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1、B99 ban， prohibit和forbid1 ban的语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”，以事物为宾语。Swimming in the river is banned.此河禁止游泳。prohibit指“(通过法律、法令或严正警告)禁止某些事物”，应用范围比ban 广，可以用人或事物作宾语。The soldiers are prohibited from leaving camp after dark.天黑以后，士兵们就不准离开营地。(prohibit sb. (from) doing sth.)Family finances prohibited his going to college.
2、家庭经济状况不允许他上大学。forbid为最普通用词，可用于细小的事物，也可以用人或事物作宾语，但须说forbid sb. to do sth.。Entrance to the place is forbidden to allforeigners.禁止任何外国人进入该地。Her health forbids her to go travelling.她的健康状况使她不能外出旅行。100 bank, beach, coast和shore1bank指河流、小溪、池塘边的陆地，意为“岸堤，坝”，上面可行人。The river is threatening to overflow its banks
3、.河水大有决堤之势。The willows lined the banks.两岸柳树成行。beach意为“海滩，湖滩，河滩”，指近水布满沙或卵石的缓坡或倾斜地带，其边沿常被水淹没。The beach was crowded with sunbathers.海滩上到处是沐日光浴的人。We walked along the beach after supper.晚饭后我们去海滩上散步。coast意为“海岸(线)”，表示地理概念，指濒临海洋的较宽范围的陆地或整个地区。They live on the east coast.他们住在东部沿海地区。There are many towns along t
4、he coast.沿海岸有许多城镇。 shore意为“岸，滨”，指毗连海洋或湖泊的一条窄陆地。We walked along the shore of the lake.我们沿着湖滨走。The ship stopped a little way off the shore.船停在离岸不远的地方。101bare, empty, vacant, blank和hollowbare意为“赤裸的，光秃的”，指没有遮蔽或装饰的物体，或人体赤裸的某一部分(=notcovered)。a bare hill光秃秃/无草木的山bare foot光脚，赤脚a bare room没有家具装饰的空房间a bare fl
5、oor不铺地毯的地板empty的用途较广，指空的，内无人无物(with nothing in it)；没有任何内容的，空洞的，无意义的，没主意的；缺乏知识的。The bottle is empty.这瓶子是空的。He always makes empty promise.他时常空口说白话。an empty-headed man无知的人比较an empty room 一个空房间(a room with no furniture)a vacant room一个没被占用的房间(anunoccupied room,may have furniture)vacant指房屋、座位无人占用，也指职位空缺。一
6、个摆满家具的房间可能是vacant，但不能是empty。vacant的比喻意为“头脑空虚，神情茫然”。The classtoom is vacant.这教室无人占用。She wore a vacant look.她有一种茫然若失的神情。blank意为“空，空白”。指单据、表格、纸张没有填写过，没作记号或没使用过；比喻意为“毫无表情”。a blank wall没有门窗的墙ablank expression一种茫然的表情5 hollow指“空心的”；比喻意为“空洞的”。That is a large hollow container.那是一个很大的内空的容器。His words sounded h
7、ollow.他的话听来空洞无物。102 base，basis和foundation1base表示“基础，根基，基地”，指具体物的下部、底座或支撑结构，以使上面的东西竖立并稳固；也用于指工业或军事的基地。base作动词用时，要同on或upon连用。The machine rests on a wide base of steel.这台机器固定在一个很宽的钢架上。This vase falls over a lot because the base is toosmall.这个花瓶的底部太小，所以时常翻倒。The airplanes returned safely to their base.飞机
8、安全返回基地。What is the basis of/for your idea?你想法的依据是什么？On the basis of observations, we draw the following conclusions.根据观察，我们得出以下结论。Absolute trust is the basis of a lasting friendship.绝对信任是持久友谊的基础。We work on a five-day-week basis.我们实行每周五天工作制。foundation既可指具体事物也可指抽象事物，强调其持久性和坚固性。A building must be laid
9、on a firm foundation.建筑物必须建立在牢固的地基上。The rumout has no foundation.这个传言没有依据。This will more or less affect the foundation of the national economy.这将或多或少地对国民经济产生影响。103 bath和bathe1.bath作名词表示“洗澡，沐浴”，常用于have/take a bath 短语中，美式英语用 take a bath。bath作动词时表示“给洗澡”，多用于英式英语。I have a hot bath every evening.我每天晚上洗个热水
10、澡。She will show you how to bath the baby.她将教你怎样给婴儿洗澡。2 bathe常用作动词，表示“洗澡，给洗澡，用水洗，浸洗”；在英式英语中还表示“游泳”。The water is used to bathe the baby.这水是用于给婴儿洗澡的。The doctor told him to bathe the wound twice aday.医生告诉他一天洗两次伤口。The river is dangerous to bathe in.在这条河里游泳是危险的。104 battle, campaign和war1battle意为“战斗，战役”，常用词
11、，一般指具体的武装冲突或交战。The battle was fought early in the morning.战斗在清晨打响。The French army was annihilated at the battle ofWaterloo.法军在滑铁卢战役中全军覆没。 campaign意为“战役”，常指一系列有预定目标的军事行动，一次战役可以包括一系列的battle。The Germans were defeated in the campaign of North Africa.德国人在北非的战役中被击败。The general risked his whole campaign on
12、 the outcome of one battle.将军孤注一掷，以一次战斗的成败决定整个战役。 war意为“战争”，指国与国之间的战争，也指内战。A war burst out between the two countries.两国间爆发了战争。Germany was at war with almost all the countries in the world then.德国当时几乎同世界所有国家处于交战状态。105 be about to do sth.和be to do sth. be about to do sth.表示“正要做某事，马上要做某事”，主语一般是人，时间距离很近
13、(immediate future)，后面不可跟表示将来时间的状语，如soon,at once, immediately。be about to do后还常跟when从句，相当于just at this time，也可以是 was doingwhen (正在做这时)，haddonewhen(刚刚做这时)。I was just about to leave when the telephone rang.我正要离开时，电话铃响了。I was writing a letter when the light went out.我正在写一封信，这时灯熄灭了。We had just started ou
14、r work when the machine broke down.我们才刚刚开始工作，这时机器就坏了。I was walking down the road when a bird flew pastoverhead.我正在路上走着，这时一只鸟从头顶上飞过。They are about to leave soon.误They are about to leave. 他们就要动身了。2 be+to do sth.表示预先的安排或计划，也表示命令、指示、劝告等。主语一般是人，有时可以是物。The foreign friends are to arrive this evening.外国朋友定于
15、今天晚上到达。(安排)Father is to return next month.父亲将于下个月回来。(计划)The plan is to be made in a week.计划将在一周内做好。(计划)You are not to walk on the grass.不许践踏草坪。(命令)You are to be criticized if you do like that.你那样做就会受到批评。(警告)All the exercise-books are to be handed in afterclass.所有的练习本都必须在课后交上来。(要求)She was to have lef
16、t earlier,but it rained.她本打算早些离开的，但是却下雨了。提示be to do sth.用于第二人称时，有时表示“应该，理应”的含义，相当于should。You are to give her more help.你应该给她更多的帮助。You are to study harder.你应该更努力地学习。2be to do sth.也可以是表语结构。Her duty is to keep the hall clean and tidy.她的职责是保持大厅整洁。One of the most urgent things to do now is to get enough
17、money.现在要做的最紧迫的事情之一是弄到足够的钱。106 be+过去分词(表示状态)be+过去分词不一定都是被动语态结构，也可以是系表结构。如果be后的过去分词不表示动作，而是描述状态、状况，则为系表结构。Im tired.我累了。Shes married.她结婚了。Everything now is settled.现在一切都解决了。The glass is filled with milk.这杯子里装满了牛奶。Her youth is gone.她已青春不再了。It is boiled.它是煮的。They were engaged two months ago.他们是两个月前定的婚。W
18、e were all surprised at the news.听到那个消息我们都大为吃惊。107 bear, stand, endure,tolerate和put up with 都可以表示“忍受，忍耐”bear主要指忍受饥饿、困难、不幸、无礼、重担等，常同cant连用，表示绝对不能忍受某种情况或事情。He cant bear the humiliation any longer.他再也不能忍受那种羞辱了。She couldnt bear the terrible pain.她难以忍受那剧烈的疼痛。stand常用于口语中，尤指忍受痛苦、不幸、损失、苦难等，强调不退缩，常可同bear换用。s
19、tand用于肯定式表示“经受得住”。He stood the attack well.他很好地经受住了打击。She couldnt stand the rude man.她不能容忍那个粗野的人。3 endure (bear pain,suffering,etc.)表示“忍受(痛苦、遭遇)”。Be quiet! I cant endure that noise a momentlonger.安静！我再也受不了那噪音了。The old lady endured loneliness the rest of her life.老太太晚年一直忍受着孤独的煎熬。 tolerate (suffer sb.
20、 or sth. withoutcomplaining)表示“忍受(某人某事)无怨言，不特贺。tolerale的宾语不是箱苦折得，而是人或人的I cant tolerate such mean people/their rudeness.我受不了这些卑劣之徒/他们的粗鲁行为。5 put up with表示的“忍耐”，含有“不怨恨，不反对”的意思，为固定搭配，也常同cant连用。I cant put up with the noise.我忍受不了那噪音。108 because, as, since, for, because of,due to和owing tobecause，as和since是
21、从属连词，引导原因状语从句；for是并列连词，连接并列分句。because用于回答why引导的疑问句，但as，since和for则不可以。1 because表示直接原因，语气最强，一般位于主句后，有时也置于主句前。The teacher was angry because he was late again.老师很生气，因为他又迟到了。A: Why didnt you come?你为什么没来？B:Because I was ill.因为我病了。2 as用于解释做某事的原因，语气较弱，用于口语，通常位于主句前。As you are not feeling well today, youd bet
22、ter stay at home.既然你今天感觉不好，你最好待在家里。 since常指清楚的、双方都明白的原因，语气比because弱，但比as强，通常位于主句前，并常同as换用。Since/As you have finished your homework,lets go out to play.既然你已完成了作业，我们出去玩玩吧。Since he cant answer the question,wed better ask someone else.他回答不了这个问题，我们就问别人吧。4 for引导并列句，表示一种补充说明，是推测或判断的理由，语气较弱，必须放在主句后面。He must
23、 be ill,for he is absent from class today.他一定病了，因为他今天没来上课。We must start early,for we have a long way to go.我们要早点动身，因为要走很长的路。because of是复合介词，后跟名词或代词，也可跟what引导的名词性从句。because of引导的短语只能作状语。They didnt arrive there on time because of the heavy rain.由于天下大雨，他们没有准时到达那里。He realized that she was crying because
24、 of what he had said.他意识到，她是因为他说的话而哭的。提示on account of相当于because of，但更为正式。She stayed indoors on account of the badweather.由于天气不好，她待在家里。dueto一般引导表语，但引导状语亦属正确用法。These slips are due to/owing to the authors insufficient acquaintance with the life of the labouringpeople.这些疏误是由于作者对劳动人民的生活不够熟悉而造成的。7owing to
25、可用来引导状语或表语（多用于前者)。owing to一般是修饰整个句子，因此严格来讲，应用逗号和前面的句子分开，在这点上不同于because of，后者可以仅修饰句中的一部分，见上例，中间不用逗号。They decided to put off the trip, owing to the change of weather.由于天气变化，他们决定延期启程。109 before long和long before1 before long意为“不久，很快，一会儿后”，相当于soon，after a short while，多用于将来时或过去时中。He will return before lon
26、g.他不久就会返回的。Before long they got enough money to build theschool.不久，他们就弄到了足够的钱建造那所学校。2 long before意为“很久以前”，相当于longago，before是副词，常用于过去时中。They left their hometown long before.他们很久以前离开家乡的。She said that she had known your name longbefore.她说她早就知道你的名字。 long before+句子表示“在前很久，要过很久才”，not longbefore+句子表示“不久就，不
27、多久就”，这里的before是连词。这种结构可用于过去时或将来时。It was not long before she got everything ready.不久，她就把一切都准备好了。It wont be long before he finishes reading thebook.他不久就会读完这本书。It will be long before the train arrives.要过很久火车才能到达。提示He will be here before long.他不久就会来这里。He was here long before.他很久以前在这里。提示注意下面的类似结构：It was
28、some days before过了好几天才It was quite some time before过了好半天才It was hours before过了好几个钟头才It will be years before要过好几年才110 beg, beg for和beg ofbeg意为“乞求，请求”，可作及物动词和不及物动词，结构为：beg sth.from/ofsb.beg sb.to do sth.beg sb.for sth.beg of sb.beg+that从句She made a living by begging from door to door.她靠挨家挨户乞讨度日。He had
29、 to beg his bread at that time.他那时候不得不讨饭。He had to beg for his bread at that time.May I beg a cigarette from you?给我一支烟好吗？The man begged his neighbour for help.那人请求邻居帮忙。Jim begged his father not to work too hard.吉姆请求父亲不要太劳累。Do it, Ibegof you.去干吧，我求你了。The children begged that they might come with us.孩
30、子们请求和我们一起来。111 begin,start,commence和begin with1表示“开始”时，begin和start常可换用，结构为：begin/start sth.begin/start to do sth./doing sth.begin/start at/on+时间名词They begin/start work at 8 every morning.他们每天早晨8点钟开始工作。She began/started to learn English at the age offive.她5岁开始学习英语。He began/started making preparations
31、 for thetrip.他开始为旅行作准备。The meeting will begin/start on Monday and end on Friday.会议将在星期一开始，星期五结束。提示在下面几种情况下，begin和start后只能跟不定式。1主语为物时。The temperature started to fall.气温开始下降了。begin或start后的动词表示的是精神活动或心理状态，如see，realize等。I began to see what she meant.我开始明白她的意思了。He started to wonder who had broken thewind
32、ow.他开始纳闷，究竟是谁打破了窗户呢。强调动作的实际开始时。We started/began to laugh when we heard thejoke.听到这个笑话，我们都大笑起来。描述天气变化。It began/started to snow after a little while.不一会儿就下起雪来了。表示“出发，旅行，开动 (机器)，(机器)运转”等，start之前，事物处于静止状态，这种情况下只能用start，不可用begin。At daybreak they started on their journey.天亮时他们出发了。(不用begin)At last the trai
33、n started.火车终于开动了。(不用begin)We couldnt start the car.我们无法启动这辆车。(不用begin)start多用于指有规律的活动，而begin则多指较长且较缓慢的动作；在语体色彩上，begin比start更为正式。We start our breakfast at seven every morning.我们每天早晨7点钟吃早饭。Then he began a series of experiments.接着，他开始了一系列的实验。提示start作“动身”解时，通常要用一般现在时或现在进行时代替一般将来时。She starts for America
34、 next month.她下个月动身去美国。She is starting for America next month.4 commence为正式用语，后面一般接动名词。He commenced working on it in 2001.他是2001年开始做这项工作的。 begin with表示“以开始，以开端”，后跟名词。The movie began with a car chase and ended with a love scene.那部影片以一场汽车追逐开始，而以爱的场景收尾。The book begins with a tale of country life.这本书以一则农
35、村生活故事开始。提示to begin with和to start with都是习惯用语，意为“首先，第一”，用作状语，可位于句首、句中或句尾，常用逗号同句中的其他成分隔开。To begin with,we ought to know what we studyfor.首先，我们应该明确学习目的。I cant go there with you;to start with, no one can take over my job;secondly,I have not enoughmoney.我不能同你去那里，首先，没有人能接替我的工作。其次，我没有足够的钱。112 behavior和condu
36、ctbehavior的用法较普通，含义最广，无复数形式，可指一切好的或坏的行为。The boys rough behavior infuriated her.这个男孩子粗鲁的行为激怒了她。Her good behavior deserves praise.她的好品行值得称赞。2 conduct主要用指道德标准衡量的正当或不正当的品行，有指遵守或违反某些已定的法规的含义。His conduct at school was disgraceful.他在学校行为不端。113 believe,believe in和trust believe意为“相信，认为”，表示相信某人的话或某事的真实性，或表达一个
37、想法(也许是错误的想法)。I believe his story.我相信他所说的。I believe it to be a fact.我相信这是事实。I believe her.我相信她的话。Idont believe a word of what he said.他的话我一句也不信。2believe in sb.表示两种含义：信任某人，信仰、信奉某种思想观念。I believe in her.我信赖她。He believes in communism.他信仰共产主义。They dont believe in God.他们不信上帝。I can believe him,but I cannot
38、believe in him.我可以信其言，但我不能信赖其人。He believes in keeping early hours.他主张早睡早起。提示注意下面一句：I believe what he said because I believe in him.我相信他的话因为我信任他。 believe的其他结构：believe sb. (to be)+形容词或名词be believed to be+形容词或名词be believed to do sth.believe+that从句We all believe her(to be)honest.我们都相信她是诚实的。(tobe可省)She i
39、s believed to be honest.她被认为是诚实的。(to be不可省)I can hardly believe that he failed in the exam.我简直不敢相信他考试会不及格。4trust强调相信某人的品德、为人、能力等。trust in表示“依靠、信赖某人”。比较I never trust him.我从不信任他。I trust her.我信任她。(=I believe in her.)I never trust in him.我从不信赖他。I trust in his competence.我相信他是胜任的。提示trust sb.with sth.和tru
40、st sth.to sb.表示“把某事交托给某人”。2 trust to表示“盲目信赖”。Dont trust to luck.光靠运气是不行的。114 below，under和underneathbelow可以用作副词和介词。(1)作副词用时，below表示“在下面，向下”。副词below可以修饰动词，可以作表语，还可以作定语，修饰名词，但要放在名词的后面。The flower garden lies below.花园在下面。(修饰动词)The office is below.办公室在下面。(作表语)I heard someone singing in the room below.我听见有
41、人在下面的房间里唱歌。(作定语，后置)Please do the exercises below.请做下面的练习。(作定语，后置)(2)作介词用时，below表示“在以下”，通常表示位置，也可表示数量、等级、能力等。Please write your name below the line.请把你的名字写在这条线的下面。(表示位置)They passed below the bridge.他们在桥的下面通过。(表示位置)Children below ten should not see this film.10岁以下的儿童不应看这部电影。(表示数)He is below her in abil
42、ity.在能力方面，他不如她。(表示能力)I am below him in school.我的年级比他低。(表示等级)提示from below意为“从下面”。Someone is calling you from below.有人在下面叫你。2.under是介词，表示“在下面，低于”。under引导的短语可以修饰动词作状语，也可以作表语或定语，表示位置、状况、年龄、价格等。He is standing under a tree.他正站在一棵树下。(作状语)She studies piano under her teacher.她在老师的指导下学钢琴。(作状语)He sold the bike
43、 under 100 yuan.他以低于100元的价格把自行车卖了。(作状语)The plan is still under discussion.这项计划仍在讨论之中。(作表语)These books are for children under ten years ofage.这些书适合10岁以下的儿童阅读。(作定语)提示汉语中的“在下”并不都能用under，比如：“在阳光下，在月光下，在树荫下，在灯光下”就要用in。She laid her clothes in the sun.她把衣服放在阳光下晒晒。They are sitting in the moonlight.他们在月光下坐着。
44、Some children are playing in the shade.一些儿童在树荫下玩耍。She is doing her homework in the lamplight.她在灯下做作业。3 below和under的区别：below表示一般的低于或在某物的下面，不一定是在垂直的下面，反义词是above;under表示在垂直的下方，强调一种直接的垂直上下关系，反义词是over。比较From the hill,we can see a river below us.从这座小山上，我们能看见下面的一条河。There is a cat under the chair.椅子底下有一只猫。a
45、 boat under the bridge桥下面的一条船a boat below the bridge桥下游的一条船beneath的反义词是on，指在某物的正下方，并与之接触。She put some books beneath the pillow.她把一些书放在枕头下面。The earth felt soft beneath our feet.我们感觉脚下的土非常柔软。He took a knife from beneath his coat.他从外衣下面拔出一把刀来。5underneath具有below和beneath的含义；既可以表示垂直在下而且接触，也可以表示在某物的下方，不接触。
46、Do you find much growing underneath the snow?你发现雪的下面有许多植被吗？A stool is underneath the table.桌子下面有一张凳子。提示under, below和beneath可用于引申意义。He is under me.他是我的下级。He was below/beneath her in intelligence.他的智力不如她。As a scholar,he is far beneath his brother.作为学者，他比他兄弟差得远。He was far beneath her socially.他的社会地位远没有
47、她高。His accusations are beneath contempt.他的指责不屑一顾。Lying is beneath him.他决不会撒谎的。Such a fellow is beneath my notice.这种人我不屑一顾。提示在下列短语中，只能用below，不可用under。see the notes below 见下面的注释theexamples below下面的例子表示数量如物价、年龄等“低于”时，两者可换用。She is below/under twenty.她不到二十岁。115 besides,but,except, exceptfor和except+从句都可以表示“除外”，但有区别1except表示“除