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1、Period Four GrammarThe -ing form as the Adverbial语法导学感悟规律重点难点剖析感悟体会阅读以下句子，感悟体会ing形式的用法，并总结规律。1. Yesterday, another student and L representing our university s student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year s international students.2. I stood for a minute watching th
2、em and then went to greet them.3. She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands.4. Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada.5. When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing through the door, she recognized Tony Garcia? s smiling face.6. They also
3、 express their feelings using unspoken “language“ through physical distance.7. Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving away.8. The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.9. . Hearing the news, they jumped with joy.10. Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung
4、 cancer.1 .加黑部分在句子中作伴随状语的是2、3、4、5；作时间状语的是作结果状语的是8；作原因状语的是边；作方式状语的是1、6。2 .比较句9和句10,句9中o.-ing形式为一般式,表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发 生；句10中。.-ins形式为完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。3 .观察句110可知现在分词的逻辑主语都是句子的包。r语法精析一、八ing形式作状语的用法 -ing形式在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、 结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。1 .作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)。Walking in the park,
5、she saw an old friend.=When/While (she was) walking in the park, she saw an old friend.当她在公园里散步时，她看到了她的一个老朋友。名师点津当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上when/while,此时也可理解答案A解析 在文章首段中说“不同的文化对视线接触、身体接触等有不同的期待”，然后在第二 段讲视线接触在不同文化中的不同理解，故此段则是讲physical contact在不同文化中的影响， 即“文化极大地影响到人们对身体接触的态度”。7. B. oftenC. seldomD. comforta
6、ble答案B解析 由于男性之间可以随意地拥抱一下，故可推测女性朋友之间手拉手是常事。8. B. comfortableC. madD. uncomfortable答案D解析 由该句的however可知，在亚洲文化中很自然的行为，在美国文化中却令人感到不舒 服。9.sB. baby sC. adult sD. man s答案c解析 在一些亚洲文化中，摸成人的头是严格禁止的，但是成人和小孩之间摸头是可以接受 的。10. B. althoughC. unlessD. if答案B解析 前后之间是让步关系，故用althougho11. B. closelyC. properlyD. close答案D解析
7、 从本段的 upeople stand very close, distance, standing too close?等可知，本段是谈人 与人之间站立时相隔的距离。12. B. eatingC. waitingD. listening答案A解析 此处 uwhen talkingn与前一句的 “when they re having a conversationv意思一样。D. little13. B. lessC. no答案A 解析 来自中东和南美的人谈话时站得很近，而欧洲人需要的心理距离要更大一些。14. B. preferC. wishD. dream答案B解析 该句中的while表示
8、对比。非洲人需要的心理距离更远。15. B. expectC. createD. accept答案c解析 双方谈话时，站得太近，超过可接受的心理距离，人就会感到极不舒服。create引起, 造成。16. B. ashamedC. proudD. aware答案D解析 对谈话时的心理距离要清楚，否则会造成麻烦。be aware of意为“意识到，知道”， 符合语境。be afraid of害怕；be ashamed of以为耻；be proud of以为豪，均不符合语境。17. B. consideringC. refusingD. accepting答案D解析 此空前的or表示选择关系,说明此
9、空的内容与前面的understanding意思相近。意识不 到人们交流时默认的心理距离甚至会阻碍他人理解或接受你试图传达的意思。18. B. explainC - matchD. prepare答案c解析 非语言信息与语言信息要相配(match),要一致。19. B. behaveC. useD. look答案B解析 这些文化差异可通过观察小孩和家人间的谈话及举止方式(behave)来了解。20. B. supportC. proveD. search答案A解析 这样就可为你真正理解他们的非语言交流提供(provide)线索。 山.语法填空I want to share a kind act
10、that started with 1.(stranger), which left me a deep impression.One day when I was driving on a highway, my mom called me,2.(tell) me that her car stopped suddenly on a busy was so anxious that she didn t know 3. to wanted to help her, but I was not able to reach her quickly.4. (late) on, when I arr
11、ived there, my mom told me that the owner of the restaurant across from where the car stopped gathered his workers and 5.(help) to move the car next to the curb(马路牙子).It was a 6.(real) nice gesture and it was very selfless 7. them to after sorting things out with my mother? s car, I decided to do so
12、mething 8.(thank) I went back to the restaurant and bought dinner from there.Through this, I realized that sometimes small things could make 9. big their gesture 10.(be) a great example of a random(随意的)act that inspired me to pay it made up my mind to lend a hand to whoever needed help.语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文
13、，讲述的是母亲给作者打电话，因为自己的车坏在马路中央了。 等作者赶到时，对面餐馆的老板已经让员工帮忙推到了路边。作者为了感谢，就去店里买了 东西。1 .答案 strangers解析 考查名词的复数。可数名词前面没有修饰词，所以用复数形式。2 .答案 telling解析 考查非谓语动词。此处作谓语动词called的伴随状语，且tell与其逻辑主语my mom 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式。3 .答案 what解析考查疑问词。作及物动词do的逻辑宾语。4 .答案 Later解析 考查固定短语。later on后来。5 .答案 helped解析 考查动词的时态。宾语从句的主语是the owner
14、 of the restaurant, and连接并列谓语。故此处与gathered保持一致，用一般过去时。6 .答案 really解析 考查副词。修饰形容词nice,用副词形式。7 .答案of解析 考查介词。在“It s+形容词+of/forsb.todosth.句型中,当形容词指人的品质时, 其中的介词用Ofo8 .答案 to thank解析 考查非谓语动词。用作目的状语，用动词不定式短语。9 .答案a解析 考查冠词。make a big difference有重大影响，为固定搭配。 10.答案 was解析考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语gesture是名词单数，文章用的主要是一般过去时态。
15、 IV .短文改错Yesterday I visited to a Chinese friend s friend? s mother asked us to have lunch with them but I were just four people have lunch , my friend s mother prepared six dish and we couldn t finish all the food at food that was not finished was thrown in the my way back I see some homeless peopl
16、e on the street and I thought of a wasted food at my friend? s felt a bit people like wasting I wish no food would be wasted! In this way, no one on the earth would be hungry.答案VI sYesterday I visited tb a Chinese friend s friend s mother asked 盆 to have lunch withK but T. have f夕，L. dishthem 肃 I we
17、re just four people 而远 lunch , my friend s mother prepared six 而嬴 andwe couldn t finish all the food at food that was not finished was thrown 八 in the my way awayJ Jback I sawasome homeless people on the street and I thought of 玄 wasted food at my friend ssadlyWhatfelt a bit .Many people like wastin
18、g food.w I wish no food would be wasted! In this way, no one on the earth would be hungry.为状语从句的省略。2 .作原因状语（一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句）Being ilL he couldn t go to school.=As he was ill, he couldn t go to school.因为生病了，他无法去上学。3 .作条件状语（一般放在句首，其前可以加if, unless等连词）Working hard, you 11 make great progress.
19、=If you work hard, you 11 make great progress.如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。4 .作结果状语作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。The fire lasted nearly two days, leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了将近两天，几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。名师点津现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然而然的结果，其逻 辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时 常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。试比较：
20、He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch a cold.被雨淋后他感冒了。I hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday.我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。5 .作让步、方式和伴随状语作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作 和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成并列句。Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.= Mary sat by the window of the c
21、lassroom and was reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗边读着一本书。名师点津为强调v.-ing形式表达的意义，可在其前力口上各种连词。例如，加上when, while, 强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before, after,强调动作先后发生；加上thus,强调结果； 力口上（al）though,强调让步等。Though knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管他们了解这一切，但还是让我赔偿损失。二、ving形式的时态-ing形式的完成式：having+p.（过去分词），表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的
22、动作 之前，并且只能作状语，表示时间或原因（一般式表示a-ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同 时发生)。(l)Having lived in Beijing for years, I almost know every place quite well.在北京住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。(having lived作状语，表示原因，live的动作 发生在know的动作之前)(2)Having worked for three hours, he took a rest.工作了三个小时之后，他休息了一下。(having worked作状语，表示时间，work的动作发生 在take a re
23、st的动作之前)三、八ing 形式的否定式：not+v.-ing； not having+v.-ed(l)Not knowing this, he didn t come.他不知道这件事，所以没来。(2)Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting.因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。四、有些惯用的xing短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为独立成 分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，我们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。 常见的有：generally/strictly/exac
24、tly speaking 一般/严格/准确说来judging from/by根据判断talking of谈到considering考虑到，鉴于supposing(that). .假设,假定regarding. .关于五、xing形式的独立主格结构.名词/代词+o.-ing有时候a-ing的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这时，需要在o.-ing前加上一个逻辑主语(一 般由名词或代词充当)，它是动作的执行者，表示主动含义。这种结构作状语，可表示时间、 条件、原因、伴随状况等。(l)Mary coming back, they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件
25、事。(2)The trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres.那些树非常高，其中一些测量为90多米。1 . there be 结构这种结构多放在句首，其中being不可省略。(l)There being nothing to do, we played games.没有什么事可做，我们玩起了游戏。(2)There being no customers, they closed the store. 因为没有顾客，他们关了店门。r高考链接I.单句语法填空China s approach to protecting its env
26、ironment while feeding(feed) its citizens u offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide。18全国 II)1. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing(allow) more patients to be treated。17天津)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making(make) air
27、 conditioning unnecessary.(2016天津)2. Having workod(work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.(2015天津)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, wondering(wonder) whether to stay or leave.(2015湖 南)3. Like ancient sailors, b
28、irds can find their way using(use) the sun and the stars.(2015重庆)In recent years an English word “ infosphere“ has appeared, combining(combine) the sense of uinformationand “atmosphere” .(2015福建)4. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring(stare) at t
29、he night sky.(2014湖南)IL单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Everyone was silent,waitwaitingto see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraphaloud.（2018全国HI,短文改错）2. One evening at sunset,2. One evening at sunset,we sat by the fire,havehavingour barbecue.(2014陕西,短文改错）C Follow , .Following is explanation,there
30、was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings, but therate remained above the previous level.(2011 辽宁，短文改错)当堂检测基础达标演练当堂检测基础达标演练达标检测I .单句语法填空Having selected(select) the proper present, they sent it to their respectable professor.1. Not knowing(know) what to do, the children had to wait for the
31、ir parents to come back.2. Hearing(hear) the signal, people ran out of the building.3. Judging(judge) from the appearance, it is very peaceful, but in fact, a war will break out soon.4. The decision having been made(make), what is to be done now is how to carry it out.5. Working(work) harder at Engl
32、ish, you 11 make your life abroad easier.6. When exploring the cave, they found a valuable mineral.7. It being(be) Sunday, many people go to the gymnasium to do physical exercises.8. Looking(look) out through the window, we saw a beautiful scenery.9. The case shocked the public, causing(cause) a hot
33、 debate over human nature on the Internet. IL用现在分词短语改写句子The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area.-The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.1. Do be more careful when you cross the street.f Do be more careful when crossing the street.2. As it was a wet day, we coul
34、dn t go for a walk.fit being a wet day, we couldn t go for a walk.3. Because he did not know how to do it, he went to her for help.f Not knowing how to do it, he went to her for help.4. As soon as she had made the beds, she started making breakfast.f Having made the beds, she started making breakfas
35、t.in.单句改错(每小题仅有i处错误)RealizedRealizingRealizedRealizingthat he has wasted too much time,the boy is determined to stop playing video games.2. He got up late and humed to his officeleftleavingthe breakfast untouched.Stood .3.品荷港 m a long queue,we waited for the store to open to buy a new iPad.4.Do you
36、wake up every morningfeelfeelingenergetic and ready to start a new day?faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.u Look.,5-Lki 放 my classmatesW ,完成句子.就个人而言，我满意你的表现。Personally speaking, Vm satisfied with your performance.1 .全世界都踢足球，因此踢足球成了一种很流行的运动。Football is played all over the world, making i
37、t a popular sport.2 .由于教室里没有老师，学生们开始自由交谈。There being no teacher in classroom, the pupils began to talk freely.3 .我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.4 .尽管尝试了多次，但他仍未成功。Having tried many times(=Though he had tried many times), he still couldn t succeed.5 .如果早点儿出发的话，你在傍晚的时候就会到达小镇
38、。Setting off ea】lier(=If you set off earlier), you 11 get to the town at dusk.6 .因自己的粗鲁行为而向老师道歉后，他许诺以后将不再犯同样的错误。Having apologized to his teache】 for his rude marnier( = Afte】 he had apologized to his teacher for his rude manner), he made a promise that he wouldn t make the same mistake.课时跟踪练强化训练限时规范
39、答题基础巩固1 .单句语法填空The police are sparing no effort to search for the missing boy, giving(give) his parents a ray of hope.1. Tom came dashing(dash) into the room with some film tickets in his hand.2. Having spent(spend) all his money, the boy had to give his mother a call.3. The plane crash happened, ki
40、lling(kill) more than 100 people on board.4. While crossing(cross) the street, you must be very careful.5. She came into the room, carrying(carry) a lot of books.6. After the meeting, I hurried to the bus stop, only to find(find) the last bus had gone.7. Using(use) your head, you will find a way.8.
41、Talking(talk) of Venice, have you seen the masks I bought there last year?9. Hearing(hear) a strange sound, he went out of the room for a look.IL完成句子.由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。(lack”.缺乏)Lacking enough money, they had to give up the plan.1 .如果得到去国外学习的机会，他将尽最大努力提升自己。Getting he chance to study abroad, he w
42、ill try his best to improve himself.2 .他没做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。He failed to work out the last question in the maths paper, making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.3 .尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。Working hard all the day, he still felt energetic.4 .女孩们一起坐在房子前面，有说有笑。The girls sat toget
43、her in front of the house, talking and laughing.能力提升I .阅读理解Are you dreaming of taking a trip on your own? Here is some advice on how to make your once-in-a-lifetime journey and how to stay safe when you get there.Before you begin to look at places, activities and plane tickets, you must set a budget
44、.When you search through the websites about travelling, it can be so easy to add another week here or there, or choose an extra a budget can avoid creating a huge bill, which starts very small.With so many countries on this planet, it is difficult to decide where to narrowing down your search to vol
45、untary work or a relaxing holiday, you can save a lot of time looking through websites.After deciding where to go, you need to research the out when each season would be disappointing if you were taking part in an outdoor-based activity and it rained most into medical information, as you may need ce
46、rtain medicine for certain all, make sure you can afford to go to this country and take part in the activities you have dreamt t raise your hopes too high before you know for certain it is within your budget.By carrying a credit card with you at all times, it is possible to stop yourself getting pho
47、nes are very important as , do not depend completely on them, since electronic machines can break without , always carry a list of emergency（紧急情况）phone numbers, names and , learn a little of the not expect that the people there speak your own alb you are in their country.语篇解读 文章主要介绍了 一些关于独自旅行的建议。1.
48、From the text, we can know that .A. travelling in a foreign country costs a lotdeciding on where to go is an easy jobB. a volunteer can help you choose where to goyou need to know what the weather of the county you 11 travel is like 答案D解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第一三句可知，在出行之前要了解当地的天气状况。故选Do2. What does the underlined word “budget” in Paragr