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1、精品名师归纳总结English Lexicology英语词汇学 Lexicology词汇学 : is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words 、The Nature and Scope of English lexicology:English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their sem
2、antic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages、The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to:English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology形状学 , semantics 语义学 , etymology词源学 ,stylistics 文体论 andlexicography词典学 The reason
3、 for a student to study English lexicology:According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English 、A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules ofword-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciousl
4、y increase their word power、 The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning andenable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively、 The understanding and their sense relations will gradually rais
5、e their awareness of meaning and usage, andenable them use words more accurately and appropriately、 A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise theirproblem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study、Chapter 1-Basic concepts of words and v
6、ocabularyWord 词的定义 : A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 、 1a minimal free form of a language 2a sound unity 3a unit of meaning 4a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning声音与意义 : almostarbitrary,“ no logical relatio
7、nship between thesound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form读音与形式 : 不统一的四个缘由1the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other 2the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over
8、 the years3some of the difference were creates by the early scribes4the borrowings is an important channelof enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary词汇 : all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words:By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By noti
9、on:content words&functional words可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结By origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock基本词汇 : is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language、 Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most importa
10、nt part of vocabulary、The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock基本词汇的特点 : 1All-National character全民通用性 most important2Stability相对稳固性 3Productivity多产性 4Polysemy 多义性 5Collocability可搭配性 没有上述特点的 words:1Terminology术语2Jargon 行话 3slang俚语 4Argot 暗语 5Dialectal words方言 6 Archaisms古语 7 Neologisms新词语:Neol
11、ogisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings、emailContent words/notional words实词 cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently and functional words/empty words虚词 on, of, and, be, butNative Words and Borrowed WordsNative words本族语词 : known as Anglo-Saxon words 5
12、0,000-60,000, are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes、 mainstream of the basic word-stocks、Two other features:1neutral in style 2frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words外来语词 : words taken over from foreign languages、80% of modern EV4 Types of loan words:1) denizens同化词
13、: shirt from skyrtaON2) aliens 非同化词 / 外来词 :are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling kowtow CH磕头3) translation loans译借词 : 按其她语言方式组成英语long time no see from China4) semantic loans借义词 :they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowe
14、dChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family印欧语系 The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages8大印欧语群 The Eastern set:(1) The Balto-slavic Group波罗的 - 斯拉夫语族 :Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc、(2) The Indo-Iranian Group印度 -伊朗语族 :Hindi,Bengali,Persian et
15、c、(3) The Armenian Group亚美尼亚语族 :Armenian 、(4) The Albanian Group阿尔巴尼亚语族 :Albanian 、可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The Western set:(5) The Hellenic Group古希腊语族 :Greek 、(6) The Italian Group意大利语族 :Latin ,Romance languagesFrench,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian etc、(7) The Celtic Group凯尔特语族 :Irish,Welsh,Br
16、eton etc、(8) The Germanic Group日耳曼语族 : Flemish,German,Dutch,ScandinavianNorweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic etc、The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English 450-1100 vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000:was I high inflected language、2 Middle English 1150-1500:retaines much fewer i
17、nflections3 Modern English 1500-up to now: in fact more than 25% of modern E words comealmost directly from classical languages 、 In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections 、 English has evolved from a synthetic languageOld English to the present analytic language 、Modes
18、of Vocabulary Development词汇的进展模式 :1) creation制造新词 :the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely toots,affixes and other elements、最重要方式 2) semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words、3) borrowing借用外来词 :constitute me
19、rely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant、Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme词素 :the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph词素变体 : is a different variant form of a morphem
20、e,differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme 词素的分类 (1) Free Morphemes自由词素 : have complete meaning in themselves and can be used asfree grammatical units in sentences、 A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself、independent、(2) Bound Morpheme
21、粘着语素 : A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself、Bound Morpheme includes two types: 1 bound root粘附词根 2Affix 词缀 Affixes can be put into two groups:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1) Inflectional affixes 屈折词缀 :affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectiona
22、l,thus known as inflectional morphemes、2) Derivational affixes派生词缀 : A prefix: A prefix comes before words、 Bsuffix:An adjective suffix形容词后缀 that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective、Free Morpheme =free root自由词根 Bound rootprefixboundderivationalaffixsu
23、ffixMorpheme 词素 inflectionalRoot and stem词根与词干 The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity 、A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be
24、further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root、Chapter 4 Word-Formation II构词法 1 、Affixation词缀法 Derivation派生法 :the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem、(1) Prefixation前缀法 :Its the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems、1Negative prefixes否定前缀 : un-,n
25、on-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc、 disobeynot obey 2Reversative prefixes逆反前缀 : un-,de-,dis- etc、 unwrapopen3) Pejorative prefixes: mis贬义前缀 :mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc、misconductbad behaviour4) Prefixes of degree or size程度前缀:arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-
26、,ect、overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude倾向态度前缀 :contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc、anti-nuclear6) Locative prefixes方位前缀 :extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc、extraordinarymore than ordinary可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结7) Prefixes of time and order时间与次序前缀 :fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc、
27、monorailone rail8) Number prefixes数字前缀 :uni-,mono-, bi-,di-, tri-,multi-,poly- ,semi-,etc、bilingualconcerning two languages9) Miscellaneous prefixes混杂前缀 :auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-、vice-chairmandeputy chairman(2) Suffixation后缀法 : Its the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems、1noun suffix
28、es2adjective suffixes3Adverb suffixes4verb suffixes 2 、Compounding复合法also called compositionCompounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写 airmail,hyphenated带连字符air-conditioningand open分开写 air force, air raid Formation of compounds
29、复合词的形式 1noun compounds :e、g、 : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot 2adjective compounds : e、g、acid + head = acid-head3verb compounds : e、g、house + keep = housekeep 3 、Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to anotherclass、 功能转换 ,又叫零派生、 fu
30、nctional shift/zero-derivation 4 、Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word、 e、g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5 、Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a p
31、art off the original and using whatremains instead、e、g、 plane from airplane,phone from telephone、 四种形式 :1 、 Front clippings删节前面phone from telephone2 、 Back clippings删节后面dorm from dormitory3) 、 Front and back clippings前后删节 flu from influenza可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结4) 、 Phrase clippings短语删节 pop from p
32、opular music 6 、Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names ofsocial and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms、(1) Initialism首字母缩写词法 : initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter、 e、g、: BBCfor British Broadcas
33、ting corporation(2) Acronym首字母拼音法 :Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word、 E、g 、:TEFLteaching English as a foreign language7 、Back-formation逆生法 ,逆构词 Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation、 It s the method of creating words by re
34、moving the supposed suffixes、 greed from greedy8 、Words From Proper Name专出名词转成法 :Names of people, places, book, and tradenames e、g、: sir watt siemens人名 - watt瓦特, 电功率单位 Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of“ Meaning “”意义 ”的意义 Reference 所指 :It is the relationship between language and the word、 It is t
35、he arbitrary and conventional、 It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific、Concept概念 :which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition熟悉,reflecting the objective world in the human mind、Sense 意义 :It denotes the relationship inside the langu
36、age、 The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language、Motivation 理据 :It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning 、1) Onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据 :words whose sounds suggest their meaning, forthese wo
37、rds were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises、 Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning、 E、g、: bang, ping-pong, ha ha、可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结2) Morphological motivation 形状理据 :multi-morphemic words and the meaning of manyare the sum total of the morphemes combines
38、、 E、g 、: airmail, miniskirt、例外 :black market, ect、3) Semantic motivation词义理据 :refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word、 It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word、 E、g:the foot of the mountainfoot4) Etymological motiva
39、tion 词源理据 :the history of the word explains the meaning of the word 、 E、g:pen-featherTypes of meaning词义的类别 1、Grammatical Meaning语法意义 :indicates the grammatical concept or relationships becomes important only in actual context2、Lexical Meaning 词汇意义 Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the
40、word-meaningLexical meaning has 2 components内容 : Conceptual meaning概念意义 and associative meaning 关联意义 1) Conceptual meaning概念意义 : also known as denotative meaning外延意义 is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning、2) Associative meaning关联意义 :is the secondary meaning supplem
41、ented to the conceptual meaning、4types:（1） ） Connotative 内涵意义 :the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations、例如 “母亲 ”常常与 “爱”关“心 ”温“柔 ” 联系起来 （2） ） Stylistic 文 体 意 义 :manywordshavestylisticfeatures, whichmakethem appropriate for different contex
42、ts、（3） ） Affective 感情意义 :indicates the speaker s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion 、这种情感价值观分两类: 褒义与贬义 appreciative & pejorative（4） ） Collocative 搭配意义 :isthe partof theword-meaningsuggestedby thewords可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结before or after the word in discussion、Chapter 6 -Sense relatio
43、n and semantic field 语义关系与语义场 Polysemy多义关系 Two approached to polysemy多义关系的两种讨论方法:1、diachronic approach历时方法 :from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and sameword 、 First meaning is the primary meaning , the lat
44、er meanings are called derived meanings 、2、 synchronic approach 共时方法 : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as thecoexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time、基本意义就是central meaning ,次要意义就是 derived meaning、Two processes of development词义的两种进展类型 :1. radiation 辐射
45、型 :is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes、 e 、g: face, neck2. concatenation连锁型 :is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegraduallyawayfromits firstsense by successiveshiftsuntilthereis nota signof connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had atthe beginning、e 、 g:treacle3. Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningis directlyconnectedtotheprimary meaning 、