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1、D192 damage和damagesdamage损坏，损害(不可数)，常用于dodamage to (to sb.s reputation)。The accident did a lot of damage to the car.这次事故使车子受到很大损坏。Fire causes damage to property.火灾使财产受损失。damages赔偿费，损坏物。He claimed 50, 000 damages from his emplover for his loss of his right arm while at work.他因公失去了右臂，向雇主要求50000美元的赔偿费。
2、The court ordered the defendant (被告) to payS|1, 000 in damages for the accident.法庭要求被告为这次事故支付1000美元赔偿费。提示英语中有些名词，其复数形式有着特殊的含义，阅读中要多加留意，不可“望文生义”。green 绿色greens蔬菜pain痛苦pains 辛劳advice忠告advices通知custom风俗customs海关wood 木材woods森林manner 方式manners 礼貌ruin毁灭ruins 废墟work 工作works 工厂，著作part 部分parts 才能disorder 混乱d
3、isorders小病spectacle 景象spectacles眼镜air空气airs架子security安全securities证券future 未来futures 期货193 damage, destroy和ruin1.damage主要用于物，有时也可用于人，指由于“损害，损坏，毁坏”，使之失去(尤指部分)价值、功能或正常的外观，作名词常同to连用。The scandal damaged him/his reputation.这一丑闻毁了他/毁了他的名誉。He damaged the front of his car in the accident.他在事故中把汽车前部撞坏了。2 dest
4、roy指具体的或抽象的事物受到彻底损坏而很难恢复，故常用指“破坏，毁坏，摧毁”，也可指希望、计划等打破。The fire destroyed the house.大火烧毁了这栋房子。It seems hes destroying himself.他似乎正在毁灭自己。His hope of being a writer was destroyed.他想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。3ruin意为“使毁灭，使崩溃，弄糟”，表示破坏严重，以致不能修复。ruin不像destroy那样毁灭某物，而是强调使某物的价值发生了问题。ruin也可作名词，表示“毁灭，废墟”等。The fire ruined the
5、tower.大火使那座塔夷为废墟。My dignity as a man is sadly ruined.作为一个男子汉，我的尊严令人痛心地完了。She has ruined her health through overwork.她由于过度劳累，身体垮了。The ancient temple has fallen into ruin.古庙已坍塌。The city is now in ruins.那座城市现在成了一片废墟。194 dead， deadly和deathly 用作副词1 dead作副词，表示“准确地，完全地，直接地，正对地”。dead tired 累得要死dead asleep睡得
6、死死的dead keen on sth.对喜爱之极dead wrong全错They walked dead ahead.他们径直往前走。The tower was dead ahead of us.那座塔就在我们前面。2 deadly作副词，表示“死一般地；非常，极度地”。deadly pale 死一般地苍白deadly serious 极为严肃3 deathly作副词，意为“极为，非常”。He was deathly ill.他病得很重。195 dead, death, deadly和deathly1dead作形容词，意为“死的，已死去；枯的”，在句中作定语或表语，表示状态。She has
7、been dead for three years.她已去世三年了。There are some dead leaves on the ground.地上有一些枯叶。提示the dead 表示“死者”，与the living (活着的人)相对。Do the dead ever come back to life? 死人难道会复活吗？ death作名词，意为“死，毁灭”，可作不可数名词或可数名词，作可数名词时，表示多少人员的死或某种方式的死亡。He was frozen to death.他冻死了。The earthquake caused fifteen thousand deaths.那次地
8、震造成了15000人死亡。The general died a heroic death.将军英勇牺牲了。3 deadly作形容词，意为“致命的”。命的The dhod was dodly to hez这次打击对地是致It is a deadly snake.这是一条毒蛇。 deathly作形容词，意为“像死一般的”。The roar of the explosion was followed by a deathly silence.剧烈爆炸后是一片死寂。196 deal with, do with和deal in1 deal with sth./sb.表示“对待，交往，处理”。Such p
9、eople are difficult to deal with.这种人很不好对付。That question has been dealt with.那个问题已得到处理。I will not deal with that shopkeeper again.我将不会再与那个店主打交道。do with可以表示多种含义。(1)表示“对待，处理”，意同deal with，但搭配不同。比较：What will you do with the letter?你将把那封信怎样处理？(do with同what搭配)How will you deal with the letter? (deal with同h
10、ow搭配)(2)表示“容忍，满足于”。I cant do with loud music.我受不了喧闹的音乐。I could do with a good nights rest.我只要能好好休息一个晚上就行了。(3)表示“和有关”，用于have something/ anything to do with,have nothing to do with结构中。It has nothing to do with me.这和我无关。Her job has to do with telephone.她的工作与电话有关。 deal in表示“从事的买卖”。A bookseller deals wit
11、h books.误A bookseller deals in books.T书商经营书籍买卖。This book deals in common errors.误This book deals with common errors.正这本书探讨常犯的错误。197 debate, argue和dispute debate可作动词或名词，动词后不跟 that 从句，着重双方正式辩论，各陈理由，有较强的“交锋”意味。I dont wish to debate my opinions with you.我不想就我的想法同你辩论。argue只作动词，不能作名词用，为最普通用词，后可跟 that 从句，表
12、示“说服，论证”或“企图说服”，指从心平气和的说理到言辞激烈的争论。President Lincoln argued that all men are createdequal.林肯总统主张人皆生来平等。 dispute可作动词或名词，动词后不跟 that 从句，着重双方各执一词，相持不下，针锋相对地激烈辩论。The opposing party disputed with the president on the government budget.反对党就政府预算问题同总统激烈争执。198 decide和decisiondecide可用作及物动词和不及物动词，意为“决定，下决心”。用作及物
13、动词时，结构为：decide to do sth.decide when/who/what+不定式decide+that从句或what从句be decided+that从句He can decide he mater for you.他能为你决定She decided to move to Nanjing.她决定迁到南京。He decided not to accept the invitation.他决定不接受邀请。I cant decide what to do with it.我不能决定如何处置它。Have you decided whom to invite?你决定了该邀请谁吗？Let
14、s first decide where we should go.让我们先决定去哪里。=Lets first decide where to go.It has been decided that he will teach us English.已决定由他教我们英语。比较She decided buying a dictionary.误(decide后不跟动名词)She decided to buy a dictionary. 她决定买一本词典。他们决定我去开会。They have decided me to go to the meeting.误(decide后不可跟复合宾语)They
15、have decided that I should go to themeeting.2 decide用作不及物动词时，常同副词或介词短语连用。decide on/upon sth.表示“就某事做出决定”。You shoold deide for yourself.你应该自己做出决定You must decide two days ahead.你必须提前两天做出决定。He hasnt decided on the matter yet.他还没有就那件事做出决定。 decision是decide的名词形式，表示“决定，果断，决议”，为可数名词，常用于下列搭配中：come to a decisi
16、on决定make a decision做出决定arrive at a decision决定a man of decision果断的人They made a decision at the meeting.他们在会上做出了决定。He hasnt arrived at a decision yet.他还没有做出决定。199 decided和decisive1 decided显然的，显而易见的；毫无疑问的；决定了的，坚定的。Theres a decided drop in attendance.出席人数明显减少。Im quite decided about it.对于此事我的主意已定。There i
17、s a decided difference between the twobrothers.兄弟俩有明显不同。2 decisive决定性的；果断的，断然的。Her opinion is decisive on the matter.在这个问题上她的意见是决定性的。A decisive person acts quickly.果断的人办事干净利落。200 dedicate和delicate dedicate v.奉献，献给。He has dedicated himself to protecting wildanimals.他一直致力于保护野生动物。2 delicate a.脆弱的，纤弱的；精
18、致的；棘手的，难以处理的；灵敏的。It is a delicate piece of carving.这是一件精致的雕刻品。That delicate instrument can record very slightchanges.那台灵敏的仪器能够记录下微小的变化。201 defeat和win1 defeat是及物动词，意为“击败，战胜”，后接的宾语为击败的对象。作名词时，defeat意为“击败，战胜”，也可作“败北，失败”解。They defeated the enemy in the battle.他们在战斗中击败了敌人。She defeated him at chess.她在棋赛中战
19、胜了他。After the defeat of the enemy,the soldiers wentback.敌人被击败之后，士兵们都返回了。He didnt admit defeat.他不认输。 win作及物动词或不及物动词用，后接宾语通常为比赛、战争等。如：win a battle/bet/race/match(在战斗、打赌、赛跑、比赛中获胜),win anargument/election(在一场辩论、选举中赢得胜利)，win a fine victory/many awards and medals(赢得一场辉煌的胜利/许多奖品和奖牌)。We won at football,but
20、lost at tennis.足球我们赢了，但网球输了。He decided to defeat.误(缺宾语，defeat不可作不及物动词)Which side won?哪一方获胜？(win可作不及物动词)202 defect和deflectdefect n.毛病，缺点，缺陷。It was a defect in her character.那是她性格上的缺点。 deflect v.(使)偏斜，(使)转向，转移，引开。They deflected water into an irrigation canal.他们把水引入灌溉渠。He never lets himself be deflecte
21、d from hispurpose.他决不让别人改变他的目的。203 deliver，send和dispatch自己是delver强调将物品运到来一目的地，指来人2send指通过他人或某种手段把某物、某人送到另一个地方去，或指“请别人交给”，一般不是自己去送。If you need money,I shall send it by post.你如果需要钱，我将从邮局汇过去。Did they send me any message by you?他们托你给我捎什么信了吗？We shall deliver the parcels to your house.(我们亲自送去)We shall sen
22、d the parcels to you. (派人送或通过邮局送)dispatch指为某一特定的目的，派遣或送出某人或某物到某地，强调“紧急”。They dispatched five fire engines to combat thefire.他们派出五辆消防车去灭火。204 demand， require和request都可以表示“请求，要求”1demand表示“要求，需要”时，语气较强，有强烈要求的含义，表示行为者认为自己有权这样做。She demands that she be told everything.她要求把一切都告诉她。He demanded an explanation
23、.他要求解释。This demands careful thought.这需要仔细考虑。2 require表示依据权利、条例、规章而“要求”，带有命令语气，常用于被动语态，语气比demand缓和。You are required by law to send your children toschool.法律要求你送孩子上学。His health requires that he should stay at home.他的健康状况要求他待在家里。He requires you to reply immediately.他要求你立即回答。提示ask也可表示“要求”，指的是要求某人做某事或向某人
24、要求什么东西。She asked me for help.她请求我帮助。He will ask his father for more money.他将请求父亲多给一些钱。request表示客气有礼貌的正式请求、要求。They requested a loan.他们请求贷款。You are requested not to talk here.这里请勿交谈。205 depend on/upon和rely on/ upon1表示“信赖，依赖”时，depend on/upon和rely on/upon常可换用。结构为：depend on/rely on sb./sth.depend on/rely
25、 on sb. to do sth.We can depend on/rely on her words.我们可以相信她的话。He depends on/telies on you to help him.他依靠你帮助他。How could you depend on his promise?你怎么能相信他的许诺呢？The girl no longer depends upon her parents.这小女孩已经不依靠父母了。提示rely on语气比dependon重，多以人作主语。A man should rely upon his own powers in the struggle o
26、f life.一个人在生活的斗争中应当依靠自身的力量。2 depend on还可以表示“以而定，由而定，取决于”，这时不可用rely on。It depends on yourself.这取决于你自己。Good health depends on good food, exercise and getting enough sleep.身体的健康要靠良好的食物、锻炼和充足的睡眠。3depend用于It all depends或That depends结构中，意为“很难说，得看情况”，这时不可用rely。Can you finish the work before Sunday? It alld
27、epends.你能在星期天前完成这项工作吗？这要看情况。I dont know whether well have a picnic. It depends on the weather.我不知道我们是否去野餐。那得看天气。206 dependable和dependentdependable可靠的，可信赖的。It is dependable information.这是可靠消息。I need someone dependable to take over the work.我需要可靠的人接管这项工作。2 dependent依靠的，依赖的；取决于的。She is dependent on the
28、 earnings of her children.她靠子女的工资收入生活。Success is dependent on hard work.成功取决于勤奋。207 descent和decent1descent n.下降；血统，家世。The road makes a sharp descent just past the lake.道路一过湖泊便陡然下倾。The fisherman is Swedish by descent.那个渔民祖籍瑞典。2 decent a.体面的，相当不错的；正派的，大方的。You can get quite a decent meal here without s
29、pending too much money.你在这里不用花很多钱就能吃得很好。208 desirable和desirous desirable称心的，合意的，可取的；吸引人的。She looked very desirable in that dress.她穿那套衣服很有魅力。It is a desirable house.那是一套合意的房子。 desirous想要的，向往的，渴望的。He is desirous of obtaining/to obtain a position in the Civil Service. 他想要在政府文官机构找到一个职位。The president is
30、strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting.校长非常希望你参加这次会议。比较He was desirous of going into the hills,but she said it was not desirable in such bad weather. 他想到山里去，但是她说在这样的坏天气里去不合适。209 desire和appetite1 desire表示人的“欲望，愿望”。I have no appetite at all to study tonight.误I have no desire at all to st
31、udy tonight. 我今晚一点也不想看书。 appetite表示人的“食欲，胃口”，常与介词for连用。Sorry, but I have no appetite for dinner.很抱歉，我没有胃口，不想吃饭。210 destiny和fate1 destiny除了“命定难移”的意味之外，还常暗示“展望未来”。Now we are masters of our own destiny.现在我们是自己命运的主人了。2 fate表示“宿命”，有浓厚的神话或迷信色彩，常有无可奈何之意。They asctibed the disaster to an unkind fate.他们把灾难归之于
32、命运不济。I hoped to be a doctor, but fate has decidedotherwise.我本来希望当医生的，但天意使我不能如愿。211 determine, decide和make up ones mind determine确定；下决心(be determined to表示坚决、有决心的状态)。Can you determine the meaning of this word?你能确定这个词的意思吗？He determined that he would go that veryafternoon.他决定当天下午就去。(=determined togo)The
33、 news determined him against future delay.这消息使他决定不再拖延。We are determined to fight to the end.我们决定战斗到底。decide经过考虑或商量，在几种可能中做出决定。We must decide which one to buy.我们必须决定买哪一个。3 make up ones mind打定主意，不动摇。At last she made up her mind to tell the truth to her husband.最后她打定主意将事情真相告诉她丈夫。212 develop sth.,develo
34、p from和develop into1develop是多义词，表示“发展，成长，壮大，增长，研究，研制，冲洗(照片)，开发，患(感冒)”等，根据具体情况确定词义。He developed a bad cold last week.他上周患了重感冒。 develop还可同某些介词连用，develop from表示“由发展而来”，develop into 表示“长成，发展成为”。The great industry has developedfrom quite modest beginnings.这门大工业是从一个非常不起眼的起点上发展起来的。She is developing into a
35、fine figure of a youngwoman.她已长成一位身段优美的女郎。213 devoteto和contribute todevote oneself to sth./doing sth.表示“献身于，致力于”。She devoted herself to music.她专心研究音乐。He devoted himself to helping the poor.他致力于帮助穷人。2 devote sth.to sth./doing sth.表示“把用于，把贡献给”。He devoted all his time to the study of physics.他把全部时间都用于研
36、究物理。He devoted his life to studying English grammar.他一生致力于研究英语语法。3 contribute to sth.意为“为某事出一份力，为某事捐款，有助于”。All the students in the school contributed to the building of the bridge.这所学校所有的学生都为建造这座桥捐了款。The heavy snow in winter contributes to the growth of wheat.冬天的大雪有助于小麦的生长。214 die away,die out和die d
37、own1die away表示“变弱，逐渐消失”，强调过程。The noise died away.喧闹声渐渐停了。The fire died away.火慢慢熄灭了。 die out表示“熄灭，绝灭”，强调动作的结束或彻底地消失。The fire died out.火熄灭了。This kind of plant has already died out.这种植物已经绝种。3 die down表示“渐渐熄灭，渐渐平息”，常可同die away换用。The wind has died down.风渐止了。(也可用die away)215 die from, die of,die for, die
38、by, die through和die withdie from主要指死于某个事故、地震、创伤、酗酒、饥饿、过度操劳、寒冷等外界因素，也可指疾病。die from a car accident死于一场车祸die from the wounds受伤而死die from snake bites因蛇咬而丧生die from drinking too much因酗酒而死die from lack of food因缺少食物而死 die of一般多指死于疾病、年老、饥渴、劳累、寒冷、中毒等，这时也可用die from;die of还可表示死于某种情感因素，如悲哀、失望等，这时不可用die from。col
39、ddre fromn oemertadie ofovereatinghungerdie of grief死于悲伤 die for通常指为某个目标、事业而死。die for the people为人民而死die for freedom为自由而死die for the lofty ideal为崇高的理想而死 die by主要指死于某种方式，如因暴力、凶杀而死，by后可接名词或动名词，主语通常是人，以主动形式表示被动意义。die by sword死于剑下die by hanging吊死die by drowning in water淹死die by ones own hand自杀 die throu
40、gh多指因过失、疏忽等而死。die through neglect of duty死于玩忽职守die through carelessness死于粗心die in指死于某种环境、状况或地点，如贫困、医院等。die in poverty贫困而死die in the hospital在医院里死去die in the war在战争中死去216 differ with和differ from1.0differ表示“与不一致，同有不同意见”时，后面用with或from均可，但用with更多一些，强调意见有分歧。He differed with/from Tom in that matter.他在那件事上
41、与汤姆意见不同。They differ in opinion with each other.他们的意见不一致。 differ表示“与不同”时，强调一方与另一方之间的差别，后面只用from，不可用with。The two books differ from each other in every way.这两本书在各方面都不相同。On this point I differ from you.在这一点上我跟你(的意见)不同。differ还可同in，on，about,over等介词连用，引出不同之处。We differ about/over the matter.我们在这件事上意见不一致。The
42、 twin brothers differ widely in their interests.这对孪生兄弟爱好很不一样。I differ with you on/upon the subject.在这个问题上我和你的意见不一致。217 different和various different意为“不同的，相异的”，强调相互之间的差别，各不相同，可跟单数名词或复数名词。Saying a thing is very different from doing it.说一件事和做一件事很不相同。You can do it in different ways.你可以用不同的方式做这件事。That is
43、a different matter.那是另一回事。 various意为“各种各样的”，指种类、类型的多样性，多个，不表示差别，后只能跟复数名词。He left the city for yarious reasons.由于种种原因，他离开了那个城市。They met various people at the party.他们在晚会上遇到了各种各样的人。比较There are various ways of solving the problem.解决这个问题有各种各样的方法。There are different ways of solving the problem.解决这个问题有不同的
44、方法。218 different from和differentthan1 different from表示“与不同”，后接名词、代词或从句。College is different from high school.大学与高中不同。This picture is slightly different from that one.这张图画同那张图画略有不同。Hes a different man from what he was ten yearsago.他同10年前已判若两人。 different than表示“与不同”，后接从句，特别是省略的从句，主要用于美式英语。She looks dif
45、ferent in person than (she looks) inmovies.她当面看起来与从电影上看到的形象不一样。Well do something quite different for our holiday this year than (what)we did last year.我们今年假期做的事情将大大不同于去年做的事情。219 disappointed和disappointing10disappointed表示“感到失望的”，具有被动意义，常作表语，结构为：be disappointed in/at/about sth.be disappointed with/in
46、sb./sth.be disappointed+不定式be disappointed+that从句I am disappointed in his plan.我对他的计划感到失望。He is disappointed with/in her.他对她感到失望。We were disappointed at/about his failure.我们对他的失败感到失望。I am greatly disappointed that our team has lost the match.我们队输了比赛，我深感失望。 disappointing表示“令人失望的”，具有主动意义，可作表语或定语。His answer is disappointing.他的回答令人失望。What disappointing results they are!多么令人失望的结果！220 discover,invent,create和uncover discover为及物动词，意为“发现”，常指有意无意地发现已经存在但尚不为人知道的事物，如一颗新星、一条河流、一处山涧。Oil has been discov