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1、英语国家概况英语国家概况串讲串讲 主讲教师：王思南串讲模块简介串讲模块简介一英概的考纲重点及命题原则 （一）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland （二）The United States of America二英概的考点精讲及命题方向（三）The Republic of Ireland （四）Canada （五）Australia （六）New Zealand三英概的复习方法及应试技巧（一）英概的考纲重点及命题原则从英语国家概况的考核目标及2006年4月份的真题来分析，可得出如下结论：1、从国别来看，重点在英国和美国部
2、分，约占78%（英国和美国各占39分2006年试题），而澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和爱尔兰部分只占22%。2、从某一具体的国家的的来看，在地理，历史、经济、政治、社会和文化五部分中，考察的重点在历史和政治部分。以2006年试题中的英国为例，在39分中，涉及这两部分的试题竟占了33分！综上所述，我们在复习时，应以英国和美国的历史和治部分为重中之重。下面向大家介绍一下考纲，为大家删去部分教材内容，减轻大家的负担：整章删掉的有：chapter 6:The Economy,chapter 8:Justice and Law 部分内容删减的有：chapter 1只保留:.Different Names f
3、or Britain and its Parts,其余删掉 Chapter 2 P.16 1.The Iberians和 2.The Beaker Folk,P.18.Roman Britain chapter 3 P.29 2.Henry IIs Reforms P.37 保留 IV:The Black Death(1348-1349),删掉The Peasant Uprising(1381)chapter 4 P.51 James I(1603-1625)and the Parliament P.52 Charles(1625-1649)and the Parliament 教材内容-删去
4、部分（英国）chapter 5 P.73 V:Trade Unions and the Labor Party P.81,2:Britain Between the Two World Wars chapter 7 P.116,III:The Cabinet and Ministry P.117,IV:The Privy Council P.118,V:Government Departments and the Civil Service P.120,VI:Local Government chapter 9 P.134,I:Health and Social Services P.140,
5、II:Social Security chapter 10 P.162,2:Periodicals P.165,5:News agencies 整章删节 chapter 13:Geography部分删节chapter 14 P.230,2:Hispanics，P.232,3:Asian-Americans，P.233,4:Indians 及 P.234,5:white ethnics chapter 15:P.243,:The War of 1812 chapter 16 P.253 倒数第二行 Pushed by the Progressive Movement,P.254章节结束 教材内容
6、-删去部分（美国）chapter 17 P.267,:The Berlin blockade and the Founding of the NATO P.269,:U.S.Support of Chiang Kai-shek and the Korean War P.271,:The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s P.273,:The Cuban Missile Crisis P.280,:Watergate Scandal chapter 18 P.287,II:Natural Resources P.288,III:American Agricul
7、ture P.292,IV:American Industry chapter19 P.301,3:Provisions for amendment P.302,1:The Presidency P.304,3:The executive departments P.305,4:The independent agencies P.306,1:A Two-chamber Congress P.307,3:Officers of the Congress P.308,4:Functions of the Congress 教材内容-删去部分（美国）chapter 20:无删减 chapter 2
8、1 P.343,II:Architecture P.344,III:Music chapter 22 P.350,II:Martin Luther Kings Day P.350,III:Lincoln Birthday(February 12)P.352,V:Washingtons Birthday(February 22)P.354,VII:Memorial Day(Last Monday in May)P.356,X:Veterans Day(November 11)爱尔兰 删掉chapter 12 加拿大 删掉chapter 24,chapter 25,chapter 26 澳大利亚
9、删chapter 28,chapter 29,chapter 30,chapter 31 chapter 32 P.421,III:Plants and Animals 新西兰 删掉chapter 34 P.517,V:Notable New Zealanders英概的命题原则1、本课程考试的命题是根据考试大纲规定的考核目标来确定考试范围和考核标准，试卷力求最大程度地覆盖考核内容，并要适当突出课程的重点。2、试卷题目的能力层次结构安排要合理，并适当突出对考生语言应运能力的考察。试卷中各种能力层次的题目所占分数比例一般为：识记占，领会占，简单应运占，综合应运占。由以上分析我们可知，试卷突出了考察
10、学生对知识的再现能力，而不是对知识的再认能力。所以，在学习中要注重对基本知识点的理解，融汇和贯通，而不是死记硬背。3、试卷题目的难易程度分布一般为：易占，较易占，较难占，难占。但我们必须知道不是客观题就容易，主观题就难。（一）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland1.Land and people(Geography&settlers)2.The Origins of a Nation3.The Shaping of the Nation (History)4.Transition to the Modern Age5.
11、The Rise and Fall of British Empire6.The Economy(Economy)7.Government and Administration (Politics)8.Justice and Law9.Social Affairs(Society)10.cultural Affairs(culture)1.Land and people(Geography&settlers)Key points:Different names for Britainthe official name of the countrythe southern part of Ire
12、land Islandthree political divisions on the island of Great Britain and the largest and richest onethe Commonwealth of Nationsthe location of the countryThree political divisionsthe location of the countryHistory of Great Britain The history before 1066(original and slavery systems)The history betwe
13、en 1066 and 1688(feudal system)The history after 1688The history before 1066The Iberiansthe first known settlers of Britain The Beaker FolkThe CeltsRomansthe beginning of the recorded historyThe Anglo-Saxons-the origin of the nationThe Viking and DanishNorman ConquestThe Celts(1)Key Points:the durat
14、ion of the Celts arrivalthe original sources of the Celts the different names of Celts three waves the Celtic tribes are the ancestors of Scots,the Irish and Welsh and their languages are the basis if Welsh and Gaelicthe religion of the CeltsThe Anglo-Saxons(1)Key points:the duration of Anglo-saxons
15、 rule the different names of three Teutonic tribesthe original source of the Saxons and AnglesHeptarchyEgbertthe religion of Anglo-Saxons when whothe Christianization of Anglo-Saxons the first Archbishop why how the foundation of English Statesthe contributions of Anglo-Saxons:the WitanHeptarchyThe
16、Viking and Danish(1)Key points:the original sources of Viking and Danesthe duration of the threatKing Alfred established the navy of BritainThe contribution of King Alfred established schools and formulate legal system(2)Possible questions:Alfred the Great was the King of _.A Sussex B Essex C Wessex
17、 D Mercia By the middle of the ninth century,_ posed a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Essex.A.the Vikings and the Danes B.the Vikings and the Jutes C.the Jutes and the Danes D.the Danes and the NorwegianThe Norman conquest(1066)1.when:began on October 14,1066 2.who:Duke of Normandy,William 3.why:For
18、 the English throne Harolds troop were exhausted for the fighting for throne with the other three men Williams soldiers were the finest fighting horsemen in Europe 4.how:William killed Harold in the battlefield and entered LondonNorman and take the throneConquest Then,conquered the southern Saxon an
19、d took brutal actions to northern Saxon because of their refusing to his rule established the feudal system in Britain Norman-French culture,language,manners,and architecture were introduced 5.significance:The church was brought into closer connection with Rome,and the church courts were separated f
20、rom the civil courtsThe history between 1066 and 1688Shaping of the NationTransition to the Modern AgeShaping of the NationWilliams Rule(1066-1087)Henry s Reformthe first King of House of PlantagenetThe Great Charter(1215)The Beginning of ParliamentThe Hundred Years War with FranceThe back Death(134
21、8-49)the Peasant Uprising(1381)Williams Rule(1066-1087)gave land to his barons for the promise of military service and proportion of lands produce economy:scatter the estates all over the country,so the barons can not combine easily to rebelMethods Ask all the tenants to take the oath of allegiance
22、to both the lord and the king replace the witan with the Grand Council politics:compile the property record known as Domesday Book uphold churchs power and control them no pope,bishop or Papal bull can be religion:recognized,or visit,even write to Rome without his permission The Great charter or Mag
23、na Carta1.when:in the summer of 12152.why:the reasons for the presentation of the Magna Carta3.how:the process of the presentation4.what:the content of the Magna Carta5.limitation:It was still a feudal document,and can not guarantee the basic right and interest of the common people having been regar
24、ded as the foundation of English liberties6.significance:being a limitation of the power of the king keeping the power of the king within the bound of the feudal law The reasons for the presentation against France for the protection of the territory in France 1.political-the Crusades for Holy land t
25、he abuse of the kings power Reasons high tax 2.economic-dull financial resources take barons interests 3.social-the poverty of the common people How was the charter presented?The process:Because of the threat to the interests of the barons and the unsatisfied action of the king John,the barons asked
26、 John to stop his wrong-doing,but was refused.Then,in the summer of 1215,the delegation of the barons presented a document and forced John and his advisers to acceptThe document is the Great charter.The content of the Charter 1.No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand council 2.No fre
27、e men should be arrested,imprisoned,or deprived his property except by the law of the landContent 3.the church all its rights,together with the freedom of election 4.There should be the same weights and measures throughout the country,even London 5.Nothing was said to serfsThe beginning of the parli
28、amentA.BackgroundThe Magna Carta came to the date,but king John denied it;he raised troops and ravage the north,but he died before he cause any trouble.His son took the throne,known as Henry,and he followed the steps of his father,filled the important offices in the church and states with his favori
29、tes.This caused the anger of the baronsB.ReasonsC.Formation processD.LimitationThe reasons for the beginning of the parliament the development of the economy demanded the harmony step of the politics the members in the Grand a.indirect reasons:Council were all the trusted followers of the king,and c
30、annot represent the interests and the needs of the majorities of the barons b.direct reason:-the king refused to accept the Provision of OxfordProvision of OxfordBecause of the despotism,led by Simon de Montfort,the kings brother-in-law,the barons rebelled.Ask the king and his son Prince Edward to a
31、ccept the Provision of Oxford and was refused.The content of the Provision of Oxford the king should reapointed a new Grand Council of 24 members,half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves.the king should have a permanent body of 15 nobles and bishops to advisehim,without whose autho
32、rity,the king could not act.Formation processThe requirement of the baronsThe refusing of Henry and Edward a civil war broke out The supporting from the Pope to deny Henry and Edward were defeated and put into prison Simon de Montfort summoned two Knights from each countrythe Grand council two citiz
33、ens from each town house of Lords the earliest parliament house of commons This happened in 1265.parliament only met by royal invitation its role is to advise,not to makeLimitation:decision no election,no parties,the most important part of Parliament is House of LordsThe limitation of the early parl
34、iament and the afterward affairsThe Hundred years War With France time:13371453 economic-fight for Flanders trading political-Edward claimed the throne of reasons France by the right of his mother territorial-Normandy and duchy of Aquitaine at first,English were brilliantly successful and gained mor
35、e territory of France.Henry got process the French throne.after the death of Henry,the French,encouraged by Joan of Arc,drove the English out of France consequence:by 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hand of EnglishJoan of ArcShe was an national heroine of France during
36、the Hundred years War between Britain and France.Encouraged by her spirits,the French drove the English out of their own country in the second stages of the war.the black death(1348-1349).The modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague .Spread by rat and fleaswhat .Through the whole Europe,partic
37、ularly in 1347-1350 .Killed between and 1/3 of the population in England .Untended land and the shortage of laborsresult .Produced the Statute of Labors to force the peasants to work with low wageTransition to the Modern AgeThe nature and consequence of the Wars of the RoseHenry and English reformat
38、ionElizabethsDistinctive features of English RenaissanceThe Civil War and its consequenceThe Commonwealth under Oliver CromwellThe Restoration and Glorious RevolutionThe nature and consequence of the Wars of the RoseThe war of Rose(14551485)Time:1455-1485 house of Lancaster-symbolized by red roseTwo
39、 sides:house of York-symbolized by white rose indirect-lust for the powerCauses:direct:-Henry lost his mind and the government was put into the hand of a ProtectorProcess:Henry lost his mind Protector from Lancaster House Yorks lust for the position War broke out14551461(York became the winner)Edwar
40、ds took the throne 1483 Edwards passed the crown to Edwards and Richard became the protector Edwards was killed and Richard became the king L&Y combine to overthrew Richard and chose Henry to be the king a new House,Tudor,was produced the war ended Nature:the struggle for the power between two noble
41、 families the production of the house of Tudor Consequence:little affect on ordinary people feudal system received its death blowHenry and English reformationWhen the crown was passed to one of the greatest king,Henry who had six wives,a well-known reformation happened.The following are the content
42、of the reformation:tighten the control over border and IrelandPolitics change the officials in local government set an active role in foreign affairs direct-divorce problem cause weaken the wealth and indirect(nature)-privilege of the clerks getting money Religion getting rid of the connection with
43、Rome Pope purposes:got the title of Supreme Head of church results:protestant gradually took the place of Catholic The afterward affairThe afterward affairAfter the death of Henry,his son and daughters followed his steps to put the religion reform forward,made English change from catholic to protest
44、ant.The major contributors are Edward,Henrys son,and Elizabeth,Henrys second daughter.But the first daughter of Henry,Mary,is a cruel and devout Catholic.a devout CatholicAbout Mary:burnt about 300 protestant-bloody Mary lost the French port of Calais-the last British procession on the continent Eli
45、zabeth(15581603)came to the throne in 25Elizabeth:remained unmarried and no children the confident English nationalism and flourishing literatureA.Elizabeth and ParliamentB.Elizabeths religious reformC.Elizabeths foreign policyElizabeth and ParliamentThe relations between the king and the Parliament
46、 have been influenced by two pairs of contradictions:1.the religious contradiction between the king and the members of Parliament:Catholic king Protestant Parliamentary members 2.the political contradiction between the king and the parliament:limit the power of the king Anti-limitation For the regio
47、n part:she worked the parliament well because the puritans were still loyal the Queen although they demanded further religious reformFor the politics part:she treated 5 question as personal and private,the Parliament can not interfere(religion,marriage,foreign policy,succession of the throne and fin
48、ance)Elizabeths religious reformElizabeths religious reform was a compromise of view.1.broke,his sister,Marys tie with Rome and restored her father,Henrys independent Church of England.2.keep the catholic doctrine and practice but to be free of the Papals control.3.keep the throne out of the hand of
49、 Mary Stuart,her cousin,a devout Catholic.Elizabeths foreign policyFor nearly 30 years,Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers:France and Spain.1.to France:managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her untrue marriage alliances.Spain h
50、ad a intention to invade England in 1588 to bring England to Catholicism2.to Spain:Spain was defeated and their fleets (Armada)were destructed.the destruction of Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval powerThe English RenaissanceDuring the reign of Elizabeth,another great event happened in En