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1、【考前技能篇 5】七选五阅读理解的解题技巧 题材以说明文为主,但应注意考查记叙文、议论文的可能性，复习时也应注意；包含新课标中的全部主题语境，但以人与社会主题为主；标题时有时无；设空以短中、段首为主，段中是考察重点，断尾一般最多设一题；一、思维导图 位置解题法 句子在段中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段中和段尾三种挖空方式，正是利用挖空位置的暗示作用和挖空上下文的提示作用，来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。段首、段中、段尾题在文中所起的作用可归纳为下表：挖空位置 逻辑关系 具体解读 段首题 主旨句 常以段落小标题或主题句的形式出现。承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连
2、贯起来。段中题 例证关系 前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词语有：for example,for instance,in fact/as a matter of fact,actually,in other words/that is to say 等。转折关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志词语有：but,however,yet,while/though/although,or/otherwise,on the contrary,ins
3、tead,nevertheless(然而),still,in contrast/comparison,by comparison 等。因果关系 表示因果关系的标志词语有：so,therefore,thus,consequently(结果),as a result(of),so/such.that.,so that.等。递进关系 若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个表示递进的句子。表示递进关系的标志词语有：too,also,besides,further,furthermore,moreover,likewise,similarly,whats more,whats wor
4、se,in addition,as well,to make matters worse,not.but.,not only.but also 等。并列关系 表示并列关系的标志词语有：and,first(ly),second(ly);first,then/next;to begin with,some .others.;for one thing,for another thing;then/next,finally/last 等。段尾题 总结句 用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语。承上启下句 此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。例子 1 _40_ If you work out b
5、right and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.AYou will stick to your diet.BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer hea
6、lthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the morning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAfter you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exercise regularly,or youre doing it now,then listen up!分析 设空处位于段首，
7、应是该段落的小标题。该段的主要内容是“如果晨练，你就更有可能会坚持一整天吃健康的食物”，故该段的主旨是“坚持健康饮食”；再结合本段中的“healthy food”“junk food”与 A 项中的 diet 相关，故选 A。例子 2 Your metabolism(新陈代谢)gets a head start._38_ If you work out in the mornings,then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day,not in your sleep.AYou will st
8、ick to your diet.BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer healthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the morning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAfter you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exe
9、rcise regularly,or youre doing it now,then listen up!分析 设空处位于段中，属于段中题。这一段说的是晨练有助于人体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。F 项“晨练之后你还会在一天时间里继续消耗卡路里”中的关键词“throughout the day”与文中的“the whole day”呼应。故选 F。例子 3 The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors.Whether youre looking at wal
10、lpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant._40_.AWhile all of them are useful BWhatever youre looking for CIf youre experimenting with a color DSmall color choices are the ones were most familiar with EIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piece
11、s FSo it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time GColor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways 分析 该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的“the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知，大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与 F 项构成因果关系。技能 1 原词重复信息 原词复现是
12、指一个句子中的关键词(常为动词、名词、形容词)会反复出现在文中的其他句子中。这些词会以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现。如：“looks”与“looking”“looked”；“go”与“going”“went”等。根据语言习惯，第一句的宾语往往是第二句的主语，或者前后句有相同、重叠的词语。因此，要学会寻找空格前后句句中的相同关键词。【例】2021全国卷甲Invite 510 people so you have a nice selection.37.Less people than that,and there may not be enough things to choos
13、e from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable._38_.They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their“new”clothes home.ALess people than that BHold a clothing swap CIf two people are competing DJust keep music playing throughout EDonate whatever clothes are left over FHave everyon
14、e put their clothes in the right spots GTell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition 解析：本题考查原词复现。本段空白后“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their new clothes home.”讲他们还应准备大量的可回收的袋子，来把“新”衣服带回家。其中的“clothes”原词复现是解题提示，同时“new”表明衣服应该是好的，对应 G 选项中的“clean”“in good condition”。技能
15、 2 代词重复信息 为了避免与上文提到的名词重复，用不同的代词指代上文提到的人、事物或事件。如：it 指代单数名词、不可数名词、句子；they 指代复数名词；ones 泛指复数名词。还有反身代词、指示代词、关系代词等。【例】2021浙江卷 1 月Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem.Make all customers stand in one long，snaking linecalled a serpentine lineand serve each person at the front with the next a
16、vailable register._34_ This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants.With a serpentine line，a long delay at one register wont unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it.Instead，it will slow down everyone a little bit but speed up checkout overall.AWhy does this always seem to h
17、appen to you?BSo why dont most places encourage serpentine lines?CSome of them may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.DThe chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.EHow high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?FWith three registers，this method is muc
18、h faster than the traditional approach.GBut sometimes，as on a Sunday afternoon，the system gets particularly busy.解析：本题考查上下文衔接。前一段提到如果商店中排起了三个结账的队伍，那么结账时延误情况的出现是随机的。本段提到研究人员为解决这一问题，想出了一个好办法：让所有人排成一队，排在最前面的人到可用的收银机处结账。F 项能很好地承接上文，同时 F 项中的 this method 是空后 This 的指代对象，代词重复是一个很好的解题信号。技能 3 派生词重复信息 派生词重复信息是
19、指文中选项位置的前后两句中出现意义相关的派生词，因表达的需要而重复出现一到两次，重复出现的过程中，上下文存在着逻辑关系，起着前后衔接作用，这有利于做题时锁定关键词，找出正确答案。【例】2021全国卷乙And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence?If youre faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party，the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a comp
20、liment(赞扬)._40_.Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”AHow do you know the host BThe first step is to go exploring CIf you ask the question“How did you get here？”DBe prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers E.Or turn the
21、 conversation into a topic where they have little to say FWhat about that person who has had too much to drink or wont stop talking GHe or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most 解析：考查上下文衔接。本段主要讲面对“dinner-party killer：awkward silence”(晚宴杀手：尴尬的沉默)时应该怎么办。根据空前的“the only
22、 thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment(赞扬)”可知，解决办法是赞扬晚宴的主人，G 项“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most”(他或她是最能感受到这种尴尬的人)符合语境。G 选项中的“He or she”指代 the host，“awkwardness”同义复现也是解题提示。技能 4 同义重复信息 此处的同义多指意义相同或相近的词、词组或句子，如 room
23、和 space。【例】2021浙江卷 1 月If there are three lines in the store，delays will happen randomly at different registers.Think about the probability：_33_ So its not just in your mind：Another line probably is moving faster.AWhy does this always seem to happen to you?BSo why dont most places encourage serpentin
24、e lines?C.Some of them may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.DThe chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.EHow high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?FWith three registers，this method is much faster than the traditional approach.GBut sometimes，as
25、 on a Sunday afternoon，the system gets particularly busy.解析：考查上下文衔接。空前的 probability 与 D 项中的 chances 和 one in three 呼应，同时 D 项与空后一句“So its not just in your mind：Another line probably is moving faster”呼应，符合语境。技能 5 反义重复信息 顾名思义，此处指上下文中有互为相反词义的单词、短语或者意思相反的句子。【例】2021全国卷甲A successful swap depends on the sel
26、ection of clothes,the organization of the event,and,obviously,how much fun is had.Its really easy to do!Here are a few pointers.Invite 5 10 people so you have a nice selection._37_，and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.ALess people than that B
27、Hold a clothing swap CIf two people are competing DJust keep music playing throughout EDonate whatever clothes are left over FHave everyone put their clothes in the right spots GTell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition 解析：根据本段空白处后文“more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable”，超过 510 人，则无法控制，可知分号前后是两个相反意义的对比关系，根据反义信息“more than”，可以推理得知空白处想表达人太少的含义。