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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the fu
2、nction of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes
3、the 7 ,studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedba
4、ck,that improve an individuals emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tear
5、s,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips，which would produce
6、 a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1Aam
7、ongBexceptCdespiteDlike2AreflectBdemandCindicateDproduce3AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining4AtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserve5AmeasurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenewable6AIn turnBIn factCIn additionDIn brief7AoppositeBimpossibleCaverageDexpected8AhardensBweakensCtightensDrelaxes9Aaggravate
8、BgenerateCmoderateDenhance10AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternal11AExcept forBAccording toCDue toDAs for12AwithBonCinDat13AunlessBuntilCifDbecause14AexhaustsBfollowsCprecedesDsuppresses15AintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond16AfetchBbiteCpickDhold17AdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferent18AadaptedBcateredCtu
9、rnedDreacted19AsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningDsupposing20AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyDConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,CorD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The deci
10、sion of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a
11、 sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor abou
12、t him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good
13、one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTu
14、nes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the r
15、ecorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listeners choosing.The widespread availabili
16、ty of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a cla
17、ssical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,t
18、hey must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment hasAincurred criticism.Braised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.Daroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isAinfluentia
19、l.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoersAignore the expenses of live performances.Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Cexaggerate the variety of live performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the f
20、ollowing is true of recordings?AThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help improve the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feelsAdoubtful.Ben
21、thusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting
22、 his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company
23、he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to sharehol
24、der pressure,executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump withou
25、t a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconvention
26、al.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who
27、 jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CE
28、O.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are,but tha
29、ts been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as beingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives quitting
30、may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably meansAapproved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dguarded against.2
31、9.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about reputations.Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs:Where
32、to Go? BCEOs:All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a Net DThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”mediasuch as television commercials and print advertisementsstill play a major role,c
33、ompanies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
34、Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users responses.But in some cases,one marketers owned media become another marketers paid mediafor instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web sit
35、e.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and w
36、ill no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable i
37、nformation about the appeal of other companies marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voi
38、ce their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,
39、are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficie
40、ntly quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on site
41、s such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they areAobsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.Binspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.Ceager to help their friends promote quality products.Denthusiastic about recommending their favor
42、ite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureAa safe business environment.Brandom competition.Cstrong user traffic.Dflexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaAinvite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.Bcan be used to produce negative
43、effects in marketing.Cmay be responsible for fiercer competition.Ddeserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofAresponding effectively to hijacked media.Bpersuading customers into boycotting products.Ccooperating with supportive consumers.Dtaking
44、advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?AAlternatives to conventional paid media.BConflict between hijacked and earned media.CDominance of hijacked media.DPopularity of owned media.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine cove
45、r story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatternothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests w
46、e need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the m
47、oment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptiveand newly singlemom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is