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1、考研外语考试题目及答案9一、Use of English1、 Humans have altered the worlds climate by (1) heat-trapping gases since almost the beginning of civilization and even prevented the start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said.Most scientists (2)a rise (3)global temperatures over the past century (
2、4) to emissions of carbon dioxide (5) human activities like driving cars and operating factories.Dr. William Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Virginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6) humans effect (7)climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)people gave up hunting
3、and gathering and began farming. In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of Duke University, said he (9)Dr. Ruddimans premise at first. But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, I could not help but (10) whether he just might be (11) something. z/The climate of the last
4、10, 000 years has been unusually stable, in the near futureMylar in line 1 of the third paragraph is.A.a kind of kiteB.a kind of man-made materialC.the name of a kite factoryD.the name of a personWhat does the word which in line 3 of the third paragraph refer to?A.Bullet-proof vestsB.kite string”C.T
5、he kiteD.KevlarWhich of the following advantages doesn，t the TRAM have?A. The TRAM can help maintain continuous measurementsB. The instruments on the TRAM can be used for many timesC. The TRAM weighs only 18 kilogramsD. The TRAM can be operated from the groundThe kite is limited by the following con
6、ditions EXCEPTfor.A.the strength of the windB.air traffic conditionsC. the power requirements of the equipmentD.the movability of the TRAM6、The right to a trial by jury is a fundamental part of the United States legal system. It is a right firmly rooted in our democratic tradition. The jury system p
7、rovides a buffer between the complex and often inflexible legal system and the average citizen on trial. The right to be judged by a jury is a right that most Americans feel very strongly about. However, due to recent jury decisions, some critics are questioning the value of this institution.Our jur
8、y system is by no means flawless. It is subject to constant scrutiny and debate concerning its merit and its downfalls. As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes. Psychological studies have been done on many aspects of jury behavior. Political scientists are also intrigue
9、d by juries and the manner in which they arrive at important decisions. Although most Americans believe in the jury system, there has been considerable controversy surrounding it lately. The public has become even moreconcerned about this institution recently. The outcomes of theRodney King, the 0.
10、J. Simpson, and the Menendez brothers trials in Los Angeles and the dissatisfaction that followed the jurys decisions are three examples of instances when the effectiveness of the jury system has come under fierce attack. From the public reaction to these decisions and others like them, it is very c
11、lear that the way in which juries reach their decisions is often as important to the American people as it is to the specific person on trial. Many people feel that the average jurist is not equipped to make the kinds of decisions they are faced with. These critics5 suggestions range from restructur
12、ing the system up to tally eliminating it.Most average Americans, I believe, feel that the right to a jury trial is a fundamental one, and its guarantees should be honored. These people would argue that laws are inflexible. They cannot deal with the individual circumstances in each case, but juries
13、can take these into account. Still others believe that juries are favorable because they reflect the morals and values of the community they come from. Indeed, many proponents of the jury support the system because of a particular kind of jury bias, the tendency for jurors, to place justice above th
14、e law.Opponents of the system argue that juries are uneducated inlegal procedures and should not be given the type of responsibility they have traditionally had. These people also argue that juries are biased. In fact, the psychological literature provides many examples of this bias. Jurors are less
15、 likely to punish a sad or distressed defendant, as opposed to a joyful one, apparently because the defendant is already being punished emotionally. Some opponents say that although juries are instructed not to pay attention to the media, they are more easily influenced by the news than judges. Crit
16、ics of the jury system also point out that juries are expensive and are often unable to reach an agreement. They argue that the decision making should be left up to the people who know the law, judges and lawyers.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whol
17、e, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. These people suggest that juries receive instruction prior to hearing testimony. They argue that this would improve the system by providing some working legal knowledge for the jury as well as giving them an idea of w
18、hat they are to listen for. Research has shown that exposing jurors to the laws involved in their decision making resulted in significantly fewer verdicts ofguilty. This finding suggests that lawyers and judges should have the responsibility of insuring that the jury is adequately informed of the le
19、gal issues at hand and the laws available to handle those issues.On the whole, though, I feel that the American guarantee of trial by jury is a valuable oneA.the jury system is unnecessarily complex and rigidB.recent jury decisions are made against the democratic traditionC. there is constant debate
20、 about its merit and its downfallsD. Some juries, have made mistakes recentlyOpponents of the jury system accuse jurors of.A.placing justice above the lawA. knowing nothing about the psychology of the accusedB. not having enough knowledge of the lawC. failing to consider individual circumstances of
21、each crime 8、To which of the arguments does the author agree?.A.The jury system is flawed beyond remedy8、 Some improvements should be made on the jury systemC.The jury system should be kept as it isD.The jury should be composed of judges and lawyersIt can be inferred from the fifth paragraph that.A.
22、the author is against the jury systemB. the jury is seldom adequately informed about the ease he is hearingC.better educated people should be selected for the juryD.enough legal knowledge helps jurors make fairer decisions 10、The authors attitude towards the jury system is.A.neutralB.biasedC.negativ
23、eD.positive11、Darwin is basically right, though only to some extent that species and individuals compete, fight, kill and survival belongs to the fittest. This is one of the most important mechanisms by which life evolves and maintains its quality. As the human society builds upon and is an extensio
24、n of the ecosystem, does it mean that for the human society to work well, man must apply this mechanism to her/his society also; say, let those who are not skillful enough to land a job starve to death?We may be enlightened with respect to this question through the examination of evolution in an eco
25、system in comparison to the human history. Taking the maritime swamp land as an example, the mangrove species Kandelia candle competes successfully over other mangrove species and dominate the area chiefly through the evolution of droppers that other species do not have. The seeds of Kandelia candle
26、 grow into seedlings inside the droppers before leaving their mother plant body and when the droppers still hang on the branches of their mother plant. The droppers shape is like a pen, with a sharp and heavier lower end. So when it ripens, it drops and inserts itself together with the seedling into
27、 the mud below as a result, and the seedling can get hold of the ground, start to tap the much fresher water under the mud surface. This adaptive evolution of droppers enables Kandelia candle to have a much greater successful rate. Seeds of other mangrove species just find it difficult to locate a s
28、uitable site for them to grow.When it is the industrial society that dominates a place, it always exploits resources from the land, drains out nutrients from the soil and plays environmental havoc to the place as a result of stupid human intelligence and selfish human manipulation. But when the mang
29、rove dominates a mudflat,millions of Nature evolved complex mechanisms come together with it. It taps water, minerals from the mud and then let them to combine with carbon dioxide in the air to form, the building materials of its plant body first through the process of photosynthesis and then throug
30、h the synthesis of various organic matters. The effect ends up providing much better and more diverse living environment for more land, water and air species to dwell in, even for other competing mangrove species. When different races of man compete to dominate the earth, the end result is completel
31、y opposite in sense. One of the means they evolve are more and more powerful weapons, some, of the human races also evolve droppers, but those droppers are droppers of nuclear bombs, which are all life destructive when used.Animals never burn up a forest, or practice fighting skills twelve hours a d
32、ay in order to defeat their competitors; they just let Nature cut out the weaker or less fortunate portion of their species, or that their species simply cannot survive in the first place. On the contrary, man can work round the clock, and exhaust all natural resources just to defeat their enemies,
33、whether military or commercial, as we can all see in our modern societies. Such practice generates quite grave problems:First, it pushes human activities into a very narrow goal of defeating their enemies militarily as well as economically. Second, all the available time, energy and resources of an
34、individual as well as the society are exhausted by the competition, very little is left to other activities, so nearly all men suffer very much in the process and countless new problems besiege modern societies. Third, as all participants input as much time, energy and resources as can be exploited
35、by them, most of these inputs are wasted. Such effort creates a lot of waste and exhausts all resources as a result.We should also view how man should conform, to Nature in such a way that man has to compete for survival. In fact this is Natures way of telling man how to act. If only man could liste
36、n to this internal guidance, bA.the extension of the ecosystemB.the survival of the fittestC. the maintenance of lifes qualityD.the evolution of lifeThe evolution of the mangrove species is described to.A. illustrate the similarities of human society to the natural worldB.provide a contrastive examp
37、le to the development of human societyC.explain how Nature ruthlessly gets rid of the weaker speciesD. how plants evolve to maintain their quality of lifeThe key difference between human and plant competition for survival is that.A. the aim of the latter is not to get resourcesB. the former is unnec
38、essarily more complicated than the latterC. the latter has evolved some more complex mechanismsD. the latter makes the environment more habitableAccording to the passage, all of the following will result from human competition EXCEPT.A. a waste of human and natural resourcesB.economic dominate over
39、the competitorsC.constant creation of social problemsD.formation of a ever complex societyTo learn lessons from Nature, the author advocates that humans(12)civilization to flourish. But that is only because people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe, China and India for croplands and pastures. C
40、arbon dioxide (13) by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14) by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15) an expected natural cooling.Levels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall in natural cycles (16) thousands of years, and bo
41、th reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17) expected.Both (18) declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age should have begun 4, 000 to 5, 000 years ago, Dr. Ruddiman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reverse
42、d 8, 000 wears ago. The decline (19)methane levels reversed 5, 000 years ago, (20)with the advent of irrigation rice farming.A.generatingB.generatedC.originatingD.originated2、(2)should.A. make the human society more DarwinisticB. make peace with every other species in NatureC. make the environment b
43、etter for fellow beingsD.protect the environment they find themselves in16 Over the past few decades, there has been a considerable increase in the use of mathematical analysis, both for solving everyday problems and for theoretical developments of many disciplines. For example, economics, biology,
44、geography and medicine have all seen a considerable increase in the use of quantitative techniques. Twenty years ago applied mathematics meant the application of mathematics to problems in mechanics and little else一now, applied mathematics, or as many people prefer to call it, applicable mathematics
45、, could refer to the use of mathematics in many varied areas. The one unifying theme that these applications have is that of mathematical modeling, by which we mean the construction of a mathematical model to describe the situation under study. This process of changing a real life problem into a mat
46、hematical one is not at all easy, we hasten to add, although one of the overall aims of this book is to improve your ability as a mathematical modeler.There have been many books written during the past decade onthe topic of mathematical modeling; all these books have been devoted to explaining and d
47、eveloping mathematical models, but very little space has been given to how to construct mathematical models, that is, how to take a real problem and convert it into a mathematical one. Although we appreciate that we might not yet have the best methods for teaching how to tackle real problems, we do
48、at least regard this mastery of model formulation as a crucial step, and much of this book is devoted to attempting to make you more proficient in this process.Our basic concept is that applied mathematicians become better modelers through more and more experience of tackling real problems. So in or
49、der to get the most out of this book, we stress that you must make a positive effort to tackle the many problems posed before looking at the solutions we have given. To help you to gain confidence in the art of modeling we have divided the book into four distinct sections.In the first section we describe three different examples of how mathematical analysis has been used t