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1、考研外语考试题目及答案3一、Use of English1、 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkeys application to join the European Union, to be (1)on by the EUs Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic一in particular, the country5 s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 p
2、re-2022 members of the EU. (2) it is not far off that of Latvia一one of the ten new members which (3)on May 1st 2022, and it is much the same as (4)of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded (5)talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2022.(6), the cou
3、ntrys recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, stunning. GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13. 4% higher than a year earlier, a (7)of growth that no EU country comes close to (8) Turkeys (9)rate has just fallen into single figures fo
4、r the first time since 1972, and this week the country (10)agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic program that will help Turkey (11)(including, occasionally, me), the world seems to present the usual mixed bag of difficult problems and heartening developments.The key questi
5、on, of course, is the fate of Iraq. A decent outcome一the defeat of a lame da in what it has made the central front in the war on terrorism and enough security so there can be peaceful rule by a representative regime一seems to me achievable, if we dont lose our nerve here at home. With success in Iraq
6、, progress elsewhere in the Middle East will be easier. The balance sheet is uncertain. But it is by no means necessarily grim.According to the text, what might have happened in 1992?A. The Americans had unwarranted pessimism about their state affairs.B. A wealthy businessman made his way into the w
7、hite house.C. Slow economic progress with political crises prevailed the us.D.The media were unhappy about businessman running for the office.2、According to the author, the present pessimism in the US is mainly due toA.their chronic bad mood.B.the uncertain prospect in Iraq.C.the incapable political
8、 system.D. the unpromising president candidates.The phrase going to the dogs” (paragraph 3) most probably meansA.becoming worse.B.becoming lazier.C.becoming crazier.D.becoming easier.The author seems to believe that the US will have positive outcomes in Iraq ifA. enough security can be obtained afte
9、r the war on terrorism.B.troops in Iraq take no further military actions.C. a representative regime is established through peaceful means.D. people in the US remain calm and reasonable.The authors attitude towards the present situation in the US isA. confused.B.uncertain.C.optimistic.D.pessimistic.5
10、、 Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economys vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those
11、with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of ail new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1. 2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200, 000 entr
12、epreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer execut
13、ives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for awhile, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to SmallBusiness Administratio
14、n data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the N
15、ational Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the sam
16、e product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firin s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You mast tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-bus
17、iness owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they
18、must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only whenthe financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firms vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportu
19、nity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.According to the text, the main difference between a multinational corporation and a small business lies inA.the proportion of work force.B.the frequency appeared on the headlines.
20、C. the number of the workers.D. the way of opening a business.7、We may conclude from the text thatA. the future of the small businesses is promising and undoubtedly encouraging.B. all those who leave their jobs will be a boss of a small business.C. everyone should look before they leap when they dec
21、ide managing small business.D. the success of small business solely depends on the bosses who perform, their last jobs.8、When opening small businesses, the most important thing for small-business owners to do isA.to make a thorough analysis on the market,B.to invest much more money in small business
22、.C. to cut down the workers wages,D. to think carefully about the internal specific conditions in the small enterprises,In a recent research, after three years, small enterprises will he alive among 3,000 small businesses.A. more than 60B. more than 51C. more than 2, 310D. more than 2, 400The author
23、s attitude towards the development of small businesses isA. worried.B.unconcerned.C.optimistic.D. cautious.9、 Historically, the European Union has not bothered with funding much basic scientific research. Such activities have mainly remained the preserve of national governments, not least because gi
24、ving scientists free rein can lead to discoveries that not only make money but ultimately enhance military might. That attitude is now changing. The European Commission proposes to establish a European Research Council (ERC) that would spend a maximum of 12 billion($14 billion) over seven years on b
25、lue skies research. While the plans are being generally welcomed by Europes member states, their details are problematic. The proposed ERC is intended to make Europe more competitive. Europe has some first-class universities, scientific institutions and research organizations, But, the ERCs proponen
26、ts argue, their activities are fragmented, so they are not reaching their full potential.In America, teams from across the country compete with each other for grants from the National Science Foundation. The proposed ERC is modeled on this scheme, It would award grants to individual research teams f
27、or a specific project, solely on the basis of scientific merit judged by peer review, If the ERC were created, scientists from across Europe would compete with each other for funds, rather than merely competing with theirfellow countrymen, as hap pens at present.This compares with the limited fundin
28、g for basic research that currently exists in the EU, which places its emphasis on collaboration between researchers. It is open only to researchers in a narrow range of disciplines chosen by the European Parliament and the commission. The ERC would be quite different, placing its emphasis on compet
29、ition between researchers and leaving scientists themselves to decide which areas of science to pursue. Helga Nowotny, who chairs the European Research Advisory Board一an advisory body to the commission一says that winning a grant from the ERC could come to be seen as unmistakable recognition of resear
30、ch excellence. The quality of European research needs to be stepped up a notch. Between 1980 and 2022, Europe had 68 Nobel laureates in medicine, physics and chemistry compared with 154 in America. With competition from China and India, Europes share could fall further.One of the reasons for Europes
31、 relatively weak performance is thought to be a lack of genuine competition between Europes researchers. Another is its poor ability to attract young people into a research career. Recent estimates suggest that Europe needs an extra 700, 000 researchers if it is to meet itsoverall target of raising
32、spending (private, national and EU)on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2022. Many young scientists leave Europe for America once they have finished their training. Dr. Nowotny says the ERC could help here too. It could establish a scheme to give young researchers the opportunity to follow th
33、eir own ideas and become independent at an earlier stage in their careers, encouraging talent to stay in Europe.The crucial issue now is whether the ERC will be able to set its own research agenda, free from the interference and bureaucracy of the commission and influence of member states. Last mont
34、h, 22 leading European scientists charged with shaping the ERCs scientific strategy met for the first time to start hammering out a charter and constitution. Serious concerns remain over the legal structure of the body.The final decision on the ERCs legal form, on a date yet unspecified, rests with
35、the European Parliament and member states in the European Council. If both are genuine in their support for the ERC and Europes aim of becoming more competitive, then they must find a way of keeping the ERC free from political interference. Europe would benefit from a competition for its best resear
36、chers which rewards scientificexcellence. A quasi-competition that recognizes how many vA. Because they dont want to be bothered with those basic researches.B.Because national governments take them as their sole preserve.C.Because member countries want to keep the benefits to themselves.D.Because sc
37、ientist from the member countries couldnt compete.According to ERC supporters, scientists are not reaching their full potential becauseA. the European Union is not as competitive as the U. S.B. member states cannot cooperate as should have.C.Europe does not have enough top research institutions.D.re
38、search activities in Europe lack enough competition.The phrase stepped up a notch”(line 1, paragraph 5) most probably meansA. improved.B. decreased.C. worsened.inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economys resilience.Resilience has not historically been the countrys economic strong poin
39、t. (12), throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram (13)a violent heart attack. This (14)has been one of the main reasons why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment is lower now than it was in the 1980s, an
40、d annual (15) have scarcely ever reached $1 billion.One deterrent to foreign investors is due to (16)on January 1st 2022. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six zeros will be removed from the face value of the lira(里拉
41、，货币单位)；one unit of the local (17)will henceforth be worth what 1 million are now一i. e. , about 0. 53 (0. 53 欧元).Goods will have to be (18) in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, (19)foreign bankers and (20) can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have
42、to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.A. decidedD. stamped.Which of the following contributes to the weak performance of Europe?A. A huge lack of researchers with competitive edge.B. The inability to integrate new strength into their research teams.C. An underfunding of the basic re
43、search programs.D. The inability to train young researchers to compete with the U. S.ERCs ultimate success seems to lie inA. the hands of the European Parliament.B.the support of member states of the EC.C.the absence of political intervention.D. the number of votes each member is allotted.16 In the
44、dimly lit cyber-cafe at Sciences-Po, hot-house of the French elite, no Gauloise smoke fills the air, no dog-eared copies of Sartre lie on the tables. French students are doing what all students do: surfing the web via Google. Now President Jacques Chirac wants to stop this American cultural invasion
45、 by setting up a rival French search-engine. The idea wasprompted by Googles plan to put online millions of texts fromAmerican and British university libraries. If English books are threatening to swamp cyberspace, Mr. Chirac will not stand idly by.He asked his culture minister, Renaud Donnedieu de
46、Vabres, and Jean-Noel Jeanneney, head of Frances Bibliotheque Nationale, to do the same for French texts一and create a home-grown search-engine to browse them. Why not let Google do the job? Its French version is used for 74% of internet searches in France. The answer is the vulgar criteria it uses t
47、o rank results. I do not believe”, wrote Mr. Donnedieu de Vabres in Le Monde, “that the only key to access our culture should be the automatic ranking by popularity, which has been behind Googles success”.This is not the first time Google has met French resistance. A court has upheld a ruling agains
48、t it, in a lawsuit brought by two firms that claimed its display of rival sponsored links (Googles chief source of revenues) constituted trademark counterfeiting. The French state news agency, Agence France-Presse, has also filed suit against Google for copyright infringement.Googlephobia is spreadi
49、ng. Mr. Jeanneney has talked of the“risk of crushing domination by America in defining the view that future generations have of the world. I have nothing in particular against Google”, he told L. Express, a magazine. I simply note that this commercial company is the expression of the American system, in which the law of the market is king”.