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1、【考前技能篇 2】阅读理解的解题技巧 第一部分 细节理解题 Part 1 考试说明与命题趋势 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。Part2 设问方式和考题类型 一、设问方式 常针对文中细节提问，可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。1.是非题形式：true/false 或 except?All of the following are tr
2、ue EXCEPT _.2.特殊疑问句形式：According to the passage,who/what/when/where/why/how 3.填空题形式，如：To avoid attracting mountain lions,people are advised_ 二、题目类型 1.Wh-细节型 2.是非型 3.计算型 4.排序型 5.图标型 Part 3 细节题选项特征(一)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose ones job 换成了 be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把 importa
3、nt 变换成 of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。(二)细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。Part 4 细节题解题秘籍 细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概
4、括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的 60%左右，是最重要的得分点。细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。一直接信息题 考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采
5、用“一找二定三比对”的方法。解题流程如下：做题小技巧：1.若针对特殊标点符号,举例子,名人名言出题,只需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。2.在出现一些关键词，如 however、but、moreover、therefore、thus 时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项 4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must,never,the most,all,merely,only,have to,any,no,completely,none,等。但不是绝对，也有例外。5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文
6、是否一致。如：must,may,often,should,usually,might,most,more or less,likely,all,never，few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及.例子 1 I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things,and it worked.Because of our efforts,our daughter Geor
7、gia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming
8、a doctor)33What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?ASaving up for her holiday.BRaising money for a poor girl.CAdding the money to her fund.DGiving the money to a sick mother.解题示范 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia,sell,objects 锁信息 定位：用 Georgia，sell，objects 寻读，在文中找到信息源She chose to sell a few l
9、arger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 为她的假期储蓄。曲解文意 B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。曲解文意 C 把钱放入她的基金。同义替换 D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。无中生有 分析 选 C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文
10、中均出现 fund 一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选 C。二间接信息题 相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例子 2 Of the common berries,strawberries are highest in vitamin C,although,because of their seeds,raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质),iron and zinc(not that fruits have much p
11、rotein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C.24What does the aut
12、hor seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解题示范 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries 锁信息 定位：用 cherries 寻读，在文中找到信息源As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C.第二步：比对定
13、答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 它们含有蛋白质。张冠李戴 B 它们富含维生素 A。张冠李戴 C 它们口感好。同义替换 D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。张冠李戴 分析 选 C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C”可知，原文中的 they are so delicious 被替换成选项中的 They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选 C。三概括、归纳信息题 是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，
14、这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。例子 3 At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by man
15、y people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000,which me
16、ans that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800.BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400.DAbout 1,200.解题示范 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000 锁信息 定位：用 6,000 寻读，在文中找到信息源The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,00
17、0,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A 大约 6 800 种。6 800 为现在世界现存语言数量。张冠李戴 B 大约 3 400 种。世界语言总量的一半即为 3 400。信息归纳 C 大约 2 400 种。2 400 为非洲语言数量。张冠李戴 D 大约 1 200 种。数字 1 200 在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。无中生有 分析 选 B 根据本段第一句“At present,the world has ab
18、out 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约 6 800 种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于 6 000，也就是说有大约 3 400 种语言的使用人数少于 6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知 B 项为正确选项。四正误判断题 是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其
19、他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。例子 4 Food festivals around the world Stilton Cheese Rolling May Day is a traditional day for celebrations,but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in th
20、eir annual plans.Teams of four,dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes,roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course.On the way,they must not kick or throw their cheese,or go into their competitors lane(赛道)Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing abou
21、t four kilos(disappointingly,but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones).All the competitors are served with beer or port wine,the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.Fiery Foods Festival The Hottest Festival on Earth Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city
22、 of Albuquerque,New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia,the Caribbean and China,but they all share a common addiction food that is not just spicy(辛辣),but hot enough to make your mouth burn,your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is hel
23、d over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepper officially the hottest pepper in the world or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one things for sure if you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue,this festival isnt for you!L
24、a Tomatina The Worlds Biggest Food Fight On the last Wednesday of every August,the Spanish town of Buol hosts La Tomatina the worlds largest food fight.A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks
25、 with tomatoes official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.59Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.BMore than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.CT
26、housands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.解题示范 第一步：定信息区间 选项 选项关键词 信息区间 A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句 B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二句 C Thousands of spicy food
27、s are on show 第二段倒数第二句 D An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning 第三段第二句 第二步：逐一比对定答案 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A Stilton 滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。奖品是 a complete Stilton cheese。张冠李戴 B 一万多名中国人参加 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。参加者来自世界各地。曲解文意 C 在 Fiery Food and BBQ Festival 上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上万种食物。同义替换
28、D 在 La Tomatina 节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。曲解文意 答案 C Part 5 定位词的寻找技巧 1.定位词的选用(1)特殊定位词 在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。示例 1 HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordons studen
29、ts have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案).“We dont give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager.33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A.To strengthen teacher-stud
30、ent relationships.B.To sharpen students communication skills.C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.D.To link space technology with school education.分析：选 D。本题可以根据特殊定位词 HUNCH 可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH 项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答
31、案为 D。(2)普通定位词 普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。示例 2 In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under 5
32、per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?A.He buys cooking materials for her.B.He prepares food for her kids.C.H
33、e assists her in cooking matters.D.He invites guest families for her.分析：选 C。由于比较醒目人名 Matt Tebbutt 和 Susanna 在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词 help 来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。2.挑选定位词的注意点 (1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词 定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处
34、处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换 在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。示例 1 Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantas
35、tic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!21.Which tour do you need to book in advanc
36、e?A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.分析：选 A。本题可以用同义词定位：book in advance reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blos
37、somsdisappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。第二部分 主旨大意题 Part1：主旨大意题分类和选项特点 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题
38、，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现
39、选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。Part2：三大类分项突破 类型一 标题归纳题 一、常见设问方式 The best title of the passage is _.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _.二、解题必备知能(一)理解标题的 3 大特点 一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括性准确而又简短；2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒
40、目性能引发读者的阅读欲望。(二)巧用 3 大方法确定文章标题 1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。例子 1 Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role s
41、howing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning B
42、ritain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home,preparing meals for sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,11.“We love Mexican churros,so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.“I pay 5 for a portion(一份),but Matt makes
43、 them for 26p a portion,because they are flour,water,sugar and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food,but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eightpart series(系列节目),Save Money:Good Food,follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money:Good Health,which gave viewers advi
44、ce on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The t
45、eam transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27What can be a suitable title for the text?AKeeping Fit by Eating Smart BBalancing Our Daily Diet CMaking Yourself a Perfect Chef DCooking Well for Less 解题示范 第一步：读文章，概括文意 本文是一篇新闻报道。早安英国的节目主持人苏珊娜瑞德新推出了
46、一档节目Save Money:Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断 A 通过明智的吃来保持健康 文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全，主次不分 B 平衡我们的日常饮食 文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。无中生有，生搬硬套 C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师 文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。以偏概全，主次不分 D 用的少，烹饪好 文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。涵盖性强，覆盖全文 答案 D 类型二 文章大意题 一、常见设问方式 Whats the main idea/point of
47、 the passage?The passage is mainly about _.The passage is mainly concerned about _.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?In this passage the author discusses primarily _.The subject discusse
48、d in this text is _.The general/main idea of the passage is about _.二、解题必备知能 掌握寻找主题句的 4 个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimm
49、ing)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语(如 however,but,in fact,actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore,thus,in short,conclude,conclusion 等词，通常是主旨。例子 2 Languages have been coming and goin
50、g for thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by huntergatherers,small,tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when th