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1、M_454 machine和machinery两词均表示“机器”，但前者是可数名词，后者是不可数名词，可以说amachine，但不可说amachinery, two machineries，可以说a piece ofmachinery(一台机器)，two pieces of machinery(两台机器)。They are now using new machineries.误They are now using new machinery.他们现在使用新机器。He doesnt know how to operate those machines.他不知道如何操作那些机器。Nowadays,
2、 most farm work is done bymachinery.现在，大部分农活是由机器来完成的。提示比较类似的名词：poetry(诗歌)，集体名词，不可数poem(诗)，可数(apoem,two poems)jewelry(珠宝)，集体名词，不可数jewel(珠宝)，可数(a jewel, two jewels)weaponry(武器)，集体名词，不可数weapon (武 器)，可数(a weapon, two weapons)fiction(小说类)，总称，不可数novel(小说)，可数(anovel, two novels)455be made of,be made from,
3、be made in,be made for,be made by, be made into, be made out of, be made with和be made up of1 be made of表示“由制成”，指制成品还可见原材料的模样，原材料的本质不变。This chair is made of wood.这把椅子是用木头做的。(木头的性质、形状没变)The bridge is made of stones.这座桥是石头造的。(仍可见石头)These bottles are made of glass.这些瓶子是玻璃造的。(仍可见玻璃) be made from也表示“由制成”，
4、但制成品已不见原材料的模样，原材料的本质已发生化学变化。Wine is made from rice.酒是米酿制的。(酒中已不可见到米，本质已变化)Gas is made from coal.煤气由煤制成。Salt is made from sea water.盐是海水制成的。(已不可见海水) be made in表示“在某个地方造的”，in后面跟地点名词。This car is made in Shanghai.这辆轿车是上海造的。That radio is made in Japan.那台收音机是日本造的。be made for表示“为某人、某物或干某事造的”，后跟人、物或动名词。That
5、 machine is made for them by the factory.那台机器是由这家工厂为他们造的。These tractors are made for that country.这些拖拉机是为那个国家造的。This knife is made for cutting meat.这把刀是为切肉做的。50be made by表示“由造的，被造的”，为被动语态结构，后跟动作的执行者。This desk is made by an old worker.这张桌子是由一位老工人做的。These toys are made by our factory.这些玩具是由我们厂制造的。60be
6、 made into表示“（某种原料）可以制成(某种成品)”，主语为原料，into的宾语为成品。make sth.into sth.表示“把某物制成某物”。Milk can be made into butter and cheese.牛奶可以制成黄油和乳酪。Stones can be made into bridges.石头可以造桥。They make glass into bottles.他们把玻璃制成瓶子。Glass is made into bottles.玻璃制成瓶子。We make cloth into different kinds of clothes.我们把布做成不同种类的衣
7、服。Cloth is made into different kinds of clothes.布被做成不同种类的衣服。be made out of表示“(某个成品)由制成”。The box is made out of cedar wood.这个盒子是用杉木做成的。8 be made with表示“用做”，with后跟原料。Steamed bread is made with flower.面包是用面粉做的。A fruit cake is made with fruit.水果蛋糕用水果制成。9be made up of表示“由组成，由制成”。This museum is made up of
8、 three parts.这座博物馆由3个部分组成。Our class is made up of forty students.我们班由40名学生组成。456 major, chief,main和principal1 major指比其他事物更具影响力或更重要。a major discovery重大发现 chief指人或物，分别强调人在同行中地位最高或物在同类中最重要，价值最高。the chief rivers of India印度主要的河流the chief librarian图书馆长main只用指物，在大小、能量或重要性方面超过其他部分。the main dish of ameal一餐的主
9、菜the main points of the speech演说的要点4principal可用于指人或物，担负主要责任的人，或位居同类之首的物。the principal figure in the strike 罢工的为首人物the principal town of the district 该地区最重要的城镇457 make friends with还是makefriend with“与交友，与建立友谊”在英语中有一固定表达法，即：make friends with sb.。从意义上讲，交友是由两人或多人进行的活动，所以friend一词为复数，不难理解和接受，另外几个类似的结构如：be
10、friends with(与友好，喜爱)，keep friends with(与保持友好关系)，makefriends(交朋友，建立友谊，变得友好)，其中都用复数friends。Paul is friends with Bill.保罗与比尔关系很好。Mary is friends with roses.玛丽喜爱玫瑰花。They have kept friends with each other all theseyears.这些年来他们一直保持着友好的关系。Where he goes he makes friends.他无论到哪里都广交朋友。458 man, the man和mankind1m
11、an表示“全体人类”时，不加定冠词the，但指某个人则须加the。The man is born equal.误Man is born equal.正人生来平等。The man standing over there is my brother.站在那边的那个人是我的弟弟。man可以表示任何一个人，包括男性和女性，以区别于动物。In ancient times,men feared thundersome stilldo.古时候，人害怕打雷有些人现在仍然害怕。What a piece of work is a man!人是一件多么了不起的杰作！There is in all men, both
12、 male and female, a desire and power of generation.在所有人身上，不管男人还是女人，都有一种生育的欲望和技能。mankind和human beings均表示“全体人类”，不加定冠词。Disease is the enemy of mankind.疾病是人类的敌人。提示aman表示“某个人”或“人人”。A man should love his country.人人都应爱国。=Everyone should love his country.=One should love ones country.459 manner和manners 表示“方
13、式，风格，态度”时，manner常用单数形式；表示“礼貌，礼仪”时，要用复数形式manners。Her manner of walking is quite strange.她走路的方式很奇特。He is mild in manner.他态度温和。You should have good manners in front of thevisitors.在来宾面前你应该有礼貌。Manners show/shows ones education.礼貌反映出一个人的修养。460 many,many a和manyanother1 many使用的范围较广，并可用于非正式文体中，可作形容词或代词；many
14、后跟复数可数名词。Many trees have been cut down there.那里许多树都被砍伐了。Many of them cant find work.他们许多人找不到工作。2 many a是形容词词组，修饰单数可数名词，较文气，表示强调，常用作书面语，除表示“许多”外，也可表示“一个又一个的”。“many a+单数名词”作主语时后接单数谓语动词。For many a day it rained.下了好多天的雨。Many a true word is spoken in jest.许多真话都是在开玩笑时讲出的。He received many a letter last wee
15、k.他上周收到了一封又一封的信。也可以说many another+单数名词，意同many a+单数名词。Many another day went by.一天又一天过去了。461 many more和much more1.many more+可数名词复数是一种习惯表达法，意为“比多得多”，后跟than比较结构；也可表示“另有许多”。She has many more friends here than her sister.她在这里比她姐姐有更多的朋友。I have just finished writing one letter.I have many more letters to wri
16、te today.我才写完一封信，我今天还有许多信要写。 much more+不可数名词也是一种习惯表达法，much作状语，修饰 more，意为“比多得多”，后跟than比较结构；也可表示“另有许多”。He spent much more money on books than Tom.他花在买书上的钱比汤姆多得多。Mr. Smith drank much more wine at the party than anybody else.史密斯先生在宴会上比其他人喝的酒都多。He has much more money besides this.除此之外，他另外还有许多钱。3 much mor
17、e还可用于修饰形容词或副词，这时，much表示强调，相当于far, a lot, a greatdeal。This story is much more interesting than that one.这个故事比那个故事有趣得多。462 marry可用作及物动词和不及物动词1.0用作及物动词，marry表示“娶，嫁，与结婚”，结构为：marry sb.娶某人，嫁给某人be/get married已结婚(状态)be/get married to sb.与某人结婚，嫁给某人marry ones daughter to sb.把女儿嫁给某人John is going to marry Miss
18、Lin.约翰准备娶林小姐。Miss Lin is going to marry John.林小姐准备嫁给约翰。She got married to one of her classmates.她嫁给了她的一位同学。They got married last week.他们上周结婚了。She married her daughter to a writer.她把女儿嫁给了一位作家。提示“与结婚”可以直接用及物动词marry，也可用be/get married to sb.结构，但不可说marrywith sb.或be married with sb.。她与一位工人结了婚。She married
19、with a worker.误She was married with a worker.误She married a worker.正She was/ got married to a worker.2 marry用作不及物动词，表示“结婚”。She married young.她结婚早。She married not for love.她并不是因为爱情而结婚的。marry是非延续性动词，不可同表示一段时间的状语连用，但be married表示的是状态，可以同一段时间状语连用。比较：They have married for twenty years.误They have been marr
20、ied for twenty years.正220年es siavce ther norted 他们路婚已提示1问某人“婚否”要说：Are you married? Is she married? Is your brother married?2“未婚”可说：Im single.3问何时结婚的应说：When did you get married? When were you married?463 matter, affair和business1matter指必须考虑的事件、事情。在“Whatis the matter with.?”句型中，matter意为“麻烦”。What is the
21、 matter with the car?车子出了什么毛病？He raised/took up the matter with me.他向我提出那个问题。 affair是可数名词，意为“事件，事务”。如：public affairs(公共事务)，international affairs(国际事务)。Mind your own affairs.别管闲事。 business多指商业活动，也指“职业，职责，责任，工作任务”等。He went to Shanghai on business.他出差去上海了。464 mean, means, method, way, tool和mediummean是及
22、物动词，常表示如下几种含义。(1)意思是，有意思。I dont know what this word means.我不知道这个词什么意思。What I mean is that you should be more careful.我的意思是你应该更加细心。What do you mean by saying that?你那样说话是什么意思？(2)意味着，就是(后跟名词或动名词)。Life to her means struggle.生活对于她来说就意味着斗争。Missing the train means waiting for another hour.没赶上车就意味着再等1小时。(3)
23、打算，意欲(后跟名词、代词或不定式)。He means you no harm.他无意伤害你。She means to stay here.她想留在这里。I have meant to call on you yesterday, but it rained hard.我本打算昨天拜访你的，但却下了大雨。(have meant to do sth.表示“本来打算干什么”)比较mean to do sth.打算做某事，想做某事，决意做某事mean doing sth.意思是，意味着(主语是人时，常与by短语搭配)What do you mean to say at the meeting?你想在
24、会上说什么？His manner of speaking means refusing yoursuggestion.他说话的方式意味着拒绝你的建议。(4)有价值，有意义，与a lot,much,a great deal, little, nothing连用。Good health means much to us.健康的身体对我们至关重要。Money means little to him.他对金钱并不看重。(5)打算让，结构为：mean sb.to do sth.。His father meant him to be asoldier.他父亲打算让他当兵。I didnt mean you
25、to do the work.我本不打算让你做这项工作。(6) mean也用于一些惯用句型中。I mean what I say.我说话是算数的。He certainly means what he says.他当然说话算数。Do you mean to say hes wrong?你难道是说他错了？ means是名词，表示“方法，工具，手段”，单复数相同，主要指为达到某个目的或目标而采取的手段、方法，也指具体的工具、器械，尤指通信、交通工具。结构为：the means to do sth.the means of doing sth.by means of sth.What is the b
26、est means to realize our purpose?实现我们目的的最好方法是什么？Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想是靠语言来表达的。A hammer is a means of driving a nail.锤子是敲钉子的工具。method常指系统的、逻辑的方法或办法。The new scientific method has been widely used.这种新的科学方法已被广泛运用。4way是一般用语，指解决问题的具体办法或途径，也指“道路，路”。Where there is a will, there is a wa
27、y.有志者事竟成。Weve got to think out a way to explain it.我们得想出一种解决它的方法。 tool意为“工具，器具”，通常指木工、泥瓦工、农业、耕作使用的，用手工操作的，较简单的工具，有时也喻指“手段，方法”。There are some farm tools in the corner.墙角上有一些农具。He is a mere tool in the hands of the secret police.他只是秘密警察手中的工具而已。A dictionary is a useful tool for a translator.词典是译者的有用工具。
28、6 medium意为“媒介”，指东西或物质，借助于某物(尤指无形物如声、热、信息)传递给他人或别的物体。也可表示“宣传工具”，复数为mediums或media。Air is the medium for sound.空气是传播声音的介体。mass media大众传媒465 meet和meet with meet用作动词时，意为“遇见，迎接，跟(人)结识，迎战，应付(困难、厄运等)”，可作及物动词或不及物动词。They often write, but seldom meet.他们经常通信，但很少见面。I met an old friend in the street yesterday.我昨天
29、在街上遇见一位朋友。He has gone to meet his father at the station.他去火车站接他父亲了。I shall do my best to meet the difficulty.我将尽最大努力应对困难。2 meet with表示“无意/偶然遇到(meet by chance, come across)，经历、遭遇(困难、麻烦、事故)”。在现代英语中，也可用meet表示“经历、遭遇(困难等)”。I met with her in the bookstore.我偶然在书店里碰到了她。I met her in the bookstore.我在书店里遇见了她。S
30、he met with an accident in the street.她在街上出了事故。提示meet可表示“满足(要求等)”，而meet with则不可。He didnt meet the qualifications.他不符合条件。This will meet their need.这将会满足他们的需求。466 men和people1表示“人群”时，要用people，不用men。所有的街道到处都是人。All the streets were full of men.误All the streets were full of people.people表示“人”时，是复数名词，不可作单数
31、用，可与two以上的数字连用。I saw five peoples there.误I saw five people there. 我看到那儿有五个人。I saw a people there.误I saw a man/a person there.正 我看到那儿有个男子/人。467 middle, centre和midstmiddle指“中间部分，中部”，但不一定是正中心。Dont stand in the middle of the road.不要站在路中间。2centre指场所的正中心，中心点；常用于比喻中。Here is just the centre of the city.这儿正是
32、城市的中心。It is the commercial centre of the country.它是这个国家的商业中心。She is the centre of public admiration.她受到人们的广泛赞扬。比较the centre of the town城市的中心(点)the middle of the town城市的中部3 midst指“在一个群体中(among)”或“在过程中(what is taking place or being done)”。He found her in the midst of a group of friends.他在一群朋友中间发现了她。46
33、8 mind doing sth.和Do youmind? mind作动词用，意为“介意，反对”，后跟名词或动名词，不可跟不定式。I dont mind his words.我不介意他的话。Would you mind waiting a few minutes?请你等一下好吗？Would you mind opening the window?你反对打开窗户吗？mind作动词用，意为“注意，当心”，后跟名词或从句。Mind the dog.当心狗。Mind what I say.注意我的话。never mind表示“别介意，没关系”。Never mind the cost.不要管费用多少。N
34、ever mind what he said.不要介意他说什么。make up ones mind表示“下决心”。He has made up his mind doing it.误(后不跟动名词)He has made up his mind to do it. 他已下决心做那件事。change ones mind表示“改变主意”。He has changed his mind again.他又改变主意了。提示mind后可跟if从句，注意句型的转换。Do you mind if I open the window?我打开窗户你会介意吗？=Do you mind my opening the
35、window? Do you mind.?或Would you mind.?常用来请求别人许可做某事，表示许可用Not at all或No, go ahead.回答，表示不许可用Yes,I do mind.或Yes, I mind very much.回答。A:Do you mind my smoking here?我在这里抽烟你介意吗？B: No,go ahead.不，请抽吧。A: Do you mind if I take it away?我把它拿走你介意吗？B: Yes, I do mind.我当然介意。469 misfortune, disaster,calamity,catastro
36、phe和mishap1 misfortune不幸，一般用语。2disaster灾难，一般用语，指突然降临，其严重后果大于misfortune，天灾人祸各种因素都可导致。3calamity正式用语，后果严重，常指天灾，自然灾害。catastrophe语气强，指大祸，灾变，悲剧等，可以是自然因素，也可以是人为因素所致。5 mishap小小的不幸，语气轻。Years before, her house was burnt down but that was a calamity they could make up for. This time the death of her husband, f
37、ollowed by her only son, in the same road accident, was a real catastrophe. And it was not a mishap but a disaster to the company who dependedso much on the mans specialized technological knowledge. Considering her experience, one is reminded of the saying“Misfortunes never come alone.” 几年前她家房子被焚毁，不
38、过那场天灾他们可以弥补。这次她丈夫和独生子相继死于同一场车祸，确实是场大灾难。而且，对于如此依赖此人专业技术知识的公司来讲，也不是小小的不幸，而是灾祸。想到她的经历，人们不禁想起“祸不单行”这句老话。470 be mistaken about和bemistaken forbe mistaken about表示“弄错”，mistaken为形容词作表语。You are mistaken about the meaning of thephrase.你把这个短语的意思弄错了。2 be mistaken for表示“被误看作”，mistaken是过去分词。She has been mistaken f
39、or a spy.她被误看成是间谍。471 money和cashmoney和cash(现金)均为不可数名词。点线，tchas only a litade moner on him.他身上只带一Please pay in cash.请付现金。(不用money)提示change表示“零钱”，为不可数名词。Dont forget your change!不要忘了找你的钱！472 moral和morale1moral a.道德(上)的，道义的；n.寓意，教育意义。Im in a moral dilemma.我处于道德上进退两难的困境。The moral of the story was“Look be
40、fore youleap”.这个故事的教益是“三思而后行”。 morale士气，精神面貌；道德，品行。The news was a boost to morale.这消息鼓舞了士气。473 more and more和the morethe more more and more意为“越来越”，表示的是递增或递减，指数量的越来越多，性质的越来越强或越来越弱。more and more可以作定语，修饰名词，可以作表语，也可以作状语。More and more people enjoy sports in the openair.越来越多的人喜欢户外运动。I like the city more a
41、nd more.我越来越喜爱这座城市。The story gets more and more exciting.这个故事越来越激动人心。The king became more and more mad.那个国王变得越来越疯狂了。It is getting colder and colder.天越来越冷了。 the morethe more表示“越越”，指两个事物在程度或数量上作等量增加或减少。注意，在这种结构中，两者都要用比较级，可以是形容词比较级，也可以是副词比较级。The more one has, the more one wants.一个人拥有越多，越想拥有更多。The soone
42、r you finish the work,the better it is.这项工作你完成得越早越好。The faster you walk,the earlier youll get there.你走得越快，就能越早到那里。The more angry he became,the more she laughed at him.他越生气，她越嘲笑他。The longer you look at the moon,the brighter it seems to be.月亮越看越明亮。474 more than a和more than one10more than a中的a指的是“一个，任何
43、一个”，表示的是类别。He will stay here for more than a mouth.他将在这里待一个多月。(超过30天) more than one中的one强调数量是“一个”，而不是“两个，三个，四个”。比较It took het more than an hour to get there. 到达那里花了她一个多小时。(一个小时多一点)It took her more than one hour to get there.到达那里花了她不止一个小时。(可能两个小时，三个小时)He has a sister who studies in Fudan University.他
44、有一个妹妹在复旦大学学习。(可能有几个妹妹)He has one sister who studies in FudanUniversity.(表示只有一个妹妹)475 most, mostly和at (the) mostmost作形容词，表示“大多数的，大部分的”，用作定语，后跟复数名词，指一般的或泛指的人或物，这时，most前不可用定冠词the。The most people like to watch TV.误Most people like to watch TV. 大多数人都喜欢看电视。The most students are fond of sports.误Most studen
45、ts are fond of sports.正大部分学生喜爱运动。most作名词，表示“大多数，大部分”，表示特指的人或物。结构为：most of+代词宾格most of+限定词+名词(限定词可以是定冠词、指示代词或形容词性物主代词)作名词用的most可以表示单数，也可以表示复数，取决于of后的名词。另外，这种用法的most前不可加the。地球的大部分被水覆盖着。Most of earth is covered with water.误Most of the earth are covered with water.误Most of the earth is covered with wate
46、r.正Most of it is covered with water.正大部分学生都来参加会议了。Most of students have come to the meeting.误The most of the students have come to the meeting.Most of the students have come to the meeting.正Most of his students have come to the meeting.他的大部分学生都来参加会议了。most作代词，同the连用时，表示“最多的数量”。This bag holds the most
47、.这个包容量最大。4 most作副词，表示“最，很，第一”。What did you most enjoy?你最欣赏的是什么？I saw her most at that time.我那时候常见到她。That problem troubles her most.那个问题最使她头痛。I do thank you most warmly for your timely help.我确实非常热诚地感谢你的及时帮助。提示most表示very时，只用于肯定句，不可用于条件句、否定句或疑问句。He is a most diligent student in the class.他是班上一个很用功的学生。He is the most diligent student in the class.他是班上最用功的学生。 mostly是副词，意为“多半地，大多数地”。自日杂e vistons are mosls fron