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1、名师归纳总结YOUR LOGO原 创 文 档 请 勿 盗 版Word-formationWord-formationor word-buildingis that branch of lexicologywhich studies the patterns on which a language、 in this case、 the English language、 coins new words.Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War Thethree
2、major processes of word formation:Composition or CompoundingDefinition : Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to forma new unit、 a compound word. Compounding is the most productive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis个性危机stand-up c
3、ollar竖领hit-and-run tactics打了就跑的战术spoon-feed填鸭式灌输、娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued无忧无虑carefree饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn令人心碎heart-breaking半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed批量生产mass-produce Compounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example、A
4、schoolboy is more concise than “ a boy attendingschool ” ;“ Up-to-the-minute information ”is more vivid than “ thelatest information ” ;“ The oldman wouldsit forhours、 thinkingsadly of all the might-have-beens”is more compact and expressive than “ thinking sadly ofthe desirable things that could hav
5、e happened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion (书写标准 ) : Compounds are written in three ways、 e.g. solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning ; open: air force、 air raid.Phonological criterion (语音标准 ) :Compound accent : a single stress on the first element;
6、or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. blackboard、 blue bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body )Normal phrase accent : a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on the second element. E.g. blue bottle (a bottle which is blue)Seman
7、tic criterion ( 语义标准 ) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressinga single idea. The lexicalmeaning of the components are closelyjoined together to create a compound witha meaning whichone can easily recognize、 e.g. backdoor、 sunset、 workday. However、 the meaning of a compound is not alw
8、ays the sum of the meanings of its parts、 e.g. dog days、 flatfoot ( a policeman)、 greenhouse、 greenback ( 美钞 )、green-hand(生手 )、 greenroom(演员休息室) 、 mother wit (天生的智力)、 Indian paper (字典纸) .More examples:home letters(家信 )、 home voyage( 归程)、 home life( 家庭生活) 、 home affairs(家庭事务) 、home bird(不爱外出的人)、 home
9、 economics(家政学) 、 home front( 大后方) 、 home games(在本地举行的比赛)、 home help(家务女佣) 、 homemaker(主妇) 、 home plate精品学习资料第 15 页,共 11 页(棒球的本垒打)、 home sickness(思家病) . Word order :A flower pot ( 花盆) a pot flower ( 盆花)tiptoe( 脚尖)deaf-mute (聋哑者)Some of them were influenced by French: court martial( 军事法庭 ) ; presiden
10、t elec(t ambassador designate(尚未上任的大使)Classification of compounds当选总统) ;Compounds can be classified according toparts of speechof the compounds . noun compounds : airplane、 flower potadjective compounds: weather-beaten 、 snowwhite verb compounds: proof-read、 baby-sitproposition compounds : notwithst
11、anding、 alongside of conjunction compounds : whenever 、whereas pronoun compounds: another 、 myselfThe threecommonest types arenouncompounds、 adjectivecompounds、 andverb compounds.noun compounds?Noun + nounrainwater雨水 ; springwater泉水 ; houseplants 室内植物 ;fireball火球; firecracker鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceshi
12、p 太空船; spacesuits 太空服; mousemat ; 鼠标垫Dream Team;bar code 条形码;lip service口头上说得好听的话;information highway信息高速公路;science fiction科幻小说;sugar cane甘蔗; gaslight煤气灯;?Noun + verbdaybreak拂 晓 ;nightfall夜 幕 降 临 ; sunset/sunrise 日 落 、earthquake地 震 ; landslip/landslide( 山 体 滑 坡 ) ;headachetoothache; stomachache; hea
13、rtbeat drumbeat ;footbeat脚步节拍;wingbeat翅翼振动;window-dress布置橱窗; water-supply自来水;snowfall降雪量;toothpick牙签;haircut;pickpocket; scarecrow 稻草人( scare the crow)?Verb + nouncry baby ( 爱哭的婴儿 ); playboy ( 花花公子 ) ; glowworm ( 发光虫 ); watch-dog ( 看家狗)、 swearword(骂人话) 、 breakwater(防波提) 、 driveway (车道) 、 jump suit(伞
14、兵跳伞服、 连衣裤工作服) ; rattle snake(响尾蛇 )? Verb + adv / prepchangeover (转变进程 ) ; setback (挫折 ); breakdown (崩溃)、 show-off( 炫耀 )、 slip-up(疏忽、 不幸事故) 、 put-off( 推迟、搪塞)、 follow-up (连续广告法) sit-in、 dropout、 breakdown、 walk-on、 walkout、 setback、 take-off? Adjective + nounclear-way( 超速道路 )、 easy-chair、 deadline、 ha
15、rd disk、 soft disk 、 red tape(官样文章 )?adverb + noununder-clothes(内衣 )、 after-effect (后效、副作用)、 upgrade(升级) 、 overburden?V+ing+ nounchewing gum( 口香糖 )、baking powder(发酵粉) 、 reading lamp(台灯) 、 lodging house(分间出租供人休息用的房屋)、leading article( 社论 )、 working party (作业队)?Adverb +verboutlet( 出口 )、 upset(颠覆) 、 dow
16、nfall (垮台、陷落)、 upstart(暴发户) 、 onflow (滚滚向前)adjective compounds?Pre-modifierVS.Post-modifier( describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way)?Compound modifiers、 because of their expressiveness and brevity、 are used quite flexiblyin current English、 especially in journalistic writings.?no
17、un + adjective?skin-hungry、 power-hungry、 news-hungry、 career-hungry ( 急于成名的 ) 、 bloodthirsty?duty-free、 tax-free、 fat-free、 toll-free、 maintenance-free、 dust-free、 interest-free、 care-free、 ice-free、 danger-free、 nuclear-weapon-free?water-proof、 fire-proof、 bullet-proof、 rain-proof、 bomb-proof、 vib
18、ration-proof?air-sick、 seasick、 car-sick、 home-sick、 heartsick ( 沮丧的 )?user-friendly、 reader-friendly?profit-conscious、time-conscious、class-conscious、environment-conscious、 security-conscious?slap-happy( 被 打 得 晕头 转 向 的 )boxer 、trigger-happy( 嗜 杀成 性 的 )gangster 、travel-happy( 对旅游入迷的)?accident-prone、
19、crisis-prone ( 危机四伏的 )、 error-prone、?air-tight( 不透气的 )、water-tight、light-tight( 不透光的 )、 rain-tight?work-shy( 不愿工作的 )、 camera-shy(怕上镜头的 )、 publicity-shy ( 不愿出头露面的)?color-blind、 night-blind?blood-weary ( 厌战的 )、 travel-weary( 旅途劳累的 )?stone-deaf、skin-deep、snow-white、ice-cold、knee-deep、paper-thin、mirror-
20、bright、feather-light、fire-hot、crystal-clear、waist-high、shoulder-high、life-long、grass-green、 dog-tired、 threadbare (穿旧的)?college-bound/preparatory ( 准备考大学的 )、labor-short ( 缺乏劳动力的)、 top-heavy( 头重脚轻的 )、penny-wise( 小事聪明的 ) 、 oven-fresh ( 刚出炉的 ) line-dry( 一晾就干的 )、 world-famous?adjective + adjectivewet-co
21、ld、 icy-cold、 red-hot、 white-hot、 bitter-sweet、 deaf-mute、 shabby-genteel( 穷酸的 )、 dead-alive( 半死不活的 )、 dark-blue、 deep-blue、 light-blue、 pale-blue、 bright-red、 bloody-red、 yellow-green、 yellowish-green 、 social-political? V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot ( 滚烫的、热气腾腾的 )、 soaking-wet/wringing-
22、wet( 湿淋淋的、 湿得可拧出水来的 )、 biting-cold/freezing-cold ( 冷得刺骨的、冰冷的 )? Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious ( 战无不胜的 )、 over-cautious、 all-round ( 全面的 )、 far-reaching ( 深远的、 广泛的 )、 evergreen (tree)、 wide-awake ( 机警的 )、 over-sensitive、 over-anxious、 under-ripe ( 不成熟的 )、 too-rapid? noun +V+ingpeace-loving、
23、time/space/energy/labor-saving、 time-consuming、 summer-flowering( 夏季开花的 )、ocean-going( 远 洋 的 ) 、fault-finding、record-breaking、heart-breaking、hair-raising、 side-splitting ( 令人捧腹的 )、 thirst-quenching ( 解渴的 )、 man-eating?noun + V+edheart-felt( 衷心的 )、 air-born(空降的、 空运的) 、 home-made、 travel-worn(旅行得疲乏的)、
24、 hen-pecked、 book-filled、 poverty-stricken、 weather-beaten、 thunder-struck、 suntanned?adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen( 速 冻 的 )、easy-going( 随 和 的 )、familiar-sounding( 听 起 来 熟 悉 的 ) 、hard-working、 ever-lasting ( 永恒的 )?adjective/adverb + V+ednewly-developed、 well-balanced、 far-fetched (牵强附会的 )、 ha
25、lf-baked( 烤得半生不熟的、 肤浅的 )、 hard-won ( 来之不易的 ) 、quick-frozen ( 速冻的 )、 new-laid (eggs)、 so-called、 fresh-caught、newly-built、 well-informed、well-organized?noun + Noun+edhot-tempered( 急性子的 )、chicken-hearted ( 胆怯的、软弱的 )、honey-mouthed、 paper-backed (平装本的 )、 eagle-eyed(目光尖锐地 )?adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-
26、sighted、tender-hearted、 sweet-hearted(性情温和的 )、 green-fingered( 擅长园艺的 )、 open-handed、 single-handed、 bald-headed、 empty-headed、 hot-headed、 kind-hearted、 light-hearted、 whole/half-hearted、 absent-minded、 narrow/broad-minded、 double-faced、 straight-faced、 blue-eyed、 muddle-minded/headed(糊里糊涂)、 commerc
27、ially-minded、heavy-tongued(笨嘴笨舌的) 、 middle-aged、cold-blooded、strong-bodied、rosy-cheeked、 apple-cheeked、 close/tight-fisted( 吝 啬的) 、 bare-footed、 white-haired、 high-heeled、 ill-intentioned、 weak-kneed (易屈服的 )、long-legged、close/tight-lipped( 嘴 紧 的 )、ill-mannered、thick/thin-skinned( 脸 皮 厚 / 薄 ) 、 high-
28、spirited、iron-willed、quick/short/slow/bad-tempered、glib-tongued(油嘴滑舌的 )、 loose-tongued(嘴不严的)?adjective + Nounlong-distance、 full-length( 未删节的) 、white-collar、 red-letter( 喜庆的 )、 、full-time、 first-rate、 high-speed、 high-level、 low-frequency、 left-hand、 real-time(实时的 )、 long-range、 deep-sea (fish)?Verb
29、 + Nounbreak-neck ( 危险的 )、 telltale( 搬弄是非的 )、 cut-rate (减价的、次等的)?Phrases or sentencesat-risk (处境危险的)、in-your-face (明目张胆的)、devil-may-care( 不顾一切的)、 dog-eat-dog ( 狗 咬 狗 的 ) 、round-the-clock、on-the-spot、cards-on-the-table、matter-of-fact、 never-to-be-forgotten、 once-in-a-life-time、 off-the-cuff (临时想起的意见)
30、opinion、 back-up ( 备用 ) a stand-up collar ( 竖领 )、 a walk-in closet ( 走入式大壁橱 )、a see-through shirt(透明的衬衫) take-home pay、 cross-border raid 、a keep-fit class (保健班)verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by wh
31、ich a word is created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixesHousekeeping housekeep、 test-drive( 试 车 ) 、 machine-gun、 nickname、 spotlight、honeymoon、 outline、 speed-read、 soft-land、 vacuum-clean、 mass-produce、 sight-see、 proof-read、 tape-record、 chain-smoke、 ghost-write、 air-condition、 baby-sit、
32、 window-shop、 spoon-feed、hen-peck、 snowball、 middle-road( 走 中 间 道 路 )、 chain-react、 face-harden( 使 表 面 硬 化 )、 wire-pull ( 幕 后 操 纵 ) 、 daydream、 skyrocket、 sleepwalk、 highlight、 safeguard、 whitewash、 sweet-talk、 job-hopA compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy1. chain-drink: from chain-s
33、moke2. bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed:? feed from a mothers breast A compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork、 withhold( 扣留 )、 cross-question(盘问 )、upbuild ( 建立 )、 uplift、 uproot、 fast-talk(花言巧语地企图说服)、off-load( 卸货 )、 outeat(吃得比 多)、 outgo、 outgrow 、 ill-trea
34、t、 overhear、overtake、 undergo、 underline、 undermine、 undertake、Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element、 such as a prefix、 suffix、 or combining form、 to an already existing word.A combining form is a bound morpheme、 which was originally a full wo
35、rd in Latin or Greek、such as auto-( from GK autos self) .据统计下列14 个词根和20 个词缀出现在词典里10、 000 多个英语单词中词前缀词根Preceptpre- (before)capere (take、 seize)detainde- (away、 from)tenere (hold、 have)intermittentinter - (between)mittre (send)offerob- (against)ferre (bear、 carry)Insistmonographin- (into)mono- (alone、
36、one)stare (stand)graph (write)epilogueepi (upon)egein (say、 study)词前缀词根aspectad- (to、 toward)spicere (see)uncomplicatedun- (not); com- (together)plicare (fold)nonextendednon- (not); ex- (out of)tendere (stretch)reproductionre- (back、 again); pro - (forward)ducere (lead)indisposedin- (not); dis- (apa
37、rt from)ponere (put、 place)oversufficientover- (above); sub- (under)facere (make、 do)mistranscribemis- (wrong); trans- (across)scribere (write)Number-related prefixes from Latinprefixmeaningexamplesuni-oneuniformduo-twoduet ( 二重唱 /奏)tri-threetrio ( 三人组)quad-、 quart-fourquadruplets ( 四胞胎)quint-fivequ
38、intupletssextsixsexet (六人组)septsevenseptember (7th month、 Roman calendar)oct-eightoctobernonaninenonagenarian (90-99 岁的人)Number-related prefixes from Latindeca-tendecadecent-hundredcentigrade ( 一百度的)multi-manymultiplyprim-、 prin-firstprimarysecundsecondsecondaryambiboth ( 双)ambivalent ( 两种价值观的、有矛盾心理
39、的)equi-equalequidistant ( 等距离的)omni-allomnipotence(全能)semi-、 semhalfsemester (half a year 学期)demi-halfdemitasse (half a cup for serving coffee ( 一小杯清咖啡)Number-related prefixes from GreekprefixmeaningexamplesMono-onemonologueduo-、 di-twodialoguetri-threetriangletetra-fourtetrameter (四音步诗)penta-fivepe
40、ntameter、 pentagonhexa-sixhexagonhepta-sevenheptagondeka-、 dec-tendecathlonhemi-halfhemispherepan-allpandemic ( 大流行病)I.PrefixationThe definition of prefixationPrefixationis the formationofnew words by adding prefixesto stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but onlymodify
41、 itsmeaning. However、 there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural、 like-dislike、 fair-unfairClass-changingprefixes:force-enforce、danger-endanger、form-deform、little-belittle、 war-postwar、 college-intercollegeThe classification of prefixesI
42、n some reference books、 prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source、 but this does not seem to help from a practical point ofview. It seems more helpful to classifythe most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:The most productive prefi
43、xesPrefixes which are negativea-、 dis-、 in-、 non-、 un- Prefixes which are reversative or privativede-、 dis-、 un-Prefixes which are pejorativemal-、 mis-、 pseudo-Prefixes which are of degree or sizearch-、extra-、hyper-、macro-、mini-、out-、over-、sub-、 super、 sur-、 ultra-、 under-Prefixes which are of attit
44、udeanti-、 co-、 contra- counter-、 pro-Prefixes which are locativeextra-、 fore-、 inter-、 intra-、 super-、 tele-、 trans-、 Prefixes which are of time and orderex-、 fore-、 pre-、 post-、 re-Prefixes which are of numbersemi-、 uni-、 mono-、 bi-、 di-、 tri-、 multi-、 poly-Prefixeswhichareofamiscellaneous Auto-、 n
45、eo- pan-、 proto-、 vice- category1. Negative prefixa-/an-amoral、 asexual、 atheism、 anacid、 anarchy、dis-dishonest、 discontent、 disobey、 disagreein-Incomplete、inconsistent、incorrect、invulnerable、illogical、illegal、 impolite、 immoral、 imbalance、 irrational、 irregularnon-nonviolent、non-cooperation、nonauto
46、matic、nonadjustable、 nonalcoholicun-uninformative、 unexpected、 unease、 unrest2. Reversative or privative prefix含“消除 ”意思de-defrost、deregulation、 degeneration、 denationalize 、 dehydrate depollute、 devalue、 decentralizeun-undo、 unpack、 untie、 unwrap、 unmaskdis-disconnect、 dishearten、 disinterested( 公正的、无私的)、 disambigulate3. Pejorative prefixmis