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1、2022年考研英语阅读理解试题及答案解析11Test11TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering。Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleef
2、fect,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffectsagoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseenispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect。Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasing
3、dosageswilleventuallykillthepatient。NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBoston
4、University,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It'slikesurgery,hesays.Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.I
5、fyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying。JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt
6、'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsof
7、end-of-lifecare。Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife。Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthese
8、well-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,totheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse。Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear.thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompe
9、tentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension。1Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthatAdoctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain。Bitisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives。CtheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide。Dpatientshavenoconstitutionalrightt
10、ocommitsuicide。查看原文2Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?ADoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death。BModernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery。CTheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed。DAdoctor'smedicationisnolong
11、erjustifiedbyhisintentions。查看原文3AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareisAprolongedmedicalprocedures。Binadequatetreatmentofpain。Csystematicdrugabuse。Dinsufficienthospitalcare。查看原文4Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressive(line3,paragraph7)?ABold.BHarmful.CCareless.DDesp
12、erate。查看原文5GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishediftheyAmanagetheirpatientsincompetently。Bgivepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded。Creducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients。Dprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients。查看原文Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,allthatisneededforthetriumphofa
13、misguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing。Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Lead
14、ersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal。Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrights
15、boothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimalsnomeat,nofur,nomedicines,Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,ThenIwouldhavetosayyes。Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemic
16、sreturn,shesaid,Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers。Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon'tunderstand。Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandablewayinhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresear
17、chandagrandmother'shipreplacement,afather'sbypassoperation,ababy'svaccinations,andevenapet'sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst。Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldado
18、ptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholder
19、sarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthep
20、reciousembersofmedicalprogress。6TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordstoAcallonscientiststotakesomeactions。Bcriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights。Cwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch。Dshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement。查看原文7MisledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchisAcrue
21、lbutnatural。Binhumanandunacceptable。Cinevitablebutvicious。Dpointlessandwasteful。查看原文8Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’sAdiscontentwithanimalresearch。Bignoranceaboutmedicalscience。Cindifferencetoepidemics。Danxietyaboutanimalrights。查看原文9Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechal
22、lengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshouldAcommunicatemorewiththepublic。Bemployhi-techmeansinresearch。Cfeelnoshamefortheircause。Dstrivetodevelopnewcures。查看原文10FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperisAawell-knownhumanist。Bamedicalpractitioner。Canenthusiastinanimalrights。Dasupporterofanimalresearch。查看原文第9页 共9页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页