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1、 ELSEVIER Available online at ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 474 - 489 Procedia Environmental Sciences Improving Sustainability Concept in Developing Countries Towards Effective and Sustainable Urban Parks in Alexandria RihamNady * Lecturer, Arab Academy for Science, Techno
2、logy and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Urban parks are now viewed as an important part of the urban and neighborhood development rather thanjust recreation and leisure facilities. They are oriented for multifunctional services. Besides, they play an important role in improving the e
3、nvironment and landscape conditions that result in green spaces which have become an essential part in cities due to their strategic importance for the quality of life. As the worlds urban population increases, urban areas encounter new problems such as: uncontrolled use of resources, greenhouse eff
4、ect, ozone depletion, . etc. To face these problems of urban areas, sustainable urban parks have become a significant urban planning policy and development approach. The city of Alexandria (Egypt) is rich with its urban parks such as A1 Montazah Park, A1 Shalalat Park and Antoniadis Park. However, t
5、he lack of coordination of physical planning activities within the city, has resulted into an unpleasant quality of the environment and decrease in the number of sustainable urban parks. Moreover, urban population has rapidly increased, thus the city of Alexandria has been enlarged and gradually hum
6、an relations with nature have been damaged. For these reasons, people in Alexandria have lost the opportunity to come in contact with nature. The paper will discuss the causes of decreasing urban parks and its effects on peoples health and the significant need to improve these spaces to develop the
7、city and achieve sustainability. It will also highlight the important role of urban parks and their design strategies. It will analyze an international example which was transformed to provide a high quality of living environment presenting the suggested ways to create sustainable open spaces as an
8、integrated part of a sustainable city. Finally, the paper will focus on developing A1 Montazah urban park in Alexandria to achieve sustainability. The aim of the paper is to transform urban parks within the environment of Alexandria to improve and enhance the quality of life in order to reach a sust
9、ainable city. 2016 The Authors.PublishedbyElsevierB.V. Thisis an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange Keywords: urban parks
10、, sustainability, quality oflife, environment, recreation * Corresponding author. Tel.:+2-0100-7154724 E-mail address: 1878-0296 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review
11、under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.042 1. Introduction Riham Nady / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 474 489 475 Throughout the past century, the world,s population has been rapidly congregating i
12、n urban areas. It was approximately 2.4 billion in 1995, a number that is expected to duplicate about the year 2025. Increasing population and urbanization is recognized as one of the most complex process at a global scale. This massive urbanization which began in the industrial revolution in the ni
13、neteenth century and the decline of nature during the twentieth century, increased public awareness to the necessity of introducing natural assets and components in urban contexts. Consequently, this led to the creation and development of urban park movement with the objective of increasing life qua
14、lity in the modem cities. Urban parks are important parts of the complex urban ecosystem network. They provide significant ecosystem services and benefit urban communities environmentally, aesthetically, recreationally, physiologically and economically. Urban parks have a high popularity ranking for
15、 public spaces. Also, it is true that a quality park can have a massive impact on its city or neighborhood. As a result, there is an urgent need for advocating sustainable parks that are managed in a manner that promotes conservation of natural and cultural resources and attracts tourists to the cit
16、y. The paper discusses the design strategies for urban parks and analyzes the application of Xochimilico sustainable park to conclude the main sustainable principles and strategies that were achieved and which could be applied in A1 Montazah park to create the sustainable development of Alexandria c
17、ity. 2. The Urban Park Movement 2.1. History of urban parks Large urban parks were conceived in the nineteenth century as a means to provide clean air, refuge and leisure time recreation for a society that was rapidly industrializing. The movement started in England, creating public city parks like
18、the Victoria Park which is considered the first urban park of history (Fig. 1). Public parks that erer supported by municipal governments date back to the 1840s in Britain and the 1850s in the United States and Canada. Initially, urban parks were not public, they were used only by a privileged part
19、of the population1. Following the industrial revolution with its massive urbanization in the nineteenth century and the continued explosive growth of urban areas and the decline of nature throughout the twentieth century, increased the alienation between people and the nature1. In the beginning of t
20、he urban park movement, designers had as an objective, the representation of rural landscapes like in the Central Park in New York, but without any attempt to re-establish ecological functions. Later, Amsterdamse Bos Park in Netherlands design evolutes in a mode to adopt ecological functions (Fig. 2
21、). Afterwards, urban park design adopted the formal design principles taking into consideration sustainable criteria such as Park Andre-Citroen in France1 (Fig. 3). Urban parks and related human health issues are critical components of any state, regional and local infrastructure plan. They promote
22、the core value at stake in building public infrastructure: providing children the simple joys of playing in the park, improving health and recreation, creating equal access to public resources and democratic participation in deciding the future of the community, achieving economic vitality for all w
23、ith increased property values, local jobs, spiritual values in protecting people and earth, the environmental benefits of clean air, water and ground and sustainable regional planning1. 476 Riham Nady / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 474 489 Fig. 1. Victoria Urban Park, England Fig. 2. Am
24、esterdamse Bos Park, Netherlands Fig. 3. Park Andre Citroen , France 2.2. The need for sustainable urban parks Urban parks suffered a lengthy period of neglect and decline in the second half of the twentieth century when cutbacks resulted in poor maintenance and security, leading to many becoming no
25、-go areas. This decline of parks is being reversed in most cities and today green space that is well cared for, gives urban dwellers a much-needed connection with nature2. Thus, sustainable urban parks are democratic commons that bring diverse people together, fomenting a sense of community and soci
26、al vitality that has been progressively lost in the last decades, by promoting human health, environment and economic strength1. Thus, it is the one where natural resources are protected, wildlife habitat is improved and where human recreational uses and maintenance practices do not conflict with th
27、e environment, but rather enhanced by it. The planning and management of sustainable urban parks is meaningful to urban sustainable development. Sustainable parks have significant ecological, social and economic functions. Consequently, the future social implications of new lifestyles, values, attit
28、udes to nature and sustainability will lead to higher demands of sustainable parks. Parks that focus more attention on natural resources and sustainable practices have been shown to have numerous benefits2. 2.2. L Environmental benefits The environmental benefits of an urban park have an effective r
29、ole in protecting natural resources such as air and water purification, wind filtration and microclimate stabilization3. It can sequester carbon dioxide emissions and reduce noise, protect soil and water and maintain biodiversity1. When parks are designed to minimize the fragmentation from roads and
30、 to link parks together with the surrounding natural areas, they are more capable of benefiting people, wildlife, environmental quality and economy. Integrating parks with riparian corridors, wetlands and other open spaces will increase the ecological protection value many times over4. Also, urban p
31、arks mitigate urban heat, where the heat can radiate out at night and cool the city following hot weather. It can be a space for large canopy trees to grow and provide shade. In addition, urban parks create cool spaces by irrigating them with sustainable water supply. They can have permeable surface
32、s that hold moisture and cool the environment5. 2.2.2. Social benefits Sustainable parks are key element for recreation and to experience nature. They enhance the quality of life for people living in the surrounding area (Fig. 4) and provide locations for a variety of leisure activities as a multi-u
33、se recreational open space6. Parks are concerned with social values and how places encourage people to interact in ways which lead to trust, mutual understanding, shared values and supportive behavior. Social values arise when people can connect to others with common interests1. Riham Nady / Procedi
34、a Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 474 489 477 2.2.3. Economic benefits and tourism Its economic benefits include air purification by trees that reduce costs of pollution prevention, promotion of city as a tourist destination and commercial events, as well as increasing property values and tax reven
35、ues3. Also, urban parks can serve as a main factor in the location of new business and neighborhood economies through attracting tourists and investments to the area. Consequently, this could provide employment opportunities for people who develop, manage and maintain the sites6. 2.2.4. Health and w
36、ellbeing benefits Health benefits help in improving the health of the public, as it is discovered that time spent in nature, relieves mental fatigue and the feelings of violence and aggression that can spring from it. Natural resources provide many activities that require little to no effort, yet pr
37、ovide ways to restore a person,s health and mental wellbeing3 (Fig. 5). This kind of open spaces can help to relax and unwind and create social development in children. Also, physical health and wellbeing can be maintained through participating in organized sports, excising informally, contact with
38、nature and being outside in the fresh air and sunlight5. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that natural areas have positive health impacts on development issues, particularly behavioral disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Health studies have also shown that cont
39、act with nature offers a range of medical benefits such as lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, enhance survival after a heart attack, a more rapid recovery after surgery and lower levels of stress and depression3. 2.2.5. Cultural heritage and character Sustainable urban parks preserve the c
40、ultural heritage and character of the area through conservation of cultural heritage values and recording of history. It is important to conserve the state and national significance of existing parks and gardens7. 2.2.6. Events and arts Urban parks can be the home for several permanent and temporary
41、 art installations. Also, performances can be held in the parks in order to improve the cultural quality6. 2.2.7. Educational benefits Sustainable parks support environmental education and understanding of environmental problems (Fig. 6). The richer and more diverse a park environment is, the richer
42、 the learning opportunities can be for children. Particularly for children in urban areas, parks not only offer opportunities for a healthy physical activity, but also provide a connection with the natural world3. Fig. 4. Grosvenor Park, London Fig. 5. Walking and running in urban Fig. 6. Grosvenor
43、Park, London Recreation and experiencing nature parks (health and wellbeing benefits) Connection of children with the nature (social benefits) (educational benefits for children) 478 Riham Nady / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 474 489 3. The Role of Urban Parks in achieving a Sustainable
44、City Today, some cities are beginning to see that sustainable parks can contribute significantly to the quality of urban life through offering a host of ways to reduce the environmental impacts of cities. The restoration and preservation of open spaces is another target for greening into outdoor spa
45、ces. Some urban neighborhoods with their asphalt roads, concrete sidewalks and concrete-block property boundaries, need more greenery in their street-level aesthetics. While other neighborhoods may have adequate green spaces without benefiting from their multifunctional use and realizing their socia
46、l environmental potential. Additionally, sustainability in urban green spaces is not only desirable, but profitable too8. Greening the city refers to strategies and techniques that protect and restore ecology within urban communities. It means combining urbanism and nature to create healthy, civiliz
47、ing and enriching places to live. That is to say that, a living area governed more by nature than legislature and a sustainable human settlement based on ecological balance, community self-reliance and participatory democracy8. Sustainable parks are becoming catalysts for transforming urban areas. T
48、he relation between urban parks and city,s sustainability addresses the value of urban nature as a provider and source of social services that is essential to the quality of human life which is a key component to sustainable development3. The conceptual relationship between urban parks and cities, s
49、ustainability involves the environmental, social and economic aspects (Fig. 7). Ultimately, urban parks can play an important role in making cities more sustainable, providing benefits for habitat, air and water quality while allowing the kinds of high neighborhoods densities that are beneficial for lowering energy consumption and increasing active, human powered transportation. Certainly, it is important to have large open spaces, particularly natural areas that provide habitat and reinforce co