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1、H322 habit, custom,customs和Customs1habit指长时期逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的“个人的”习惯，如爱散步的习惯、饮茶的习惯等，结构为：form the habit of doing sth.have the habit of doing sth.fall into good/bad habits养成好/坏习惯He has the habit of going for a walk after supper.他有晚饭后散步的习惯。The man has formed the habit of smoking. 那人养成了抽烟的习惯。The man has for
2、med the habit to smoke.误 (habit后不可跟不定式)2 custom指某个“国家、社会、社会群体”经过一个较长时间过程形成的风俗或习惯，结构为：It is ones custom to do sth.It has become the custom for sb.to do sth.It is their custom to eat dumplings on New YearsDay.新年吃饺子是他们的风俗。Japanese customs vary greatly from the Chinese.日本人的风俗同中国的风俗大不相同。复数形式customs表示“关税，
3、进口税”。We have to pay customs on the camera equipment器boght droad.我们在国外买的照相设备须付关the Customs表示“海关”。It took us only a few minutes to get through theCustoms.通过海关只花了我们几分钟。323 had better,would like,should like和would ratherhad better可缩写成d better，意为“最好”，应看作情态动词，通用于所有人称，had不可改为have或has。had better后跟动词原形，不可跟不定式
4、。had better的否定式为had better not，不是hadnot better。You had better hurry up if you want to catch the first bus.如果你想赶上头班公共汽车，你最好快点。Youd better leave him alone now.你最好先别理他。Youd better not wake him up.你最好不要弄醒他。You have better start right now.误You had better start right now.正你最好马上动身。You had better dont go th
5、ere.误You hadnt better go there.误You had better not go there. 你最好不要去那里。 had better + 动词原形表示现在最好干什么或将来最好干什么，时间概念是现在或将来；如果表示过去最好干什么，或过去最好不干什么，要用hadbetter+动词的完成式。你最好已经读过了那本书。You had better read the book.误You had better have read the book.正你最好没有把这件事和别人说过。You had better not tell it to anybody else.误You ha
6、d better didnt tell it to anybody else.误You had better not have told it to anybody else.3 would like可缩写成d like。would like用于礼貌地向对方提出请求或邀请，也表示说话者本人喜不喜欢做某事，后跟不定式或名词。Would you like some coffee?喝点咖啡好吗？r四onld you le to have arnoter t？你想再试Id like some tea.我想要茶。Id like to talk with you.我想同你谈一谈。提示would like用
7、于疑问句表示请求或邀请时，肯定回答通常用“Yes, Id love to.”，否定回答用“Idlove to, but”。 should like的缩写形式为d like，通常只用于陈述句，不用于疑问句，表示说话者本人愿意做什么或想做什么，后跟不定式，也可表示想要什么，后跟名词。Id like to buy a new pen.我想买一支新钢笔。Id like a cup of tea.我想要杯茶。提示would like和should like后都不能跟动名词形式。比较：Would you like me showing you the way?误Would you like me to s
8、how you the way?正你要我给你指路吗？Id like seeing your piano.误Id like to see your piano.我想看看你的钢琴。 would rather缩写为d rather，意为“宁可，宁愿”，表示比较喜欢做什么，相当于preferto，具有选择的含义，后跟不带to的不定式。结构为：would rather do sth. (不带to)would rather do sth.than do sth.would rather+从句(为虚拟语气，谓语动词要用过去式)I would rather drink tea.我宁愿喝茶。I would ra
9、ther go home than stay here.我宁愿回家去而不愿待在这里。Id rather you went home now.我希望你现在回家去。Tomorrow is Sunday. Id rather you came nextFriday.明天是星期天，我希望你下星期五来。A:Shall I open the window?我打开窗子好吗？B:Id rather you didnt.我希望你不要。324 hair和hairshair表示一个人或多个人的“全部头发”时，为总称，是不可数名词，只用单数形式。He has black hair.他一头黑发。2表示“一根头发”时，用
10、a hair。头爱There is a long hai in the soup.汤里面有一根长3表示“多根头发”时，用hairs。She has a few grey hairs.她有几根白发。325 half the month还是the half month表示“一半”，要 说half of the/a 。“halfthe/a month”为“half of the/a month”的省略形式。当half作形容词用时，冠词应放在half与名词之间。如：half the year 半年half the time一半时间half the eggs一半鸡蛋half an hour 半小时hal
11、f a day半天half a mile 半里路half a glass of beer 半杯啤酒2 但是，“半年”也可说成six months，“半个月”也可说成fifteen days或two weeks，“半个小时”可以说成thirty minutes，“一个半小时”可以说成anhour and a half或one and a half hours,“两个半小时”则是two hours and a half或two and a half hours。提示half后的介词of常可省略，但名词前的不定冠词(a，an)或所有格(his，our)不可省。He drank half glass
12、of milk.误He drank half (of) a glass of milk. 他喝了半杯牛奶。Half (of) his money was stolen.他一半的钱被人偷走了。326 halt, stop和break off1halt是正式用语，在正式场合或文字描写中使用。The government decided to take measures to haltinflation.政府决定采取措施制止通货膨胀。2 stop是一般意义的“停”，不管结束与否，也不问是否继续，更不问怎样停。The snow stopped.雪止了。 break off是短语动词，表示骤然停了下来，
13、中止，行为往往因客观因素暂告一段落。The talks broke off because neither party wanted to make a compromise.双方都不肯让步，会谈破裂/中断了。327hand in hand, hand overhand和hand to hand1hand in hand表示“结合，紧密合作，串通”。Theory should go hand in hand with practice.理论必须同实践相结合。They are hand in hand in the affair.他们在这件事上串通一气。2 hand over hand表示“有进
14、展，有起色”。She is getting along hand over hand; she will recover soon.她日渐好转，很快就会康复了。3 hand to hand表示“肉搏”。The fight was then hand to hand, man to man.当时战斗已成为肉搏战。328hand to和hand on tohand sth.to sb.表示“把某物递给某人”。Please hand the book to me.请把那本书递给我。The students handed the examination papers to the teacher.学生
15、们把试卷交给老师。2hand sth.on to sb.表示“把某物转手递给某人”，也可说成hand on sth.to sb.。The man took over the pen and handed it on tome.那人接过钢笔，转手递给了我。Would you please hand the ruler on to me?你把尺子递给我好吗？329 handsome, beautiful, pretty和fair handsome多用来描写男性，含有“相貌英俊，清秀”的意思。有时也用于女性，表示外表文雅而端庄，有气度，身材高大。描写建筑物时，有“雄伟，堂皇，考究”的含义。也可用于描
16、写其他事物，有“丰盛的，令人满意的，高质量的”等含义。Her brother is a handsome young man.他兄弟是个美男子。The lady is handsome rather than beautiful.这位女士与其说貌美，倒不如说端庄。That is a handsome hotel with green lawns andsprings.那是一家富丽堂皇的旅馆，有绿色的草坪，还有喷泉。He had a handsome dinner.他吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。The handsome horse looks like Mars.那匹英俊的马看上去犹如战神一般。(Mar
17、s是希腊神话中的战神)beautiful指任何令人愉快的人或东西，有“美丽的，美好的，悦耳的，优雅的，技艺高超的”等意。a beautiful girl美丽的少女beautiful music动听的音乐beautiful manners优雅的举止a beautiful day美好的日子a beautiful tennis player 球技精湛的羽毛球选手These flowers are really beautiful.这些花真美。She likes to wear a beautiful hat.她喜欢戴一顶漂亮的帽子。 pretty的语气比beautiful弱，多用来描写女性、工艺品、
18、花朵、庭院、景色等，有“漂亮的，标致的，小巧精美的”等意。He had a very pretty garden.他有一个很漂亮的花园。Its one of the pretty views in Nanjing.这是南京的美景之一。There was a pretty vase on the table.桌上有一个精美的花瓶。fair意为“漂亮的”，现代英语中很少用，重在女性外表美，脸面美，不用于男性。The fair lady doesnt have a kind heart.那女人虽漂亮但心肠不好。330 hang about, hang on, hangup和hang upon1han
19、g about意为“在附近逗留，东游西荡，徘徊”。They hanged about the village last night.他们昨晚在村里闲荡。Dont hang about and do nothing.不要东游西荡什么也不干。2 hang on常表示下面两种含义。(1)表示“坚持下去，继续干”。If you hang on, you will succeed in the end.如果你坚持下去的话，你最后会成功的。He hanged on in spite of the difficulties.他不顾困难，继续干下去。(2)表示“不挂断电话”。Please hang on!Il
20、l call her.请别挂断！我去叫她。The exchange girl told him to hang on.女接线员要他不要挂断电话。hang up常表示下面两种含义。(1)表示“把吊起来，挂起”。She hung up the pictures on the wall.她把图画挂在了墙上。Some clothes are hung up from the tree.一些衣服挂在树上。(2)表示“挂断电话”。She hung up before the conversation was over.话还没有讲完，她就挂断了电话。I tried to talk to her,but sh
21、e hung up.我想和她谈谈，但她却把电话挂了。4 hang on/upon表示“听从，看情况决定”。They all hang upon her words.他们都照她的话行事。The issue hangs upon the outcome of thediscussion.这个问题要看讨论的结果而定。331 happen, occur,take place和come about1 happen是一般用语，词义较广，强调事情发生的偶然性。When did the explosion happen?爆炸是什么时候发生的？2occur用法较正式，既可指自然发生，也可指有意安排，常与happ
22、en换用，但更强调突然性。Important elections occur this fall.重要的选举今秋举行。 take place一般指有计划、事先进行安排的含义。日举e coeertake place nost Sunday.音乐会下周 come about往往注重事情发生的原因，常与how连用。How did the quarrel come about?这场争吵是怎么发生的？332 hard at和hard on hard at sth.表示“在努力，专心于.”。He is hard at his study.他专心学习。紫服器hard onupon sb，表示“对严厉：接近：
23、Dont be too hard on him; he is young yet.不要对他过分严厉，他还小。She is hard on ninety.她快要90高龄了。333 hardly，hard和seldom hardly具有否定意义，意为“几乎不，简直不”，常与can连用，相当于almost not；hardly也表示“几乎没有”，常与any连用，相当于almost no;hardly还表示“很少，几乎从来不”，常与ever连用，相当于almost never。hardly所在句中的谓语动词用肯定式，反意问句也用肯定式。I can hardly see her face.我难以看清她的
24、脸。We hardly have time to do it.我们简直没有时间做那件事。I hardly believe it is true.我很难相信这是真的。There is hardly any bread in the house.家里几乎没有面包了。He hardly never goes to the cinema.误He hardly ever goes to the cinema.企他很少去看电影。她几乎睁不开眼，是吗？She can hardly keep her eyes open,cant she?误She can hardly keep her eyes open,c
25、an she?正2 hardly表示“严厉地，苛刻地，艰辛地”。He has dealt hardly with me.他待我很刻薄。The money is hardly earned.这钱是辛苦挣来的。3 hardlywhen/before意为“刚就”。在这个复合句中，主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般过去时。She had hardly fallen asleep when she was awokenagain.她刚睡着就又被叫醒了。他明出索01 ke shen it beun to sno.提示hardly可以放在句首，这时，主句要倒装。Hardly had she come in w
26、hen the telephone rang.她刚进来，电话就响了。Hardly had I got on the bus when it started.我刚上车，车就开动了。 hard作副词用时，意为“努力地，猛烈地，紧紧地”，不可同hardly混淆。She always tries hardly.误She always tries hard.她总是努力尝试。 seldom意为“很少，难得”，位于句首时常用倒装结构。She seldom reads newspapers.她很少读报。Seldom do I stay up late.我很少熬夜。英语中某些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一
27、个带后缀-ly。以下四种情况需予以注意。(1)两种形式，分别表示两种不同意义。比较Open your eyes wide.睁大你的眼睛。Computers are widely used in the world.计算机在世界上得到广泛的应用。(抽象意义)Jane works hard.珍妮努力工作。Jane hardly works.珍妮几乎不工作。The train was ten minutes late.火车晚点10分钟。(late表示“迟的，迟于规定时刻”)I have not seen her lately.我最近没有见过她。(lately表示“近来，最近”等意)比较just(公正
28、的)justly(公正地)scarce(稀少)scarcely(几乎不)low(低的)lowly(谦逊的，卑贱的)deep(深的)deeply(深深地，深切地)most(非常，最)mostly(主要地)wide(广阔的，宽大的)widely(广泛地)high(高)highly(高度地)close (接近地)closely(仔细地，亲密地)free (免费地)freely(自由地)(2)两种形式，意义相同，用法不同。The word has been wrongly spelt.这个词拼错了。(在谓语动词之前，尤其在过去分词之前，常用-ly结尾的副词)Youve spelt the word w
29、rong.你把那个词拼错了。(wrong表示“错误地，不对，不正确”等意义，在谓语动词后面，多用与形容词同形的副词)(3)两种形式，意义及用法都相同。The baby slept sound/soundly.婴儿睡得很熟。(4)与形容词同形，即不带-ly后缀的副词，更多地用在副词的比较级或最高级结构里。Come nearer.走近点。Fred laughed loudest.弗雷德笑得最响。提示“朗读”要说read out loud或read aloud，不可说read loudly。两种形式同义的副词，在强调句中要用带-ly的副词，不带-ly的副词不可用于强调句中。比较：他直接从南京到上海。
30、It was direct that he went from Nanjing toShanghai.误It was directly that he went from Nanjing to Shanghai.334 hardly/scarcelywhen/before和no soonerthan这几种结构均表示“刚一就”，只是hardly/scarcelywhen/before 比no soonerthan更为正式。表示过去的行为动作时，hardly，scarcely和no sooner 引导的从句通常用过去完成时，when，before和than引导的从句用一般过去时。hardly，sc
31、arcely和no sooner位于句首时，要用部分倒装。Hardly had I got into the office when the telephone rang.我刚进办公室电话铃就响了。Hardly had we reached the mountain top when it began to rain.我们刚到山顶就下起雨来。No sooner had he returned home than he wasarrested.他刚一踏进家门就被逮捕了。No sooner had the moon appeared then it was clouded over.月亮刚刚露出脸
32、儿，就被乌云遮住了。Scarcely had Iopened the door when the dog camerunningin.我一开门狗就跑了进来。比较hardly.when/before (不可用than)scareely.when/beforeno soonerthan (不可用when或before)335 have, have got,own和possesshave是最普通用词，不含怎么有的意思，表示现有所属关系，可能是买的、借的，甚至是偷的。2在口语中，have/has同got连用，构成havegot,has got, havent got和hasnt got结构，在形式上是
33、现在完成时，但在实际意义上相当于have和has，表示“有”，是一种更自然、更口语化的表示法，常用于否定句和疑问句中。I have got a new bike.我得到了一辆新自行车。Have you got an invitation?你收到邀请了吗？I had got a severe headache last night.我昨天晚上头痛得厉害。I have got a suggestion to make.我有个建议。Ive got a lot of work to do today.我今天有许多工作要做。Shes got other children to take care of.
34、她还有别的孩子需要照顾。I havent got anything to declare.我没有什么需要申明的。提示Youve got me here 意为“你把我问住了，你把我难住了”。比较你有小刀吗？Have you a knife?Have you got a knife?我没有小刀。I havent a knife.I have no knife.I havent got a knife.own表示有，是自然拥有或合法占有。Once I buy the bike, I own it.我买了自行车我就拥有它。possess与own差不多，较正式，法律上常用，往往暗示所有的东西有价值，品质
35、优良。The book I possess is a rare edition.我拥有的这本书是珍藏本。She possesses many of the qualities that we donthave.她有的一些品质我们并不具备。336have no choice but to do sth.和do nothing but do sth. have no choice but to do sth.表示“没有别的选择，非做不可，只好做某事”，but后的不定式要加to。He had no choice but to leave.他只能离开。I have no choice but to g
36、ive up the plan.我别无选择，只能放弃这项计划。They had no choice but to sleep in the open.他们只好在户外过夜。如果but前面有动词do/does/did，but后的不定式不带to，结构为：主语+do nothing but do sth.,意为“只做了什么，只能做什么”。She can do nothing but wait.她只能等待。(不用to wait)There is nothing to do but walk about the town.除了在城里到处走走，没有其他事可做。比较He wanted nothing but
37、to stay here.除了留在这里他别无所求。He had no choice but to stay here.他只能留在这里。He could do nothing but stay here.他只能留在这里。337 have on, put on, wear, dress, in, pullon，draw on和with1have on意为“穿着，戴着”，表示状态，相当于be in，be wearing。这里的have是及物动词，on是副词，宾语通常是衣服、鞋帽等，可以说have sth. on, have on sth.,但只能说have it on。have on通常不用于进行时
38、态，也不用于被动语态。She has on her best dress.她穿着她最漂亮的衣服。What does the woman have on?那个妇女穿着什么衣服？He found that the boy still had his shoes on.他发现那个男孩仍然穿着鞋子。A man having nothing on lay on the sand.一个什么也没穿的人躺在沙地上。(=who had nothing on)2 dress, put on和wear用法见“235”。3 in是介词，后跟表示服装的名词或表示颜色的名词，意为“穿着”，相当于be wearing，ha
39、ve on。The girl is in red.那个女孩穿着红衣服。(相当于wearing red clothes,has on red clothes)Who is the woman in blue?那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是谁？比较Jane is wearing a white skirt today.珍妮今天穿着白色的裙子。=Jane has on a white skirt today.I dont know what he wore yesterday.我不知道他昨天穿了什么衣服。=I dont know what he had on yesterday.He put on his c
40、oat and left.他穿上大衣就出走了。He wore his coat and left.误He dressed his coat and left.误pull on和draw on表示随便地、匆忙地或漫不经心地穿上衣服、鞋子等。pull on的反义词是pulloff。She pulled her clothes on and went to school.她匆忙穿上衣服到学校去了。He pulled on a new pair of gloves.他戴上了一副新手套。She drew on her shoes and rushed into the street.她穿上鞋子，匆匆忙忙
41、跑到街上去了。5 with也可表示“穿，戴”，引导短语作定语，只能同手套、眼镜之类名词连用，不可接衣服。She saw a man with gloves standing at the door.她看见一个戴手套的人站在门口。The girl with glasses is her daughter.戴眼镜的那个女孩是她女儿。338 have sth./nothing to do with, make do with和do without have sth./nothing to do with和有/无关系。I have nothing to do with it.我和这件事无关。2 mak
42、e do with对将就。She cant afford a new coat and so will have to make do with the old one.她买不起新大衣，只好将就穿旧的。 do without不要，没有也行。It is unhealthy and dangerous to do without sleep.不睡眠是不健康且危险的。There are a lot of things we can very well do without in our life.在生活中，有许多东西，对我们并非必要。She said she could do without our
43、 help.她说她可以不用我们帮助。339 have to和have got to两者都表示“必须，不得不”，to后要加动词原形。have to的否定式为havent to或dont have to，疑问式为Have you?或Do you have to？并可以与shall，will或情态动词连用，如will have to等。have got to的否定式只有一种形式havent got to，疑问式也只有一种形式：Have you got to?并且不可同助动词或情态动词连用。比较I have to leave now.我现在得走了。I havent to leave now.I don
44、t have to leave now.Have you to leave now?I shall have to leave now.I have got to go there. 我必须到那里去。I havent got to go there.Have you got to go there?I shall have got to go there.误Do we have got to do it again?误Do we have to do it again? 我们必须再做那件事吗？340 have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth.和take tr
45、ouble to do sth.have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.表示“做某事有困难”，have no trouble/difficulty(in) doing sth.表示“做某事无困难”。这里的trouble和difficulty用作不可数名词，但也可用作可数名词，如get into difficulties,face a lot of difficulties。Do you have any trouble in doing it?你做这件事有什么困难吗？I have much difficulty in understanding heracce
46、nt.我很难听懂她的口音。He had some difficulty in translating the book.他要翻译那本书有些困难。She has greatdifficulty in working out theproblem.她解决这个问题有相当大的困难。2 take trouble to do sth.表示“尽力做某事”，后跟不定式，这里的trouble可用great,much， a lot of, all the等修饰。He took much trouble to help me with my English.他费很多心帮助我学习英语。She took all the
47、 trouble to bring up the twochildren.她费尽心血抚养两个孩子。 trouble sb.to do sth.表示“麻烦某人做某事”。May I trouble you to shut the window?麻烦你把窗户关上好吗？Dont trouble him to come again.不要麻烦他再来了。341 have作为行为动词的几种结have+宾语（物）+过去分词(1)表示使动，是主语的意志，有意所为，意为“要别人把做了，把做了”，have有时可为get代替。I had my watch fixed.我让人修了表。We had the enemy surrounded.我们把敌人包围了。You must have the passage recited.你必须背诵这一段。She had her garden mowed once a month.她每月请人把花园清理一次。(2)表示被动，表示意外“遭受，完成某事，经