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1、最新考研模拟试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It 1 its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial t
2、echniques, those conventions and values, which 2 one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes fbr serious study other societies 3 our own. For its purposes any social 4 of mating and reproduct
3、ion is as significant as our own. To the anthropologist our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes fbr 5 a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is 6 to a-void any weighting of one 7 the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it
4、is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition 8. He is interested in a wide 9 of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and 10, the different forms through which they express themselves and th
5、e 11 in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the 12.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a 13 of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely 14 of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking Js behavior at its most commonplace.1
6、5, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than 16 any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather 17 aspect of the matter. The fact 18 first rate importance is the predominant role that custom 19 in experience and beli
7、ef, and the very great varieties it may 20.1.1 A pays B revolves C fastens D draws2. A distinguish B prohibit C dispel D exempt3. A of B from C for D than4. A regulation B execution C prosecution D disposition5. A meditating on B imposing on C tangling with D dealing with6. | A acknowledged | B | au
8、thorized | C | bound | D | credited7. A in favor of B instead of C rather than D in contrast with8. A however B though C whatsoever D indeed9. A option B span C prototype D range10.1 A deviate ( B | fluctuate C J differentiate | D segregate11. A manner B means C case D context12. A personnel | B loc
9、ality C natives D individuals13. A subjectB object C objective D subjective14. | A worth B worthwhile C worthy ( D | rewarding15. A As a matter of fact B On the whole ( C In general D On the other hand16. A that B why C how D what17. A vulgar B lofty C grim D trivial18. AinBofCat|Dto19. A functions
10、B plays C makes D leads20. A manifest B illustrate C reveal D indicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts .Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Researchers in the field of psychol
11、ogy have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decision
12、s to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the pr
13、oblem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the permanent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration of consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical va
14、lue to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with uni
15、que advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet ca
16、n be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree or tra
17、vel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow It. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-ranges o
18、nes. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?*21. What is the passage mainly about.V?|A| A tool to assist in making complex decisions.B A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decis
19、ions.C A research on how people make decisions.D Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.22. Of the following steps, which is the first step towards an optimal decision?A Listing the consequences of each solution.B Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.|C Deciding w
20、hich consequences are most important.D Writing down all possible solution.23. According to decision-making worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one thatA has the fewest variables to consider.B uses the most decision worksheets.C carries the greatest value assigned to it.|D| is agreed
21、to by the greatest number of people.24. The word succinct in the last paragraph is closest in meaning toA creative. B satisfactory. C personal. D concise.25. Toward the decision worksheet, the writerVs attitude can be said to be A neutral. B approving C ambiguous D biased.Text 2As the 21st century b
22、egins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the United States must adopt some new values to go along with the older traditional ones. What new values should Americans adopt.? This is very difficult question to answer. Certainly, a greater value should be pla
23、ced on the conservation of natural resources; Americans should learn to use less and waste less. But conservation has never been a strong value to Americans, who have believed that their country offered an endless, abundant supply of natural resources. Recently, progress has been made-more and more
24、Americans are recycling their paper, cans, bottles, and other goods-but old wasteful habits die hard. Furthermore, the need to protect the environment may conflict with the need fbr jobs, as in the Northwest, where conservationists battle lumber companies that want to cut down ancient redwood trees.
25、 A belief in the value of conservation is still compared with other American values; it can become stronger only as Americans see the need for it more clearly.In addition, Americans may need to place a strong value on cooperation on a national scale to achieve important national objectives. The Amer
26、ican idea of the national good has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual, maintaining those conditions that provide the greatest freedom and prosperity for the individual. It is far more difficult for Americans to accept shared sacrifice fbr the common
27、good and well-being of the entire country. For example, although the majority of Americans believe that it is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit, they do not want to see cuts in government programs that benefit them personally.The American value of competition
28、also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary for successful national cooperation. Although Americans often cooperate successfully on the local level-in neighborhood groups and c
29、hurches, for example - they become suspicious when the national government becomes involved. For example, on the national level, they may see themselves as part of an interest group that is competing with other interest groups for government funds. A request by the national government for shared sac
30、rifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. However, the demands of the 21st century may compel Americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to solve problems that affect them all, directly and indirectly.26. The best title of this passage cou
31、ld be A Which Is Better, New Value or Old Value?B Conservation vs. Need for Jobs.C The Need for New National Values.I D| Cooperation and Competition.27. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?| A Some Americans would not accept the value of conservation and environment protecti
32、on, because this value would probably make them unemployed.B Many Americans have been used to wasting, so it will be difficult for them to accept the new value of conservation.| C Some old values are stilling having a very strong influence on American people, although they are harmful in this new ag
33、e.D Most Americans have fully realized the need to protect the environment, so they have taken measures to recycle junked goods.28. What is the basis for the American notion of national good?A Individual freedom. B Personal property.| C National cooperation. D | Both A and B.29. The author gave an e
34、xample in the second paragraph in order toA emphasize the need to place a stronger value on national cooperation.| B explain why the American idea has been based on individual freedom.C illustrate the fact that Americans will not sacrifice their personal interest for the good of the entire country.D
35、 support the idea that America needs the spirit of national cooperation to achieve important national objectives in the 21 st century.30. The value of competition works against the spirit of national cooperation in thatA it makes people not believe in the government.B it causes people to suspect but
36、 not to trust each other.| C it makes people even unable to cooperate well on local levels.D it encourages people to gain success through individual hard work.Text 3The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept.11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over strikin
37、g the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.In response to the attacks. Congress quickly passed legislation that includ
38、ed provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concern over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government aut
39、hority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct.30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal priso
40、n authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal cuskxiy.including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.In light of this broadening effort to rea
41、ch into communications that were previously believed to be off-limits, the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the ChildrenVs Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections
42、fbr certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services M(xlemization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme fbr protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of th
43、is legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules.An analys
44、is earlier this year of 751 U.S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information.At a minimu
45、m, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Althoug
46、h various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the fbcus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the onli
47、ne privacy debate is still lo be seen.31. Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist onA the priority of the former action.B the execution of the latter at the expense of the former.C tightening both policies at the same time.D a bala
48、nce between the two actions.32. The author implies in the second paragraph thatA the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustified.B | surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary.C civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern.D exceptions should be made in intercepting communications.33. In th