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1、N_ _ _481nature, character和personality1 nature的使用范围最广，指生来就有、不可改变的性格。Mary has a cheerful nature.玛丽生性快乐。 character往往与道德有关系，指对某人个性或人格所作的客观评价。Such influence can change mans character for thebetter.这样的影响可以把人的性格变得更好。 personality指某人稳定的心理特征。The environment shapes personality.环境造就个性。482 near, nearly和next to1
2、near及其比较级和最高级nearer和nearest均可用作介词或副词，作介词用时，near意为“靠近，在的附近”，后跟名词、代词等。作副词用时，near多指空间或时间上的“近”，放在动词后面，意为“在附近，近地”，后不可加宾语。near to，nearer to和nearest to也都是正确说法，后跟名词或代词。He is sitting near the window.他靠近窗户坐着。There are no shops near here.这里附近没有商店。Please stand nearer.请靠近些站。He lives nearest to our school.他住得离我们学
3、校最近。He lives quite near.他住得很近。The Spring Festival is drawing near.春节临近了。It is known far and near.这件事到处流传。2 near还可表示“亲近地；几乎，差不多”。She came near being killed by a car.她差点儿被车压死。3 near还可用作形容词，意为“近的，接近的”，作定语或表语。Which is the nearest way to the station?哪条是去火车站最近的路？The post office is quite near.邮局离得很近。4nearl
4、y表示“几乎，差不多；亲切地，亲密地”。I nearly missed the train.我差点儿没赶上火车。Its nearly eleven oclock.现在大约11点钟了。She was nearly drowned.她差一点淹死。(=almost)The matter concerns her nearly.这件事与她密切相关。提示在下面两句中，用near与nearly均可：They are near/nearly related.他们是近亲。He was near/nearly dead with fright.他几乎给吓死。5 next to为介词短语，后跟名词，意为“靠近，相
5、邻，贴近”。She sits next to me in class.在班上她坐在我旁边。They are lying next to each other.他们相互靠近躺着。483 nearly和almost1nearly和almost在肯定句中，都作“几乎，差不多”解，常可换用。Nearly/Almost all the children like the book.几乎所有的儿童都喜欢这本书。2 almost表示的程度要更准确些。Its almost 11 oclock.差不多11点了。 almost可以说是几分钟之差，nearly表示的时间差则可以大些。nearly可与not单独连用，
6、不可修饰no, never, none，nothing;almost不可与not单独连用，但可修饰no，never,none,nothing。He has nearly no money.误He has almost no money. 他几乎没有钱。They are not almost ready.误They are not nearly ready. 他们还远没准备好。484 neglect,ignore和omitneglect指有意或无意地(intentional orunintentional)对职责、任务等疏忽。后接名词或动名词表示“不注意”，后接不定式表示“忘记”。neglect
7、 ones meals and sleep 废寝忘食She neglected to close the windows.她忘了关窗。ignore表示对某物假装不知，故意不理(intentional)；有时含有傲慢意味，对所忽视的对象表现出轻侮行为。You have ignored what I said in the letter.你忽视了我信中说的话。She saw him coming but she ignored him.她看见他来了，但没有理他。 omit指经过考虑而有意不做，也可指完全出于疏忽而漏掉或未做；还可表示省略、删去词、句等。omit后可跟名词、动名词或不定式。She o
8、mitted any mention of her own life.她没有谈及自己的生活。He omitted to say whether these papers should be sent to him.他没说这些文件是否要送给他。Mary omitted making her bed.玛丽没铺床。485 nice和nice and1 nice是形容词，可作定语或表语，表示“好的，愉快的”等多种含义。a nice book好书nice weather天气晴朗a nice man正派的人anice flower好看的花look nice相貌/服装好看a nice holiday愉快的假
9、期 nice作表语时，常构成下面的结构：be nice to sb.be nice to do sth.It is nice to do sth.It is nice doing sth.It is nice of sb.to do sth.You are nice to say so.你这样说真是太好了。It is nice to say so.It is nice saying so.It is nice of you to say so.nice and+形容词或副词是口语中常用的强调结构，意为“很，非常”，nice and相当于very，quite。The room is nice a
10、nd cool.这房间很凉爽。The train is going nice and fast.火车正风驰电掣般地飞奔。He got up nice and early.他起得很早。486 nobut和nothing butno+名词+but相当于only+名词/代词，意为“只有”，这里的but表示“除了”。No one but she knows the secret.只有她知道这个秘密。=Only she knows the secret.No dictionary but this one is the most useful.只有这本词典最有用。=Only this dictionar
11、y is the most useful.2 but还可构成nothing but, nobody but, no one but, no man but, nowhere but等，也相当于only。It is nothing but a joke.这只是一个玩笑。=It is only a joke.I have nothing left but a few dollars.我只剩下几美元了。=I have only a few dollars left.Nobody but a fool would believe him.只有傻瓜才会相信他。=Only a fool would bel
12、ieve him.你只能在这个湖里才能发现这种鱼。You can find this kind of fish nowhere but in this lake.=You can find this kind of fish only in this lake. No man but a fool would believe his words.除了傻瓜，谁也不会相信他的话。487 no more的四种用法1 no more可以作定语，表示“没有多余的，没有另外的”。There is no more ink in the bottle.瓶子里再没有墨水了。No more men came to
13、 the island.再也没有人到这个岛上来。I have no more money in the pocket.我口袋里再没有钱了。no more可以作状语，表示“不再”。We saw the animal no more.我们再也没有见过这种动物。Iam afraid I shall see her no more.恐怕我再也见不到她了。3 no more作名词短语，可作主语或宾语，表示“没有更多的东西”。No more can be done.再没有什么可做了。I have no more to tell you.我没有更多的东西要告诉你了。 no more还可作“也不，也没有”解，
14、相当于neither。She didnt buy the book. No more/Nor/Neither did I.她没有买那本书，我也没买。(这种用法的nomore后要用倒装)488 no more than, not more than和no/not+比较级+than1.0no more than表示数量时，意为“只有，仅仅”，相当于only，含有少的意思。not more than表示数量时，意为“不超过”，相当于at most。notmore than强调不超过某一数目，可能低于某个数目。比较：The wounded soldier could walk no more than
15、 a couple of miles.那个受伤的士兵只能再走两三英里路。I have no more than five dollars.我只有5美元。(仅有5美元)I have not more than five dollars.我的钱不超过5美元。(可能是4美元或3美元)He caught no more than six fish.他只捕了6条鱼。(数量之少，太不理想)He caught not more than six fish.他捕的鱼不超过6条。(可能是5条或4条)2no+比较级+than表示程度时，意为“同一样不”，两者都否定；not+比较级+than表示程度时，意为“并不比
16、强”，两者都肯定。比较：Tom is no richer than Jim.汤姆同吉姆一样不富有。(两人都穷)Tom is not richer than Jim.汤姆并不比吉姆更富有。(两人都富有)Jack is no more diligent than he is.杰克同他一样不用功。(=Jack is as lazy as he is.)Jack is not more diligent than he is.杰克并不比他更用功。(两人都用功)Her husband is no more ill than she.她没有病，她丈夫也没有病。He is no more an expert
17、 than I am.我不是专家，他也不是。他们住在这里最多不过三个月。They have lived here for not more than three months.=They have lived here for three months at (the) most.489 noise,sound和voice1noise常具有贬义，表示令人心烦的、不和谐的“嘈杂声，噪音，响声”。noise可用作可数名词，可以用a，some，any修饰，但不可用many修饰，不可说many noises。noise也可用作不可数名词，可以说much noise。Who is making such
18、 a big noise?谁这么吵闹？I hate noise.我讨厌噪音。Dont make any noise here.在这里不要弄出声响来。Dont make so much noise.不要大声嚷嚷。2 sound泛指“声音”，指一切可以听到的声音，多用作可数名词。I can hear the sound of the bells outside.我能够听见外面的铃声。She opened the door without making a sound.她打开门，没弄出一点声响。Sounds came from the flower garden.声音从花园里传来。voice表示“嗓
19、音”，指人的说话或唱歌的声音，可以作可数名词或不可数名词。She speaks in a low voice.她说话轻声细语。I heard a voice in the room.我听见房间里有说话声。She has a very sweet yoice.她的声音很甜美。He spoke at the top of his yoice.他大声说话。490 none, nobody, all, neither和no one1none和all：none是不定代词，表示三个或三个以上全部否定；all表示三个或三个以上全部肯定。none不可用作定语，后面不可直接跟名词，但可以跟of短语。none作主
20、语时，通常用复数谓语动词，但表示“当中一个也不”时，可用单数谓语动词；“none of+不可数名词”作主语时，要用单数谓语动词，相当于not any of。 none和all的正确结构为：10none of+代词宾格none of+限定词+复数名词或不可数名词all+复数名词或不可数名词(表示泛指)all+限定词+复数名词或不可数名词(表示特指)all of+代词宾格all of+限定词+复数名词None these pens are mine.误None of these pens are mine.这些钢笔都不是我的。None of them are mine.正None money is
21、 hers.误None of the money is hers.1 这些钱一笔也不是她的。All of the money is hers.误All the money is hers. 所有这些钱都是她的。All of these books are mine.所有这些书都是我的。=All of them are mine.=All the books are mine.None is left.没有东西剩下了。(指物)None are free now.没有人现在有空。(指人)All is lost.一切都完了。(指事物)All were present.所有的人都出席了。(指人)All
22、 hope is gone.一切希望都破灭了。All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马。2 none和neither:none指三个或三个以上“都不”；neither指两个之中“都不”，none和neither都表示全部否定。None of the students went there.学生们都没有去那里。Neither of the two students went there.那两个学生没有一人去那里了。 none和no one：none可以指人，也可以指物；而no one通常指人，但也可指物；no one作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。可以说none ofsb./
23、sth.，也可以说no one of sb.或no one of sth.。None like the book.没有人喜欢这本书。No one likes the book.没有一个人喜欢这本书。None of them have/has left.他们都没有离开。No one of them has left.他们没有一个人离开。None of these books are/is good.这些书都不好。No one of the ruler is strictly observed.这些规定无一严格遵守了。 nobody相当于no one，但不能说nobody of sb.Nobody
24、 of us is free.误No one of us is free.正 我们没有一人空闲。Nobody is free. 没人空闲。5 nobody和no one可同else连用，而none则不可以。Nobody else but Tom went there.除汤姆外，谁也没去那里。No one else in our class can run as fast as Jim.我们班上没有人能跑得同吉姆一样快。提示在简略回答中，no one和nobody回答who引导的问句，或回答内含who引导定语从句的一般疑问句；而none回答how many或howmuch问句。A：Who wil
25、l go with me?谁将同我一起去？B:No one.没谁同你去。A: Are there any teachers here who can speakRussian?这里的老师有谁能说俄语吗？B:No one/Nobody.没有人。A:How much oil is there in the bottle?瓶子里有多少油？B: None.一点也没有。491 not a bit和a bit, not a little和a little1 a bit和a little都可以用作副词短语，表示“-点儿，有点儿”，修饰动词。He felt a bit/a little tired.他感到有点
26、儿累。Please warm the dishes a bit/a little.请把菜热一下。2 not a bit用作副词，表示“一点也不，根本不”，表示否定；而not a little用作副词时，表示“很，非常”，相当于very，用作形容词时，相当于much，表示肯定。比较He is a bit/a little angry.他有点儿生气。He is not a bit angry.他根本不生气。He is not a little angry.他非常生气。He has not a bit money.误He has not a little money.r 他有很多钱。He has a
27、 lot of/much money.正 a bit和a little用作副词短语时，还可表示“-会儿”、相当于a short time.a moment。Please wait a bit/a little.请等一会儿。 a bit和a little还可用作形容词短语，意为“点儿”，修饰不可数名词，作定语。He has only a little money left.他只剩下一点钱了。Please give her a bit bread.请给她一点面包。492 not at all和at all1.not at all是用来回答感谢、道歉的客气话，意为“不客气，没什么，没关系”。A: T
28、hank you for your help.感谢你的帮助。B: Not at all!不客气！A: Sorry, I am late again.对不起，我又迟到了。B:Oh,not at all. Come in please.噢，没关系，请进吧！ at all是副词短语，在疑问句中用来加强语气，意为“到底，究竟”。Do you know her at all?你到底认不认识她？Does he like it at all?他究竟喜不喜欢它？.用于条件句中，at all表示假设语气，意为“既然就，当真”。If you do it at all, do it well.既然要做，就把它做好。
29、Come early if you come at all.要来就早来。用于肯定句中，at all表示惊讶、意外等语气，意为“竟然”。Im surprised that he agreed to the plan at all.他竟然同意这个计划，我很吃惊。493 not onlybut also和as well asnot onlybut also用来连接平行的词或词组，意义与用法同as well as相似，但强调的重点有所不同。not onlybut also强调的是后者，as well as强调的是前者。这两个连接词进行转换时，要注意被强调对象的转移。比较not only A but a
30、lso B重点在后B as well as A重点在前他不但给她写信，而且给她寄了钱。He not only wrote to her but also sent her some money.He sent her some money as well as wrote to her.提示1由于as well as所强调的是前者，所以as wellas连接两个词作主语时，谓语动词的数要同as wellas前面的主语一致。She as well as you is right.她和你都是对的。2在“He works as well as a skilled worker.”一句中，as wel
31、l as不是连词，不表示“不但而且”，这种用法中的well是副词，意为“好”，asas为表示平等比较的连词，意为“像一样”。上句可译为“他工作像一位熟练工人那样好。”494 not so much as 和not somuchasnot so much as意为“甚至都没有，甚至不”，相当于without even。He cannot so much as write his own name.他甚至连自己的名字都不会写。(=He cannot even write his own name.)She went away not so much as saying good-bye.她甚至不辞
32、而别。She went straight ahead not so much as lookingback.她径直向前走，甚至连头也没有回一下。not so muchas意为“与其说是不如说是”，相当于rather than。He is not so much a scholar as an artist.与其说他是个学者，不如说他是个艺术家。I like his brother not so much because he is clever as because he is honest.我喜欢他的兄弟，与其说是由于他聪明，不如说是由于他诚实。His success in writing
33、is not so much by inspiration as by diligence.他在写作方面的成功，与其说是靠灵感，毋宁说是靠勤奋。3 not so muchas还可表示“少于，没有像一样多”。He has not so much money as you.他不像你那么有钱。I am not so much fond of jazz as my classmatesthink.我不像我的同学想象的那样喜欢爵士乐。495 notwithoutnotwithout是一种双重否定结构，表示的是肯定含义，意为“没有不，只有才”，也可以用neverwithout。Man cant live
34、without food.人没有食物不能活。They cant finish the work on time without yourhelp.没有你的帮助，他们就不能按时完成工作。Dont enter the room without knocking at thedoor.不敲门勿进房间。Shenever speaks Englishwithout makingmistakes.她一说英语就出错。I never see the picture without thinking of her.我看见这幅画就会想起她。There is no smoke without fire.有烟就有火。
35、496note和coinnote (钞票)和coin (硬币)均为可数名词。He has two five pound notes.他有两张5镑的钞票。She has many silver coins.她有许多银币。提示日常英语中常用bill代替note，如：a ten-dollarbill(一张10美元钞票)。在短语in coin中，coin不可加s。497 notice,take notice of,pay attention to,observe和catch sight of1 notice意为“注意到，看到”，仅指“注意到”这一客观事实，为无意识的行为。 take notice of
36、表示有意识的行为。He passed by without noticing her.他经过时没注意到她。He passed by without taking notice of her.他经过时没有理她。3pass attention to表示“注意”，指主观上主动的注意或留意。Please pay attention to this phrase.请注意这个短语。 observe意为“观察，仔细地看”，相当于watch carefully, see and notice。She closely observed every detail of their actions.她仔细观察了他们
37、动作的每个细节。 catch sight of意为“突然看见，一瞥”，相当于begin to see suddenly。I caught sight of a kite when I looked up.我朝天上看时，突然看见了一只风筝。498 now thatnow that意为“既然”，较为正式，引导原因状语从句，表示说话人及听者都知道的客观事实，that有时可省。Now that you have taken up the job, you should do it well.你既然承担了这项工作，就应该做好它。Now (that)we have gone so far, we might go a little further.既然我们已经走这么远了，那就再多走段路吧。18