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1、F268 fail和lose1 fail通常有下面几种用法。(1)表示“失败”，fail是不及物动词，后不可跟宾语。His plan failed.他的计划失败了。She did her best but she failed at last.她尽了最大努力，但是最后还是失败了。(2)表示“不及格，没通过(考试)”，fail常用作及物动词，后跟exam，maths，English等学科名词。She failed the exam.那次考试她不及格。He failed the maths exam again.他数学考试又没有及格。She failed Chinese.她语文考试不及格。“某学科
2、考试不及格”也可用“fail in+学科名词”表示。She failed chemistry.她化学考试不及格。=She failed in chemistry. (这里的fail为不及物动词)(3) fail to do sth.表示“没有做某事，没有能够做某事。She failed arriving on time.误She failed to arrive on time.1她没有准时到达not/never fail to do相当于cannot but do，besure to do，意为“务必，必须，一定”，要注意译法。If you pass the entrance examina
3、tion, dont fail to phone me.如果你通过了入学考试，务必给我打电话。She never fails to attain her goal.她一定会达到目的。lose为及物动词，后接match,game,battle, war,case等。另外，表示“被打败”或“输给”时，常用be beaten by sb.或be defeated by sb.。Class A was defeated by Class B in the game.A班在比赛中输给了B班。269 fairly,rather,quite和pretty这几个词都可用作程度副词，修饰形容词或副词，其程度依次
4、增强为：fairly,quite,rather,pretty。fairly和rather均可表示“相当地”，但有区别。fairly常用于修饰“褒义”的表示愉快的形容词，如 good, clever, well, nice, pretty, brave,diligent等，指在好的方面“相当地”，修饰形容词或副词原级，不可与too或比较级连用。He speaks English fairly well.他英语说得相当好。She is fairly pleased with your work.她对你的工作相当满意。The quality is fairly good.质量相当好。rather常指
5、在不好的方面“相当地”，常修饰令人不悦的形容词，如bad, poor, lazy, stupid,late,tired、crowded 等，但也可修饰褒义词。rather修饰形容词和副词原级，也可修饰比较级，也可同too 连用，结构为：rather too+形容词或副词。It is rather hot today.今天相当热。Youve done rather well.你做得相当好。The daughter is fairly clever, but the son is ratherdull.女儿很聪明，但儿子却很笨。The book is rather too difficult fo
6、r a child of ten.对一个10岁的孩子来说，这本书太难了。比较The book is fairly easy.这本书很容易。(易懂易学)The book is rather easy.这本书太容易了。(过分简单)3同不定冠词a连用时，a放在rather前后均可，但只能放在fairly前面。That is a rather poor family.正That is rather a poor family.正 那是一个非常贫困的家庭。That is fairly a rich family.误That is a fairly rich family.那是一个很富有的家庭。 quit
7、e在分量上比fairly强，rather语气又比quite强，同pretty和rather很接近，常用于非正式文体。比较：quite a+形容词+名词正a quite+形容词+名词 误(a不可放在quite前面)We were guite impressed by her speech.我们对她的演讲印象不错。He is guite an honest man他是一个很诚实的人。He is a quite honest man.误 quite的其他结构：quite+another+名词，quite+形容词。He is quite a hero.他真是一位英雄。Thats guite anoth
8、er story.那完全是另一回事。You are quite mistaken.你完全错了。270be famous for, be famous as和well-known1 be famous for表示“以某事物而著名，因某事物而著名”。Suzhou is famous for the gardens.苏州以园林而著称。2. be famous as表示“以某种身份而著名”。She is famous as a woman scientist.她作为一名女科学家扬名天下。3famous表示“著名的”，指人因为才能、成就而著名，或某地因物产、事物而著名；well-known表示“出名的”
9、，指为人们所熟悉，知名度要比famous差。He is a famous writer.他是一位著名作家。He is a well-known writer.他是一位小有名气的作家。271 far away,far away from, far from, from far和farawayfar away是两个词，为副词短语，可以用作状语、表语或介词宾语，还可以放在名词后作定语。She lives far away.她住的地方很远。Those stars are too far away for us to see.那些星星离得太远，我们看不见。They came from far away.
10、他们来自远方。She worked in a small town far away.她在远方一个小城里工作。2far away from表示“离某地很远”，用作表语或状语，from后必须加地点名词或here，there等。He lives far away from the school.正他住得离学校很远。He lives far away school.误He lives far away from.误3 far from表示“离某地远”，通常用作表语，这时，from后必须加地点名词或here，there等。The hill is far from the city.小山离城市很远。(相
11、当于far away from) far from还可表示“一点也不，远未，绝非”，后接动名词、代词、形容词或名词。He is far from being an honest man.他绝不是一个诚实的人。Tom is far from prudent.汤姆一点也不小心。What you told me is far from the truth.你告诉我的远非事实。A: The dress is fashionable,isnt it?这衣服很时尚，是不是？B: Fashionable! Oh, no! far from it.时尚！啊，不！一点也谈不上。5距离+ away表示“在多少里或
12、公里之外”。The factory is 30 miles away.那座工厂在30英里外。60距离+ (away) from+地点名词或here，there等，表示“离某地有多远”。The city is about 200 kilometers (away) fromhere.那座城市离这里大约200公里。距离 + by train/by bus/by ship/by plane表示“乘火车/乘汽车/乘船/乘飞机去某地有多远”。Hangzhou is about 300 kilometers by bus fromNanjing.从南京乘汽车去杭州大约300公里。8时间名词所有格+walk
13、/ride表示“步行/骑车/乘车要多少时间”。The post office is about fifteen minutes walk (from here).(从这里)步行去邮局大约15分钟。(从这里)去扬州需要两个小时左右。Yangzhou is about two hours ride (from here).误Yangzhou is about two hours ride (from here).9 from far是介词短语，意为“自远方，来自远方”，在句中作状语。The old man came from far.那位老人来自远方。 faraway是形容词，表示“遥远的”，只作
14、前置定语。These birds fly to the lake from faraway places.这些鸟是从远方飞到湖上来的。272 farther和further1.0farther和further都是far的比较级，意为“更远，较远”，表示距离、方向、时间时，farther和further是可以换用的，可作形容词或副词。The farther/further hill is about fifty miles away.那座更远的山在大约50英里以外。Shanghai is farther/further away than Suzhou from here.上海离这里比苏州远。H
15、e walked farther/further than I had expected.他走得比我预料的远。If you go farther/further,youll see the teachingbuilding.你要是再往前走，就可以看到教学大楼了。 further还可以表示“额外的，更进一步的/地”等意思，而farther则不可以。No further sound came from the room.再也没有声音从房间里传来。Have you any further questions to ask?你有进一步的问题要问吗？Ill say further that it has
16、 nothing to do with me.我还要进一步说明，这件事与我无关。Well not discuss it further.我们将不深入讨论这件事。 further可用作动词，意为“促进，推动”，而farther则不可。the governments plans to further the cause of education 政府促进教育事业的计划273 fault, defect, flaw, mistake和errorfault一般指性格上的“弱点”，因品质上缺乏某种特质而有欠缺；也指行为上的过失，如违反某个准则、规章等，强调过失的责任。Sloppiness is his
17、greatest fault.邋遢是他的最大缺点。Everyone has his own fault.人无完人。 defect着重由于某种欠缺，因而影响到质量，也泛指一般缺点。What defects can you find in the present system ofeducation?在现行教育制度中，你能发现什么缺点？A hearing aid helps to overcome the defect inhearing.助听器有助于克服听力上的缺陷。3flaw原意是“罅隙”，意味着破裂或不能衔接，因而常用于文章、论证，指“漏洞，缺陷”，暗示使批评者“有隙可乘”，也比喻品格上的瑕
18、疵。It was difficult to find a flaw in his argument.在他的论辩中很难找到漏洞。The bubble is a flaw in the glass.那个气泡是玻璃杯上的瑕疵。Jealousy is the great flaw in his character.嫉妒是他性格中的大缺点。mistake往往指由于认识、判断、理解上的不正确、粗心而产生的看法或行为上的错误。mistake还强调对事物的意义不了解，把一个事物错当成另一个事物。常用搭配为：by mistake(无意地)搞错make a mistake 犯错误takeby mistake 错拿
19、learn by ones mistake 从错误中学习 error主要指违反某一既定的标准，产生的疏忽、偏差或错误，这种差错往往是无意的。常用搭配为：be in error弄错了fall into an error犯错误lead sb.into error使犯错误These are the printers errors.这些是排印上的错误。Errors often result from carelessness.差错常由疏忽引起。提示注意下面表示“错”的说法：是我弄错了。Im wrong.Im in the wrong.Thats my fault.274 feed,feed on,br
20、eed,raise和graze feed是及物动词，意为“喂，饲养”，强调给食，使之具备生长繁殖能力。She is feeding the baby.她在喂婴儿。Has the cat been fed yet?猫喂过了吗？He has a large family to feed.他有一大家人要养活。 feed sb.on sth.意为“用喂养，给吃”。She feeds the baby on milk.她给婴儿喂牛奶。She fed her guests on the product of the garden.她用园子里种的果蔬招待客人。 feed on sth.意为“以为食，靠维持生
21、命”，句中主语可以是人或物。They feed on rice.他们以大米为主食。Cows feed mostly on grass.牛以食草为主。 breed(使)繁殖，饲养，尤指繁殖良种。Rabbits breed very quickly.兔子繁殖得很快。 raise指对各种生物包括人进行养育或饲养，主要是美式英语。raise a family养活一家人raise cattle养牛 graze饲养，(动物)吃草，主要指将牛羊放牧。Hes grazing the sheep in the valley.他在山谷里放羊。275 feel like doing一般而论，feel like do
22、ing表示“想做某事”，feel like后也可接名词，表示“想不想”或“感觉像”。I feel like taking a walk in the park.我想到公园里散散步。She told me that she didnt feel like going with us.她告诉我她不想同我们一起去。I feel like a bird sometimes.有时我感觉自己像只小鸟。276 few和little的肯定用法一般而论，few和little具有否定含义，afew和a little具有肯定含义。但few和little也可表示肯定，有如下几种情况。1few和little前有名词所有
23、格或物主代词修饰时，表示肯定意义。His few friends have gone abroad.他的几个朋友都出国去了。Toms little money helped them out.汤姆的一点钱帮他们渡过了难关。2 few和little前有some, other,every等修饰时，表示肯定意义。They meet every few days.他们每隔几天见一次面。Dont trouble yourself about some little things.不要为一些小事而烦恼。3 few和little前有定冠词the或next,past,this, that, these,tho
24、se等时，表示肯定含义。He asked for the little meat.他想要那一点点肉。They will make greater progress in the few years tocome.在未来几年中，他们将取得更大的进步。That little bread is enough for the bird.那一点点面包足够鸟儿吃的了。These few trees gave us shade in summer.这几棵树夏天给我们遮阴。277 fewer和less1fewer是few的比较级，意为“比较少，更少的”，修饰可数名词。I have fewer books th
25、an she.我的书比她的少。2 less是little的比较级，意为“较少的，更少”，修饰不可数名词、形容词或副词。They spent less money on this bridge than on thatbridge.他们在这座桥上花的钱比在那座桥上花的钱少。This coat is less expensive.这件外衣便宜些。提示在数量、金额或时间的名词前，常用less than表示“少于，不到”，而不用fewer than。Less than 50 persons attended the meeting.出席那个会议的不足50人。The dictionary cost me
26、 less than ten dollars.这部词典花了我不到10美元。It took her less than one week to finish the work.她没用一个星期就完成了这项工作。278 fill, fill in和fill with1fill意为“装满，填满”，可作及物动词和不及物动词。作及物动词用时，结构为：fill sb.with sth.fill sb.+sth.+with sth. (双宾语)be filled with sth./sb.充满着，充满了Laughter filled the hall.大厅里充满了笑声。This thought filled
27、me with pleasure.这种想法使我心里充满喜悦。Please fill me the cup with water.请给我把这个杯子装满水。Her eyes were filled with tears.她泪水盈盈。2fillin意为“填写表格(forms)，填空(blanks)”。Please fill in this form with pen.请用钢笔填写这张表格。Please fill in your name and address.请把你的名字和地址填上。He asked us to fill in the blanks with nouns.他要我们用名词填空。 fi
28、ll.with意为“使充满，把填满”。He filled his bag with food.他把袋子都装满了食物。The news filled her heart with hope.这消息使她充满了希望。279 firstbe the first to dobe the first to do.表示“第一个做的人”，first 也可以是second，third，fourth等序数词，其前的the不可省。She is always the first to come to office.她总是第一个来上班。They are the first to bear hardships and t
29、he last to enjoy comforts.他们总是吃苦在先，享乐在后。He is the third one to win the prize.他是第三个获得那个奖的人。280 fit和suit1 fit可用作及物动词和不及物动词。(1)一般用指“(服装的尺寸、大小)合身，合适”。This coat fits me.这件上衣我穿合身。The shoes fit me well.这双鞋很适合我。This dress fits badly.这件衣服很不合适。His coat fits beautifully.他的上衣很合身。(2)表示“使适合”，结构为：fit sb. for sth.f
30、it sb. to do sth.His abilities fit him for the position.他的能力使他很适合担任这个职务。Her experience fits her to lead the research group.她的经验使她适合领导这个研究小组。(3)表示“装配，安装”。He has fitted a new lock on the door.他在门上装了把新锁。提示The dress fits for her nicely.误(fit表示“适合于”为及物动词)The dress fits her nicely. 这件衣服她穿正合适。2fit用作形容词时，表示
31、“适合的，能胜任的”，可作定语或表语，结构为：be fit for sth.be fit to do sth.She is just fit for a job as a teacher.她正适合干教师这一行。The food is not fit to eat.那食物不适合吃。 suit表示“(衣服的款式、颜色)相配，合适”。Blue suits her.蓝色是适合她穿的颜色。That new dress suits you very well.那件新衣的款式很适合你。The colour of the cloth suits a woman at my wifesage.这布的颜色适合我妻
32、子年龄的妇女穿。提示fit常指适合某种目的或用途，或某人适合某种工作、职务，而suitable则指适合某种情况、环境或需要。The man is not fit for the job.这人不适应做这项工作。These clothes are not suitable here.这些衣服在这里穿不合适。This red jacket is fit but not suitable for me.这件红夹克衫我穿合身，但不合适。281 fit with和equip with1 fit with常表示下面两种含义。(1)表示“以装备，供应”。She fitted her son with a ra
33、incoat.她为儿子添了一件雨衣。(2)表示“符合”。Her idea doesnt fit with yours.她的观点同你的不符。2 equip with表示“用装备，使具有”，通常指军队、武器等。He equipped them with arms.他把他们武装起来了。282 fix, mend和repairfix意为“修理”，指需要拆装或修理的小件物品，修收音机、门锁等。fix也可表示“装配”。Ill have my radio fixed.我要把收音机修一下。Her mother is mending the shoes.她母亲正在补鞋。repair意为“修改，维修”，常指修理大
34、件东西或较复杂的东西，如机器、车辆、马路等。He had his car repaired.他请人修了车。283 flesh和meat1flesh指人或兽类身上的肉，也指果蔬的食用部分。如：the flesh of the apple(苹果的肉)。meat指人们食用的肉，即“肉食”。另外，鱼肉是fish，鸡肉是chicken，牛肉是beef，猪肉是pork。284 floor, storey和story表示“在几层楼”，用floor，比较英美关于楼层的不同说法：一楼(the first floor(美式英语)the ground floor(英式英语)二楼(the second floor(美
35、式英语）the first floor(英式英语)三楼the third floor(美式英语)the second floor(英式英语)表示楼房有多少层时，用storey或story，其复数形式分别为storeys和stories。That is a building of thirty-eight storeys.那是一幢38层的大楼。=That is a building of thirty-eight stories.=That is a thirty-eight-storeyed building.=How many storeys has the building?这幢大楼有多少
36、层？=How many stories has the building?285 fly high还是fly highly1 high可以作形容词或副词。作形容词用时，意为“高的”，如：a high wall (一堵高墙)；作副词用时，意为“高，高地”，表示距离的高，具体的高。 highly也是副词，但不表示具体的高，只能表示抽象的高，意为“高度地”。The bird can fly highly.误The bird can fly high. 这只鸟能飞得很高。Jilimy hal湖是得高，The sun has risen highly.误The sun has risen high. 太
37、阳已升得很高了。How highly can you climb?误How high can you climb?正你能爬多高？提示表示“高度评价某人”要说think of sb. highly,“高度赞扬某人”要说speak highly of sb.，这里的highly都是表示“高度地”，表示程度，不表示距离。提示fly sth.high也是正确用法，这里的fly意为“放飞”，是及物动词，后跟bird,kite等词；而flyhigh中的fly为不及物动词。比较wide宽，指可测量的宽度(a wide river 一条很宽的河)widely广泛地，表示程度(be widely known广为
38、人知)deep深，指可测量的深度(adeep well一口深井)deeply深深地，表示程度(lovesb.deeply深深地爱某人)286 foot和feet1 foot作“足，脚”解时，复数形式为feet。foot作“英尺”解时，复数形式为feet或foot，英国人常用foot。He is a man of five feet/foot six.他身高5英尺6英寸。The table is four feet/foot long.这张桌子4尺长。提示“步行”要说on foot，不可说on feet。287 “for+动名词”表示原因还是目的for + 动名词表示“因”，强调事情的原因，常同
39、blame (责备)，scold(责骂)，reprimand(谴责)，punish(处罚)等连用。for+动名词不可表示目的。He was punished for being late.他因迟到而受罚。The driver was fined for speeding.那驾驶员因为超速而被罚款。Forgive me for keeping you waiting.不好意思让你们久等了。She felt ashamed of herself for not doing it well.她因为自己没做好而感到羞愧。The teacher was angry with Jack for cheat
40、ing in the exam.老师对杰克在考试中作弊非常生气。提示表示目的应使用不定式短语，不可用“for+动名词”。但可用“for+名词”。I came here for learning English.误I came here to learn English. 我来这里是为了学英语。I came here for improving my health.误I came here to improve my health.正=I came here for my health.我来这里是为了增进健康。He sang a love song to please her.为了要取悦她，他唱
41、了一首情歌。=He sang a love song in order to please her. =He sang a love song so as to please her.表示“为了要”，常用“to+动词原形”，还可用“in order to+动词原形”和“so as to+动词原形”。提示表示目的还有以下几种表示法：for the purpose of+动名词with a view to+动名词with an eye to+动名词with the intention of+动名词With a view to improving his ability to speak Engli
42、sh,James spent most of his summer vacations in the States.为了提高说英语的能力，詹姆士暑假大部分时间都在美国。288 for a time，for a moment和for the moment1 for a time意为“一度，有一段时间，一时”，常用于过去时中。She lived in Nanjing for a time.她曾一度住在南京。He didnt recognize her for a time.他一时没有认出她来。 for a moment意为“一会儿，片刻”，相当于for a while。She was silent
43、 for a moment.她沉默了一会儿。一会儿 on thesoe fora moment他在多安上坐了3 for the moment意为“眼下，目前，暂时”，指说话时的暂时情况，常用于一般现在时或一般将来时。He is very busy for the moment.他眼下很忙。He has nothing to do for the moment.他暂时没什么事可做。I cant remember her name for the moment.我暂时记不起她的名字了。289 for example,for instance, such as, namely和that is for
44、 example和for instance都是介词短语，意为“例如，比如”，这两个短语在句中的位置较灵活，可以放在句首、句中或句尾，可用作独立成分，通常用逗号与所修饰的部分隔开，它们常可换用，但强调“代表”意义时，多用for example。这两个短语用来列举同类中的一个为例，可以是一个句子，也可以是单词词组。Many great men have risen from poverty,forexample，Lincoln and Edison.许多伟人出身贫寒，例如林肯和爱迪生。(可用for instance)What would you do if you met a wild anima
45、latiger，for instance?要是遇到一头野兽，比如老虎，你会怎么办？(可用for example)A lot of students in the class, for example, Mary, agreed to the plan.班上的许多学生，比如玛丽，赞同这项计划。Fot example, a bicycle driven by electricity can avoid pollution.比如，电动自行车没有污染。There are jobs more dangerous than work high above the ground, for example,t
46、raining tigers.有许多工作比高空作业更危险，例如驯虎。 such as也作“例如”解，用来列举事物，对前面提到的名词进行列举说明，放在名词与被列举的事物之间。such后通常跟名词，也可以跟介词短语，不定式等。such as用来列举同类中的几个，但不是全部。such as引导的成分作同位语。He speaks several languages, such as English, French and Japanese.他会说几种外语，比如英语、法语和日语。Books of references, such as dictionaries and handbooks, are no
47、t allowed to be taken out of the reading room.参考书，比如词典和手册，是不允许拿出阅览室的。This machine is very useful in daily life,such as in making bread.这台机器在日常生活中是很有用的，比如做面包。提示such as不能同and so on连用，不能说such as Jim, Jack and so on。 namely(=that is=i.e.)是副词，意为“即，也就是”，放在被列举的事物前，要把前面的名词所应包含的事物全部列出；namely前面需要有逗号，后面可以不用逗号。He speaks four languages, namely English, French, Germa