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1、备战2022高考英语全国名校最新模拟试题分类汇编第二期专题09概要写作1. (2022上海模拟预测)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.British scientist Isaac Newton( 1643-1727) once said, “If I have seen further, it is
2、by standing upon the shoulders of giants. And this years Nobel Prize in chemistry may have best explained these words.This years prize was divided among three scientists-Frenchman Jean Pierre Sauvage, British-born Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard L. Feringa. They were awarded the p
3、rize for creating the worlds smallest machines.How small? Instead of being made of nails and bolts like regular machines, they are made of molecules. Instead of measuring in meters or centimeters, they measure in nanometersone billionth of a meter-much thinner than a human hair.But this was achieved
4、 neither overnight, nor alone.Back in 1983, Sauvage, who is now a retired professor at the University of Strasbourg, France, started doing the research. He managed to join two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain. The work is so hard and delicate that the Guardian describes it as like “bui
5、lding a Lego castle in the dark with boxing gloves”.If what Sauvage had done was building the body of a car, what Stoddart managed to do 10 years later in 1991 was adding wheels to the car. Stoddart, who now works at Northwestern University, U.S., developed a structure known as “rotaxanes”, which me
6、ant that a ring of atoms could move around an axle.And just like a car, the molecular machine needs a motor to run. So in 1999, Feringa, of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, became the first person to create an actual molecular motor. The molecular machine was powered by electricity.Bu
7、t what is the use of a machine so small that we cant even see it? According to scientists, the machines can benefit various fields like the creation of new materials and medical treatment methods.“There are endless opportunities,Feringa told Reuters. Think of a tiny micro-robot machines. They played
8、 different parts.Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two ring-shaped molecules to form a chain.Stoddart from Britain made the ring of atoms move around an axle.Feringa from Netherlands used electricity to power it.The machine will be applied in different fields.【点睛】高分句型 1 Sauvage, a Frenchman, joined two r
9、ing-shaped molecules to form a chain.运用不定 式作目的状语对原文第五段进行了概括。高分句型2 The machine will be applied in different fields.运用了一般将来时的被动语态，对 倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。2. Two studies show that hearing diverse birdsongs may help increase our happiness. We like birdsong because it means safety, spring, good weather and a
10、 healthy environment for us. Those who live in near-natural surroundings on which many species depend will be happier. So, its important fbr us to plant native trees and flowers to increase bird diversity.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，听不同的鸟鸣有助于增加我们的幸福感。因 为鸟鸣意味着安全、春天和好天气，也意味着健康的环境。那些生活在许多物种赖以生存 的接近自然的环
11、境中的人会更快乐。因此，种植本地树木和花卉对增加鸟类多样性非常重 要。【详解】.要点摘录Two studies show that hearing diverse birdsongs may help increase our happiness.The idea is that when we hear birdsong it could signal safety to us.There could be many other reasons too Ferraro states that in some areas around the world birdsong can also s
12、ignal the arrival of spring and nice weather.Bird diversity, she adds, can also mean a healthy environment.He and his team found that the happiest Europeans are those who can experience many different kinds of birds in their daily life, or who live in near-natural surroundings that are home to many
13、species.Scientists also mentioned, tWe would recommend planting native trees and flowers because we have a lot of pretty decorative plants in our cities.So, we think it important to have species that are native to the area to increase bird diversity.1 .缜密构思将第、三个要点进行整合，将第、两个要点进行整合。2 遣词造句We like birds
14、ong because it means safety, spring, good weather and a healthy environment for us.Those who live in near-natural surroundings on which many species depend will be happier.So, its important for us to plant native trees and flowers to increase bird diversity.【点睛】高分句型 1 We like birdsong because it mea
15、ns safety, spring, good weather and a healthy environment for us.（运用了 because引导的原因状语从句）高分句型 2 Those who live in near-natural surroundings on which many species depend will be happier.（运用了 who和“介词+关系代词（on which） ”引导的限制性定语从句）3. Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglecte
16、d. First, homework is often done outside home and without guidance, it cant be done effectively. Besides, the efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality. Therefore, the expected/desired effects of homew
17、ork are rarely achieved.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了虽然许多人认为家庭作业是必要的，但它的缺点可能 被忽略。文章进一步分析了布置家庭作业有哪些缺点。【详解】.要点摘录There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the following.Nevertheless, the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.Firstly, there is the question o
18、f home. Often homework is not done at home at all, but at a friends house, on the way back home or to class.but the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result, the task achieved: how much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate a
19、nd, even when work clearly falls below standard, and the mere fact of its having been done is often good enough. Teacher and students are happy because everyone has officially fulfilled their commitment.The implications are unsettling: if homework is crucial to success in class, some children have a
20、n automatic disability.1 .缜密构思第1、2两个要点构成转折关系，第3、4两个要点是并列关系，分别陈述了两个不同的缺 点，第5个要点进行总结，与上文形成因果关系2 遣词造句Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected, homework is often done outside home and without guidance, it cant be done effectively, the efforts put into homework are rare
21、ly appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality.the expected/desired effects of homework are rarely achieved.【点睛】高分句型1Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected. （though 弓I 导让 步状语从句）高分句型2Besides, the efforts
22、put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality. （put into 为过去分词作后置定语， when引导的时间状语从句使用了省略句）. One possible version:With the problem of student loan worsened by pandemic-induced recession, people hold diverse attitude
23、s towards student-debt forgiveness. Some argue it serves to stimulate economy and bridge the wealth gap while others maintain it cant help those most in need and show the concern about setting the precedent. Despite the efforts made by the government, a sustainable solution hasnt been reached.【解析】【分
24、析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍由于大流行引发的经济衰退，学生贷款问题恶化，人们对学 生债务减免持有不同的态度。一些人认为它有助于刺激经济和缩小贫富差距，而另一些人 认为它不能帮助那些最需要帮助的人，并显示出对开创先例的担忧。尽管政府做出了努 力，一个可持续的解决方案还没有达成。【详解】.要点摘录Is Student-loan Forgiveness Unforgivable?Student-debt cancellation feels like one of the most accessible executive actions to stimulate the economy at t
25、he moment.But others argue that sweeping student-loan forgiveness doesnt help the people who need aid most.Whats clear, according to the both sides of the aisle （过道），is that economic crises worsen the problem of student debt.1 .缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行归纳，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。2 .遣词造句When the problem of student loan
26、is worsened by pandemic-induced recession, people hold diverse attitudes towards student-debt forgiveness.Some firmly hold the belief that it serves to stimulate economy and bridge the wealth gap while others think that it cant help those most in need and show the concern about setting the precedent
27、. In spite of the efforts made by the government, a sustainable solution hasnt been reached.【点睛】高分句型 1 With the problem of student loan worsened by pandemic-induced recession, people hold diverse attitudes towards student-debt forgiveness.运用 with 复合结构对原文第一段进行了 概括。其中With复合结构作伴随状语表达高级。高分句型 2Some argue
28、 it serves to stimulate economy and bridge the wealth gap while others maintain it cant help those most in need and show the concern about setting the precedent.用 while引导比较状语从句对第三、四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。5. Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.
29、Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains. Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.(52 words)【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，
30、研究发现，在没有情感支持的情况下成长的儿童会遭受 长期的大脑损伤。科学家们已经知道，在不利环境中长大的动物的大脑相对较小和简单。 现在，由于扫描仪的存在，专家们已经证实这一原理适合人类儿童的成长，因为没有适当 的刺激突触就会消失【详解】1要点摘录Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support?I
31、t would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than
32、animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans.However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible.With the right stimulation, the brain makes t
33、he connections it needs.Without it, synapses (突触),junctions between the neurons used to transport the brains messages, actually dissolve.2 .缜密构思将第3要点进行重组，将第1、2和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。3 .遣词造句Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.Scientists have kn
34、own that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains.Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.【点睛】高分句型 1 Research finds that children growing up w
35、ithout emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.运用宾语从句和现在分词作定语对第一段和最后一段前半部分内容 进行总结，表达高级。高分句型 2 Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.运用宾语从句和 because 引导的原因状语从句对最后一段的部分内容进行总结
36、，表达高级。6. Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, its unavoidable. Therefore, ifs necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations. To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics. You can also
37、 start your conversation with praises or an opening request. (57 words)【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了闲聊的必要性以及想正确地进行闲聊的方法。【详解】要点摘录Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, youre sure to encounter strangers in many differen
38、t situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears.Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances.If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resu
39、lting in deeper discussion.Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment.1 .缜密构思将1、2两个要点进行重组，二者为转折关系，将3、4两个要点进行整合，与
40、前面两个要 点形成因果关系。2 .遣词造句Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, its unavoidable.its necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics.You can also s
41、tart your conversation with praises or an opening request.【点睛】高分句型1Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, its unavoidable.（用一个省略的让步状语从 句对第二段部分内容进行概括，表达高级） 高分句型2Therefore, ifs necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.（用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三段
42、部分内容进行概括，表达高级） 7. It is hard to stick to our resolutions, which is the same case with forming a good habit. Good habits rely on more than determination. More importantly, we need to consider the reason for our desire for a good habit. Furthermore, to accept gradual change and failures also counts. A
43、dditionally, it is not advised to push ourselves out of the comfort zone. Thus, we are likely to develop a good habit.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍养成一个新的好习惯的方法。根据欧洲社会心理学杂志 发表的一项研究，形成一个新习惯平均需要66天。然而，仅仅依靠决心可能不是答案。【详解】要点摘录 (1) Commonly, when the new year ticks over, we make resolutions: going to the gym, study
44、ing harder or giving up a bad habit. Sadly, not long after weve made the promise, we often end up breaking them. (2) The basic idea of a habit is something we do almost unconsciously. However, relying only on determination may not be the answer. (3) Questioning why you want something to be the norm
45、(常态)rather than relying on your resolve could be the key. (4) You should also avoid trying to change too much at once - remember that its a case of baby steps. (5) Finally, dont do things outside your comfort zone.1 .缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。2 .遣词造句 It is hard to stick to our resolutions, whi
46、ch is the same case with forming a good habit. Good habits rely on more than determination. More importantly, we need to consider the reason for our desire for a good habit. Additionally, it is not advised to push ourselves out of the comfort zone. Thus, we are likely to develop a good habit.【点睛】高分句
47、型 1 It is hard to stick to our resolutions, which is the same case with forming a good habit.句中运用which引导的非限制性定语从句。高分句型 2 Furthermore, to accept gradual change and failures also counts. 动词不定式作主 语，谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。其中count的意思是“重要，关键工高分句型 3 Additionally, it is not advised to push ourselves out of the comfo
48、rt zone.句中 it 作形 式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。8. Being loyal, trustworthy, and open to show weakness are generally considered as shared qualities of an ideal friend. Exactly speaking, an ideal friend should remain faithful first. Secondly, honest and dependable. Finally, he/she is open to share unpleasant and tricky things with friends. 43 words【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明怎样才能成为一个理想的朋友，以及朋友应该具备的品 质。【详解】要点摘录 Loyal, trustworthy, and open to show weakness are common qualities that the majority of people attach to ideal friends.Loyalty is a usual quality given to ideal friends.Ideal friends are