to the police.(3)先行词为all,much,little,no
22、ne,few,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was
23、 five years ago.(6)关系代词在从句中做表语 He is not the man that he used to be.(7)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which are the books that you bought for me?Who is the person that is standing at the gate?3.用which而不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中。The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous here.(2)当关系词前有介词时。We depend on
24、 the land from which we get our food.(3)当先行词本身是that时。Natural water is that which contains impurities(杂质).(4)关系词后有插入语时。4.关系词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。There is a stranger who wants to see you.(2)先行词是anyone,those,someone,everyone,one等词时，关系词用who。One who doesnt work hard will
25、 never succeed in his work.(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?5.whom在从句中只作宾语，有时可被who取代。6.whose作关系词即指人又指物，在从句中作定语。Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving?There is a comfortable room,whose window faces the south.7.关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)先行词被such和the same修饰
26、，或句型as many(much)中，从句都用as引导。Such books as you bought for me as a gift are useful.注意注意：such.that.引导结果状语从句。如：They are such beautiful flowers that we love them much.the same.as.和the same.that.都可引导定语从句，前者表示“与同样的(但不是同一个)”；后者表示“同一个，就是那个”如：This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.这同我昨天丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)Thi
27、s is the same pen that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那支钢笔。(同一支)(2)先行词为整个主语或主句的一部分，非限制性定语从句用as或which引导。区别区别：位置上：as从句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾：which 引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。意义上：as具有“正如，像”而which常译为“这一点，这件事”。The Pacific is the largest ocean,as we all know.The road was too slippery,which caused lots of accidents.As is known
28、to us all,he is the best student in our class.which引导的非限制性定语从句在从句中做主语，其代指整个主句，主从句的关系是因果关系。The road was too slippery,which caused lots of accidents.(因为路滑，所以出事)8.关系副词when,where,why 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why,how的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。when指时间in/at/on/during
29、which where指地点in/at/on which why指原因for which There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?注意注意：在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+which”结构不能代替关系副词。如：They set up a state for their own,where they would be free to keep
30、 Negroes as slaves.含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?名词/数词/代词/形容词最高级+介词+关系代词引导定语从句。She has written a book,the name of which I have forgotten.There are forty-five students in our class,all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world,the larg
31、est of which is Asia.that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，同时它又在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，此时只能用that或which，而不能用when,where,why。We visited an factory that/which produced machine parts.Thats the reason(that/which)he told me yesterday for his absence.I will never forget the unforgettable time(that/which)we spent together last
32、month.that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when,where,why和“介词which”引导的定语从句，其修饰的先行词常为the way,the time,the day,the place等，在口语中that常被省略。I dont like the way(that/in which)he talks.The day(that/when/on which)she arrived was Thursday.9.必须注意的问题：(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的单、复数该如何判定。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词所作从句成分，在从句中的功能；强调句中
33、it无意义，that/who不是引导词；去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子成分完整，句子能够讲得通（成立）则是强调句，讲不通（不成立）则不是强调句。It is the art gallery that/which we visited last week.(定语从句)It was in a five-star hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)(3)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句的引导词称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。而且这个that还常可以用which来代替。而同位语从句的引导词叫作从属连词，
34、that不充当任何成分，但一般不可省，也不能用which来代替。The fact that(which)we talked about is very important.(that在从句中作about的宾语 定语从句)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(that只起连接作用 同位语从句)The news that you heard is true.(that在从句中作heard的宾语 定语从句)Here comes the news that some tourists from America w
35、ill come to our village.(that只起连接作用 同位语从句)定语从句的先行词可以是人，也可以是具体事物或抽象概念。修饰其前面名词或代词(先行词)，说明其先行词性质特征的；而同位语从句进一步说明其前面名词(大多为抽象名词)的内容。We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)根据引导词来区别。如果引导从句的词为when,where或者why，而其前面的名词又分别表示时间、地点、原因等意义，则它们为关系
36、副词，引导的是定语从句。例如：Ill never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.(定语从句)而这些连接副词与前面的名词意义不相关时，这些词便是连接副词，引导同位语从句前面的名词往往也是idea,truth,news等。例如：The question when we will start the work is not decided.(同位语从句)You have no idea how worried I was.(同位语从句)(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。关系词作宾语，前无介词时；Is there anything(which)yo
37、u wanted?Who is the man(that/who/whom)you were talking to?关系词作表语。China is not the country(that)it was.(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词一般用which,whom和whose名词引导从句。Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003,during which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union.I have many fr
38、iends,of whom some are busissmen.(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：Henry is the only one of the students who has received rewards in the match.(句中one为先行词)Henry is one of the students who have received rewards in the match.(句中students为先行词)Is this place the one(that)we paid a visit to last week?Is this the place(that/wh
39、ich)we paid a visit to last week?He stood at the window,from where he could see what was happening.It may have a heavy rain,in which case the basketball match will be put off.书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代 I have many collections of stamps,some of them are my favorite.I have ma
40、ny collections of stamps,some of which are my favorite.2.关系代词遗漏 The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(误误)(正正)(误误)(正正)(二)似是而非的定语从句1.有从无主式 My teacher Jane,who is very friendly to us clas
41、smates.My teacher Jane is very friendly to us classmates.My teacher Jane,who has a variety of hobbies,is very friendly to us classmates.第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。(误误)(正正)(正正)2.画蛇添足式 As can be seen from the picture,that a little boy stands beside his well-dressed parents.As can be seen from this t
42、able,great changes which have taken place in Beijing in the past several years.I have many collections of antiques,and some of which are my favorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的which是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。(误误)(误误)(误误)考考 点点 集集 训训.单句语法填空1.The astron
43、aut did many experiments in the spaceship,_ we think are of much help for knowing space.2.The two things _ of they felt very proud are Jims gold watch and Dellas hair.3.We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou,_ live my grandparents and some relatives.4.Mr.Zhang gave the textbook to al
44、l the pupils except _ the ones had already taken them.5.Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.whichwhichwherewhothat6.How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?7.The foreign guests,most of _ were government officials,were
45、 warmly welcomed at the airport.8.Nearby were two canoes in _ they had come to the island.9.We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.10.He wanted to know the reason _ she was absent from the important meeting tomorrow meeting.when whosewhomwhichwhy.语法填空(定语
46、从句专练)There was a time _ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason _ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,_ I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.S
47、o I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately,my guide _ teacher was Li Yang,communicated with me face to face,from _ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner,and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to t
48、alk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities _ we did.My father and the guide _ encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English,into _ I put my entire energy.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.In class I will jo
49、in in English discussions.Before I go to sleep,I will recall my passages,through _ I can memorize a large number of new words._ our English teacher says,“As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance,we will conquer English sooner or later.”whenwhywherewhosewhichth
50、at/whichwho/thatwhichwhichAs定语从句专练Yangshuo,China It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours before,Id been at home in Hong Kong,_ I breathed its choking smog.Here,the air was clean and fresh,even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin,_ is a dream