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1、最新考研模拟试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose best word(s)fbr each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society.It 1 its attention upon those physicalcharacteristics and industrial techniq
2、ues,those conventions and values,which 2one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study othersocieties 3 our own.For its purposes any social 4 of mating and reproduction is as s
3、ignificant as our own.To theanthropologist our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for 5 a commonproblem,and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is 6 to a-void any weighting of one 7 the other.He isinterested in human behavior,not as it is shaped by one t
4、radition,our own,but as it has been shaped by anytradition 8.He is interested in a wide 9 of custom that is found in various cultures,and his object is to understandthe way in which these cultures change and 10.the different forms through which they express themselves and the11 in which the customs
5、of any peoples function in the lives of the 12.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a 13 of any great moment.The inner workings of our ownbrains we feel to be uniquely 14 of investigation,but custom,we have a way of thinking,is behavior at its mostcommonplace.15,it is the other way round.Tra
6、ditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishingthan 16 any one person can ever evolve in individual actions.Yet that is a rather 17 aspect of the matter.The fact18 first rate importance is the predominant role that custom 19 in experience and belief,and the very greatvarieties it may
7、 20.1.A pays B revolves C fastens D draws2.A distinguish B prohibit C dispel D exempt3.A of B from C for D than4.A regulation B execution C prosecution D disposition5.A meditating on B imposing on(C tangling with D dealing with6.A acknowledged|B|authorized C bound|D|credited7.A in favor of B|instead
8、 of C rather than D in contrast with8.A however B though C whatsoever D indeed9,A option B span C prototype D range1().I A deviate B fluctuate C differentiate D segregate11.A manner B means C case D context12.A personnel B locality C natives D individuals13.A subject,B object C objective D subjectiv
9、e14.A worth B worthwhile|C|worthy|D|rewarding15.A As a matter of fact B On the whole C In general D On the other hand16.A that B why C how D what17.A vulgar B lofty C grim D trivial18.A in B)o fC atD to19.A functions B plays C makes D leads20.A manifest B illustrate C reveal D indicateSection II Rea
10、ding ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)Text 1Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision,such as choosing
11、 a university to attend or a business to invest in,involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisionsto see how similar they are.Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yi
12、eld optimal,that is,thebest decisions.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take,they are allsimilar in their essential aspects.Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and thenlisting all possible solutions to the problem.Next,the per
13、manent considerations that will be affected by eachdecision are listed,and the relative importance of each consideration of consequence is determined.Eachconsideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance.A decision is mathematicallycalculated by adding these values toget
14、her.The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the bestdecision.Since most important problems are multi faceted,there are several alternatives to choose from,each withunique advantages and disadvantages.One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is thatit p
15、ermits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On theaverage,people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once.A worksheet can be especially useful when thedecision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships.A realistic ex
16、ample for many collegestudents is the question What will I do after graduation?A graduate might seek a position that offers specializedtraining,pursue an advanced degree or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to nar
17、row It.It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goalsoften involve a different decision than short-ranges ones.Focusing on long-range goals,a graduating student mightrevise the question above to What will I do after graduation that w
18、ill lead to a successful career?,21.What is the passage mainly about.V?A A tool to assist in making complex decisions.B A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.C A research on how people make decisions.D Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.22.Of the following
19、steps,which is the first step towards an optimal decision?A Listing the consequences of each solution.B Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.C Deciding which consequences are most important.D Writing down all possible solution.23.According to decision-making worksheet theory,an optimal d
20、ecision is defined as one thatA has the fewest variables to consider.B uses the most decision worksheets.C carries the greatest value assigned to it.ID is agreed to by the greatest number of people.24.The word succinct in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to|A creative.B satisfactory.C person
21、al.D concise.25.Toward the decision worksheet,the writerVs attitude can be said to beA neutral.B approving C ambiguous D biased.Text 2As the 21st century begins,a number of leaders in politics,education,and other professions believe that theUnited States must adopt some new values to go along with t
22、he older traditional ones.What new values shouldAmericans adopt.?This is very difficult question to answer.Certainly,a greater value should be placed on theconservation of natural resources;Americans should learn to use less and waste less.But conservation has neverbeen a strong value to Americans,w
23、ho have believed that their country offered an endless,abundant supply ofnatural resources.Recently,progress has been made-more and more Americans are recycling their paper,cans,bottles,and other goods-but old wasteful habits die hard.Furthermore,the need to protect the environment mayconflict with
24、the need for jobs,as in the Northwest,where conservationists battle lumber companies that want tocut down ancient redwood trees.A belief in the value of conservation is still compared with other American values;it can become stronger only as Americans see the need for it more clearly.In addition,Ame
25、ricans may need to place a strong value on cooperation on a national scale to achieveimportant national objectives.The American idea of the national good has never been based on nationalcooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual,maintaining those conditions that provide the greatestfree
26、dom and prosperity for the individual.It is far more difficult for Americans to accept shared sacrifice for thecommon good and well-being of the entire country.For example,although the majority of Americans believe thatit is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit,t
27、hey do not want to see cuts ingovernment programs that benefit them personally.The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation.Competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary forsuccessful nation
28、al cooperation.Although Americans often cooperate successfully on the local level-inneighborhood groups and churches,for example-they become suspicious when the national government becomesinvolved.For example,on the national level,they may see themselves as part of an interest group that iscompeting
29、 with other interest groups for government funds.A request by the national government for sharedsacrifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.However,the demands ofthe 21st century may compel Americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to sol
30、ve problems thataffect them all,directly and indirectly.26.The best title of this passage could be A Which Is Better,New Value or Old Value?B Conservation vs.Need for Jobs.C The Need for New National Values.I D|Cooperation and Competition.27.Which of the following is NOT true,according to the passag
31、e?A Some Americans would not accept the value of conservation and environment protection,because this valuewould probably make them unemployed.|B Many Americans have been used to wasting,so it will be difficult for them to accept the new value ofconservation.|C Some old values are stilling having a
32、very strong influence on American people,although they are harmful inthis new age.D Most Americans have fully realized the need to protect the environment,so they have taken measures torecycle junked goods.28.What is the basis for the American notion of national good?A Individual freedom.B Personal
33、property.|C National cooperation.|D|Both A and B.29.The author gave an example in the second paragraph in order to A emphasize the need to place a stronger value on national cooperation.|B explain why the American idea has been based on individual freedom.C illustrate the fact that Americans will no
34、t sacrifice their personal interest for the good of the entire country.D support the idea that America needs the spirit of national cooperation to achieve important national objectivesin the 21 st century.30.The value of competition works against the spirit of national cooperation in thatA it makes
35、people not believe in the government.B it causes people to suspect but not to trust each other.|C it makes people even unable to cooperate well on local levels.D it encourages people to gain success through individual hard work.Text 3The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency
36、following the Sept.1 1 terrorist attacks,sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to preventanother tragic terrorist act.While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance,privacy rights shouldnot be deemed irrelevant.In respons
37、e to the attacks,Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights ofinvestigators to intercept wire,oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists.Civil libertiesgroups expressed concern over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts
38、 to protect our nation donot result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S.citizens.Nevertheless,causing furtherconcern to civil liberties groups,the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege.OnOct.30,Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an i
39、nterim agency rule that would permit federal prisonauthorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody,including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime,whenever surveillance is deemednecessary to prevent violence or terr
40、orism.In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to beoff-limits,the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern.Congress has taken some legislativesteps toward ensuring online privacy,including the ChildrenVs Online Privacy Protect
41、ion Act,and providedprivacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act.Thelegislation passed to date does not,however,provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumerprivacy.Lacking definitive federal law,some states passed t
42、heir own measures.But much of this legislation isincomplete or not enforced.Moreover,it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards;theInternet does not know geographic boundaries,and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply withdiffering,and at times conflicting,
43、privacy rules.An analysis earlier this year of 751 U.S.and international Web sites conducted by Consumers Internationalfound that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used,howsecurity is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own info
44、rmation.At a minimum,Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently,inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data,allow customers to opt out of such datacollection,and provide customer access to their own data that has already been coll
45、ected.Although variousInternet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress,the fbcus shifted to expanding governmentsurveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks.Plainly,government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate.Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of t
46、he online privacy debate is still to be seen.31.Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication,the author seems to insiston|A the priority of the former action.B the execution of the latter at the expense of the former.C tightening both policies at the same time.D a
47、 balance between the two actions.32.The author implies in the second paragraph that A the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustified.B surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary.C civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern.(D exceptions should be made in in
48、tercepting communications.33.In the eyes of the author,the Financial Service Modernization Act A serves no more than as a new patch on an old robe.B indicates the Congress、admirable move to protecting privacy.C invades online consumer privacy rather than protect it.D is deficient in that it leaves m
49、any sectors unshielded.34.Privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because A the standards of different states contradict each other.|B online communication is not restricted to any state.C these standards ignore the federal law on the matter.D these standards are only applicable
50、to regional web sites.35.The expression opt out of such data collection(in the last paragraph)probably means A pick out from such data the information one needs.|B sift through such data to collect oneVs own information.|C evaluate the purpose for such data collection.D choose not to be involved in