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1、Unit 7 International Charities 第3课时grammar八年级英语下册同步精品讲义(牛津译林版)知识精讲一、基本概念主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。 例如:many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The
2、door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、基本分类被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。 及物动词-本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾。不及物动词-本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时:amisareeaten 一般过去时:waswereeaten 一般将来时:will beeaten 现在完成时:havehas beeneaten三、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
3、。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如: All the people laughed at him. - He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. -The bikes are made by them in the factory. 四、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词be过去分词”构成,原来
4、带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 We can repair this watch in two days. -This watch can be repaired in two days. Wemust finish this work soon. -This work must be done soon.能力拓展一、 完成句子1吃饭之前必须洗手。Your hands _ _ _ before meals.【答案】must be washed【详解】“必须”译为must,“洗手”译为wash hands,本句主语是动作的承受者,用含情态动词的被动语态表示。故填must;be;
5、washed。2上公交车前必须向司机出示你的穗康码。Your Suikang code _ _ _ to the driver _ you get on the bus.【答案】must be shown before【详解】show“出示”,must“必须”,主语“Suikang code”与动词“show”之间是被动关系,故此处用含有情态动词的被动语态结构must be done;before“在之前”,故填must;be;shown;before。3我们应该永远铭记中国的历史。The Chinese history _ _ _ by us forever.【答案】should be re
6、membered【详解】remember“记住”,是动词,should“应该”,结合句意,此处表示中国历史应该被记住,因此用被动语态,其被动形式为should be+过去分词,故填should;be;remembered。4昨天,这张桌子被搬到图书馆了。The desk _ _ to the library yesterday.【答案】was moved【详解】搬:move,动词;根据时间状语“yesterday(昨天)”可知,此句时态应用一般过去时,因为主语“The desk”和谓语动词“move”是被动关系,所以此处应用一般过去时的被动语态,其构成为“be done”;主语“The des
7、k”为第三人称单数,be动词应用was,move的过去分词为moved。故填was;moved。5可怜的小狗遇到了善良的女孩儿,得到了细心照顾。The poor dog met a kind girl and _ _ _ well by her.【答案】was looked#cared after#for【详解】“照顾”为look after/care for;根据句意,主语和动词之间是被动关系,故应用被动语态;结合前句是一般过去时可知,空处应用一般过去时的被动语态,构成形式为:was/were done;主语是第三人称单数形式,故助动词应用was,look的过去分词是looked,care的
8、过去分词是cared。故填was;looked/cared;after/for。分层提分题组A 能力提升练6Lei Feng has died, but his spirits should _ by us.AlearnBbe learntClearnsDbe learning【答案】B【详解】句意:虽然雷锋去世了,但是他的精神应该被我们学习。考查含有情态动词的被动语态。根据句意可知,主语“his spirits(他的精神)”和谓语动词“learn(学习)”是被动关系,结合“should”可知,此处为含有情态动词的被动语态,其构成为“情态动词+be+动词的过去分词”。故选B。7The youn
9、g trees _ every day, or theyll die.Amust waterBcan be wateredCmust be wateredDshould be watering【答案】C【详解】句意:这些小树必须每天浇水,否则它们会死掉的。考查含有情态动词的被动语态以及动词辨析。can能够;must必须。根据常识可知,主语“The young trees”和谓语动词“water(浇水)”是被动关系,所以此句应用被动语态,排除A和D;根据“.or theyll die.”可知,为了不让小树死掉,人们必须每天给小树浇水,此处应用must表必须。故选C。8The new school
10、 in this area _ next year.Awill be builtBwill buildCis going to buildDbuilds【答案】A【详解】句意:这个地区的新学校将于明年建成。考查一般将来时的被动语态。build“建造”,主语“The new school”和动词“build”是被动关系,所以用被动语态,由“next year”可知,时态是一般将来时,所以用一般将来时的被动语态,构成:主语+will+be+动词过去分词,故选A。9This kind of watch _ in Italy.Acan buyBbe buyCcan be buyDcan be boug
11、ht【答案】D【详解】句意:这种手表在意大利可以买到。考查含情态动词的被动语态。buy“买”,根据主语“This kind of watch”和动词“buy”是被动关系,所以用被动语态,含情态动词can的被动语态构成:主语+can+be+动词过去分词,故选D。10A new cinema _ here. They hope to finish it next month.Awill be builtBis builtChas been builtDis being built【答案】D【详解】句意:这里正在建一座新电影院。他们希望下个月完成它。考查现在进行时的被动语态。根据“They hope
12、 to finish it next month.”可知,希望下个月完成它,所以是正在建,主语是动作的承受者,用现在进行时的被动语态。故选D。11A new airport will be built in Tantou, Longhui.Good news! But a lot of good farmland _.Ashould be wastedBcannot be wastedCmay be wastedDmust waste【答案】C【详解】句意:隆回县滩头镇将建设一个新机场。好消息!但是很多好的农田可能会被浪费掉。考查含情态动词的被动语态。should be wasted应该被浪费
13、;cannot be wasted不能被浪费;may be wasted可能被浪费;must waste必须浪费。根据“A new airport will be built in Tantou, Longhui.”可知建造飞机场可能会浪费农田,且主语“farmland”与waste之间是动宾关系,此处用may be wasted。故选C。12Many trees and flowers _ next year to make Guangzhou more beautiful.Awill plantBwill plantedCbeing plantedDwill be planted【答案】D
14、【详解】句意:明年将种植许多树和花,使广州更美丽。考查一般将来时被动语态。根据“next year”可知,句子用一般将来时。主语“Many trees and flowers”与动词plant之间是被动关系,故此处用一般将来时被动语态will be done结构,故选D。13Badaling part of the Ming Great Wall _ many centuries ago. It is very famous in the world.AbuildsBbuiltCis builtDwas built【答案】D【详解】句意:明长城的八达岭部分是几百年前修建的。它在世界上非常有名。
15、考查被动语态。主语Badaling是动词build的承受者,需用be done被动语态结构,可排除前两项;结合时间状语“many centuries ago”,可知是一般过去时的被动语态,故选D。14The mountains _ with trees in a few years.Aare coveredBare coveringCwill coverDwill be covered【答案】D【详解】句意:几年后这些山将被树木覆盖。考查时态和语态。根据时间状语“in a few years”可知,句子时态是一般将来时,排除选项A和B;主语“The mountains”与谓语动词“cover”
16、构成被动关系,因此用一般将来时的被动语态:主语+will be done。故选D。15The question _ three hours later.AdiscussedBwill discussCwill be discussedDis discussed【答案】C【详解】句意:这个问题三个小时之后将被大家讨论。考查动词的时态和语态。根据“three hours later”可知句子是一般将来时,主语“question”与动词“讨论”之间是被动关系,表达“被讨论”动词用一般将来时的被动结构“will be discussed”。故选C。16The book-display hall is
17、filled _ people at the moment. I cant even squeeze in and its said a lot of books _.Awith; have been sold outBof; had been soldCwith: had sold wellDof; were sold out【答案】A【详解】句意:现在书展厅里挤满了人。我挤不进去,据说很多书都卖光了。考查介词辨析及被动语态。with和;of的;have been sold out已经被卖光,现在完成时的被动语态;had sold well卖得好,过去完成时态。根据空前的“is filled
18、”可知,此处是短语be filled with“挤满,装满”,排除选项B和D;空二处句子主语与动词之间存在被动关系,所以用被动语态,排除选项C。故选A。17Were those Christmas presents _ the children in the hospital? Yes, Heidi will _ a toy car as a present this year.Abought for; be givenBbuy to; giveCbought for; be given toDbought; be giving【答案】A【详解】句意:那些圣诞礼物是给医院里的孩子们买的吗?是的
19、,今年海蒂将得到一辆玩具车作为礼物。考查被动语态。根据“Were”可知第一空用一般过去时的被动语态,buy sth. for sb.“为某人买某物”,此处用were bought for;答句中Heidi与give之间是动宾关系,用被动语态will be done,give sb. sth.“给某人某物”,此处用be given。故选A。18Peter got seriously _ in the car accident last week. Yes, he did. And he is _ in the hospital now.Awas hurt; taken good careBwas
20、 hurt; taken good care ofChurt; being taken good care ofDhurt; taken good care【答案】C【详解】句意:彼得上周在车祸中受了重伤。是的,他是。他现在正在医院接受治疗。考查固定短语和动词时态。get hurt“受伤”,固定短语,排除A、B;根据“ And he is . in the hospital now.”可是,他是被照顾的对象,是动作的承受者,应用被动语态,由now可知,用现在进行时的被动语态,结构为“be being done”,故选C。19What _ when you _ this morning? I w
21、as smiling into the mirror.Awould you do; calledBwere you doing; were wantedCare you doing; were callingDwere you doing; wanted【答案】B【详解】句意:今天早上有人找你的时候你在干什么?我正对着镜子微笑。考查动词时态以及被动语态。根据答语“I was smiling into the mirror”可知,第一空应用过去进行时,排除A和C选项。第二空表示“有人找你”,主语you与动词want之间是被动关系,故第二空用一般过去时被动语态,故选B。20Loose or sma
22、ll parts of toys must _ toddlers. OK. I will make sure _ all toys are stored in a safe place before they come in.Akeep from; ofBbe kept away; thatCbe kept away from; ofDbe kept away from; /【答案】D【详解】句意:零散的玩具或玩具的小零件必须远离幼儿。好的。我将确保所有的玩具在他们进来之前被存放在一个安全的地方。考查被动语态以及宾语从句。keep sth away from“使某物远离”,主语“Loose o
23、r small parts of toys”与动词“keep away from”之间是被动关系,故第一空用含有情态动词的被动语态must be done的结构,排除A和B选项。第二空所在句子是宾语从句,引导词that可省略,故选D。21This kind of flowers should _ every day.AwaterBis wateredCare wateredDbe watered【答案】D【详解】句意:这种花需要每天浇水。考查被动语态。主语“This kind of flowers”与动词water之间是被动关系,根据“should”可知,此处用含有情态动词的被动语态shoul
24、d be done的结构,故选D。22Hongkou Football Stadium _ soon to become a “football and sports landmark” in Shanhgai.Awas rebuiltBwill rebuildCwill be rebuiltDrebuilt【答案】C【详解】句意:虹口足球场即将重建,成为上海“足球和体育的地标”。考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据题干可知,主语“Hongkou Football Stadium”是动作“rebuild”的承受者,应用被动语态;再由“soon to become a football and spo
25、rts landmark in Shanhgai”,可知句子时态用一般将来时;一般将来时的被动语态结构为:will be+动词的过去分词,rebuild的过去分词是rebuilt,故选C。23 When shall we go and play basketball? Not until the work _.Ais finishedBfinishesCwill finishDwill be finished【答案】A【详解】句意:我们什么时候去打篮球?直到工作被完成。考查动词的时态。“work 工作”和动词“完成”之间是被动关系。这是“not until”引导的时间状语从句,遵循主将从现的原
26、则,主句是一般将来时,从句是一般现在时表示将来。根据“shall we go”可知表示将来的动作,回答句子动词用一般现在时的被动形式“is finished”。故选A。题组B 培优拔尖练24In Switzerland, things like glass and plastic _ into different groups and then recycled.AseparateBseparatedCare separated【答案】C【详解】句意:在瑞士,像玻璃和塑料这样的东西被分成不同的组,然后回收。考查被动语态。句子的主语things和谓语separate之间是被动的关系,东西被分离。
27、故选C。25We are made _ more confident by our teacher.Ato beBbeingCbe【答案】A【详解】句意:老师使我们变得更加自信。考查使役动词的被动语态。使役动词make的被动形式是be made to do/be,故选A。26Danny, you can go out to play, but your homework _first.Awill finishBhas finishedCfinishesDshould be finished【答案】D【详解】句意:丹尼,你可以出去玩,但是你的作业应该先完成。考查被动语态。主语“ your hom
28、ework ”和谓语动词“finish”之间是被动关系,所以应该用被动语态结构,故选D。27We will fly a kite as soon as your homework _.AfinishesBwill be finishedChas finishedDis finished【答案】D【详解】句意:你的作业一完成,我们就可以去放风筝了。考查动词的时态和语态。主语your homework和动词finish之间是动宾关系,所以应用被动语态,排除A和C。as soon as引导的时间状语从句中,主句为一般将来时态,从句用一般现在时态。一般现在时态的被动语态为“am/is/are+动词的过
29、去分词”,故选D。28It was reported that nine Chinese people _ in a balloon crash(坠毁)in Egypt on February 26, 2013.Aare killedBwere killedCwill killDhave killed【答案】B【详解】句意:据报道,2013年2月26日,9名中国人在埃及的一次气球坠毁中丧生。考查语态。句子主语Chinese people与kill之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,因此要用被动语态。事件发生在过去,因此用一般过去时的被动语态,故选B。29Do you know Earth Day? Su
30、re. It _ in 1970 to tell us to protect our planet.Asets upBset upCis set upDwas set up【答案】D【详解】句意:你知道地球日吗?当然。它建立于1970年,是为了告诉我们要保护我们的星球。考查一般过去时的被动语态。 短语set up建立;主语是it和谓语之间是被动关系,根据时间状语“in 1970”可知是一般过去时态,此处是一般过去时态的被动语态,故选D。30Chinas hot words, like tuhao, dama and renxing, _ widely in the Western media last year. Really?AuseBare usedCusedDwere used【答案】D【详解】句意:中国的热词如土豪、大妈和任性去年在西方媒体中被广泛的使用。考查语态。主语是Chinas hot words,和动词use之间是被动关系,再结合last year可知,要用一般过去时的被动语态。故选D。