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1、动词一 几组动词的辨析1 say，tell，speak和talk（1）say是指言语表达自己的思想，着重于说话的内容。如果小孩生下不久，牙牙学语，只能用speak，不能用say。I have come to say good-bye to you（2）tell解作“告诉”、“吩咐”，其后可接双宾语，也可接复合宾语。 Tell me your telephone number，pleaseHe told us not to worry about him另外，tell还用在某些词组里。例如：tell the truth（说真话）、tell a lie（说谎话）、tell a story（讲故事）
2、、tell the time（报时间）、tell fortunes（算命）。（3）speak是指口中发出话语的声音，着重说的动作，解作“说话”、“演说”，是不及物动词，但也可以作及物动词，后接language，truth。I will speak to him about the matterYou may trust me that I am speaking the truth（4）talk的意义与相同，但是没有speak正式，而且常指连续的谈话。 He does talk rubbish2 must和have to：均解作“必须”、“不得不”。（1）must常表示主观上的必要，have
3、to（口语中常用have got to）常表示客观上的必要。I must study hard in order to serve the people better in the futureI have to go to the office every day（2）must 没有过去时形式，需要用过去时时，则必须用have to表示；但是在间接引语中，可以使用must。When I was your age I had to get up at 5 every morningI told him he must make a decision have to有过去时、将来时等多种时态。Y
4、ou have got to go and see the bossHe had to go at onceWe will have to help them as much as we canI have had to stay hereHe said he had had to borrow $500 from herHe said he would have to go with her the next day（3）must和have to的否定式在意思上大有差别。must not解作“决不可以”，do not have to（have not to或have not got to）解
5、作“不必”，相当于need not。You must not say thatYou have not to say thathave to有两种否定形式：do not have to和have not to（或have not got to）其中前者用于惯常的场合，后者用于特定的场合。 We do not have to work on Saturday We have not to work today because it is Saturdayhave to有时可以与may连用，有时还用进行时态。 We may have to cancel the plan As a matter o
6、f fact，he is having to sell his house3 can和be able to：解作“能”、“会”。（1）用于现在时时，can和be able to可以互换，但是can更为常用。You can certainly cook，even if you can not do anything elseYou are certainly able to cook，even if you can not do anything else（2）用于将来时时，应当用shall（will） be able to，因为can没有将来时的形式。 I shall not be able
7、to come again todayHe will be able to speak Japanese in another few months但是，当人们现在决定将来是否能够做某事时，也可以用can。Can you come to see me next week？（3）表示过去做成某事的具体能力时，通常不用could，而是用was（were） able to。He was able to finish the work before FridayHow much money were you able to get？4 used to和be used to：前者解作“过去常常”，后者解
8、作“习惯于”。used to用于表示过去的一种经常的动作或状态，后面接动词原形，to是动词不定式的符号。 He used to play cards a lot It used to be thought that the sun traveled round the earth always，often和sometimes可置于used前面或后面，但是在非正式文体中，常置于used之前。 He always used to go to work by bus used to通常只用一般过去时中，但在间接引语中也可以用过去完成时。 He said he had used to come by
9、train used to的否定形式有did not use to，used not to，usednt to，use not to四种形式。它的疑问式是将did或used移到主语前，在口语和美国英语中常借助did构成否定句和疑问句。 He used not to come He usednt to come He use not to come He did not use to come Used he to come by taxi？ Did he use to come by taxi？ be used to中的to是介词，其后必须接名词或动名词，可以用于各种时态。 He is use
10、d to hard work I have been used to teaching English at this school You will soon be used to working in the lab She was used to having her own way 为强调从不习惯到习惯的过程，可以用get used to，become used to，grow used to。 You will soon get used to living in the country Did you become used to American ways of life whe
11、n you were in America？ 另外，还可以用seem used to，appear used to。 He seems used to getting up early be used to的同义词是be accustomed to，但是be accustomed to后面接简单容易的行为时，多用动名词，后接复杂困难的行为时多用不定式。 I am accustomed to speaking English I am accustomed to speak English in public5 used to和would：表示“过去惯常”。（1）used to可以用来表示过去惯
12、常的动作或状态，而would只能表示动作，不能表示状态，所以只能接表示动作的动词，而不能接表示状态的动词。When we were children we used to go skating every winterWhen we were children we would go skating every winterI used to have an old car（）I would have an old car（）（2）used to含有过去和现在对比的含义，而would却没有这种含义。 He used to play tennis before his marriage6 hav
13、e和there be：表示“有”。have表示所属关系，常用于“某人有某物”的句子中；there be表示存在关系，常用于“某处有某物”、“某时有某事”的句子中。We have a vacuum cleaner and a refrigeratorThere is a hole in my tightsThere will be a report next week当表示“构成上的含有”含义时，用have和there be都可以。 A week has seven daysThere are seven days in a week 当表示“某物拥有什么”时，必须用have。The table
14、 has four legs7 wake，waken，awake和awaken：解作“醒来”、“叫醒”、“（使）觉醒”、“使）意识到”，都可以用作及物动词和不及物动词。（1）解作“醒来”、“叫醒”时，wake最常用，过去式是waked或woke，过去分词是waked，woken或woke。 Please do not wake me till about 8She woke several times during the night（2）wake和awake多用作不及物动词，waken和awaken多用作及物动词。（3）wake和awake后可以跟up，而awake和awaken后面不能跟u
15、p。Be quiet，your father is asleep；do not wake him up（4）表示“（使）觉醒”、“（使）意识到”时，多用awake和awaken。 We must awake to the dangers facing our country We must awaken the people to the dangers facing our country（5）waken和awaken多用于被动语态中。 Were you wakened by the earthquake last night？ I was awakened by the singing o
16、f birds in the trees这四个动词中，只有awake还能用作形容词，在句中作表语。 Is he awake or asleep？8 appear，seem和look：用作系词时，均解作“看来似”，其后均可以接形容词、名词或不定式作表语。He appears （to be） very angry todayHe seems （to be） very angry todayHe looks （to be） very angry todayShe appears （to be） a very religious personShe seems （to be） a very relig
17、ious personShe looks （to be） a very religious person（1）appear侧重于外表上给人的印象，有时含有实质上并非如此的意思。 He appears to know more than he really does（2）seem暗示有一定根据的判断，而且这种判断往往接近事实。 We seem to be approaching ShanghaiThe fields look wonderfully green hereseem的否定形式有两种：在非正式英语中，not放在seem之前；在正式英语中，not放在seem之后的不定式前。 She do
18、es not seem to be at home She seems not to be at home（3）look侧重于根据人们的视觉而得出的印象。 He is over seventy but he does not look his age（4）可以使用“It looks as if”或“It looks as though”和“It seems as if”或“It seems as though”句型，但是不能用“It appears as if”或“It appears as though”句型。 It looks as if we shall have to walk hom
19、e It seems as if John was right（5）可以使用“It appears that”和“It seems that”句型，但是不能用“It looks that”句型。 It appears to me that you are all mistaken It seems that no one has any objection to the idea9 prohibit和forbid：解作“禁止”、“不许”，都是及物动词。（1）prohibit是正式用语，forbid是通俗用语。（2）prohibit后接sb from doing sth；forbid后可以接sb
20、 to do sth，还可以接动名词或双宾语。 Why do park keepers always prohibit people from walking on the grass？ I forbade him to go The doctor forbids him wine She forbids him her house She forbids him to enter her house She forbids him entering her house She forbids that he should enter her house forbid还可以解作“阻止”，相当于
21、prevent。 The rain forbids us to go out10 deny，refuse，reject，decline和turn down：解作“拒绝”。deny解作“拒绝给予”、“拒绝接受”、“拒绝相信”，后接宾语或双宾语。He denied the signatureThey denied him admissiondeny解作“否认”时，后接动名词，不能接不定式。 He denied having done sorefuse后接名词或不定式，但是不能接动名词；也可以接双宾语，与deny意义相同。 He resolutely refused their bribe He r
22、efused to go with me He refused her nothingHe denied her nothing reject解作“断然拒绝”，后接名词，与refuse意义相同，语气较强，但是不能双宾语。He rejected my offer of helpHe refused my offer of help turn down与refuse或者reject意义相同，后接名词。Their proposal was turned down decline比refuse婉转，相当于politely refuse，解作“谢绝”，后接名词、动名词或不定式。He declined t
23、he invitationShe declined answering my questionShe declined to answer my question11 wear，have on，put on和dress：表示“穿”。（1）wear，have on和put on具有“穿”和“戴”的含义，是及物动词，后面跟衣服、鞋子、手套等词作宾语。Dress只有“穿衣服”的含义，既可以作不及物动词，又可以作及物动词；作及物动词时，其宾语是人，不是衣服。 Many girls wear skirts in summer time The boy has on a new cap Better pu
24、t on your rubber shoes He washed，dressed and went out She hurriedly dressed the child and took him downstairs（2）wear和have on是穿的状态，put on指穿的动作，dress既可以指穿的状态，又可以指穿的动作。 He wore a blue coat and gray trousers The child had hardly anything on Take off your overcoat and put on your raincoat She always dres
25、ses in red It only takes me five minutes to dress in the mornings（3）表示某人在某个场合穿着什么衣服，用be dressed （in），口语中表示自己穿衣服时可以用get dressed。 He was dressed in a dark suit at the meeting Lets get dressed and leave at once（4）wear后可以跟眼镜、戒指、徽章等词作宾语。 The old man wears thick glasses She was wearing a ring on her finge
26、r The girl wore a red flower in her hair12 cost，pay和spend：cost解作“花费（钱、时间）”时，主语必须是物，不是人，后面接宾语或双宾语。 The book cost him 10 dollars Does it cost much to live here？ pay解作“付款”，可以用作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时，后面可以接人或物作宾语，也可以接双宾语。 They had to pay 200 francs in advance The manager would not pay him his wages and
27、threatened to fire him spend解作“花费（钱、时间）”，后面接名词时，常加介词on，后面接动名词时，常加介词in，也可以不加。 We spent over five years on the project Two hours a day are spent in practicing13 bring，take，fetch，get和carry：解作“拿”、“带”、“取”。（1）bring解作“拿来”、“带来”，指从别处带到说话人处来，take指从说话人处带到别处去，两者的关系如同come和go一样。 He forgot to bring his umbrella Yo
28、u had better take an umbrella with you 在打电话或写信时，bring既可以指向说话人或发信人处，又可以指听话人或收信人处，因为在对方看来，都是“拿来”、“带来”的含义。 Come and stay for the weekend and bring your wife Thanks，I would love toCan I bring the children too？（2）fetch解作“去拿来”，相当于“go and bring”。严格地说，用了fetch，就不要再用go，但是习惯上用“go and fetch”却很普遍。 I asked him to
29、 fetch me the evening paper Lets go and fetch some water（3）go与fetch意义相同，但是更为常用，更加口语化。 Get me some paste Let me go and get the doctor（4）carry解作“带、拿、搬、抬、抱”，不说明固定的方向。 He always carries a dictionary Let me carry the bag for you He carried the bag to her 比较：He carried the boy to her（他抱着孩子去她那里。） He took t
30、he boy to her（他带孩子去她那里。）14 raise，rise和arise：解作“提高”、“升起”。 raise是及物动词，rise和arise是不及物动词。arise解作“出现”、“发生”或“上升”时，与rise意义相同。 She raised her finger to her lips as a sign for silence Mercury rises in a thermometer on a hot day The smoke arose straight up二 后接双宾语的动词1英语中有许多动词可以跟两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。通常间接宾语指人，放在前面；直接
31、宾语指物，放在后面。能接双宾语的常见动词：accord，afford，allow，answer，ask，assign，award，bet，bring，buy，catch，cause，charge，choose，cook，cost，deal，deny，do，envy，excuse，fetch，find，forbid，forgive，gain，get，give，grant，grudge，hand，hear，hit，lead，leave，lend，lose，make，offer，order，owe，paint，pardon，pass，pay，play，prepare，post，procure，pro
32、mise，read，reach，recommend，refuse，render，return，save，secure，sell，send，show，sing，spare，strike，take，teach，telephone，tell，throw，win，wish，write。 They accorded him a hearty reception Your letter has afforded me much pleasure Allow me a few minutes in which to pack up my things He answered me nothing Ask h
33、im his name They have assigned me a small room They awarded him the title of Combat Hero He bet me five dollars that Tom would win the race Bring me the book He bought me a book from them for 5 She caught him one on the cheek You did not cause me trouble Her landlord charged her no cent Will you hel
34、p me choose myself a new coat? Shall I cook you some food？ This cost us a lot of work I dealt them 3 pieces each They denied him what he asked Exercise will do you good How I envy you your good health！ This excused him another trip Fetch me the tape from my drawer Can you find me a larger one？ He fo
35、rbids them tobacco She forgave him his rudeness This ticket will gain you admission Lets first get them something to eat She gave me an injection of penicillin yesterday He requested that the Premier grant him an interview She grudged him his success Please hand me the time-table Hear me one word We
36、 hit the enemy one hard blow after another She led him a chance Shall I leave you this photograph？ Lend me your flashlight，will you？ Nobody knew what had lost him his position This length of cloth is enough to make you a suit The boy offered the old woman his seatHe ordered himself three new suit He
37、 ordered himself three new suits I owe you my best thanks We painted it bright red We must pardon him his little faults Pass me the pepper，please I paid you the money last month Play us some light music，please Mother is preparing us a meal Please pose me this letter Can you procure me some specimens
38、？ They promised me all possible assistance Please read me the letter Will you please reach me the newspaper？ Can you recommend me a good dictionary? We could not refuse him anything We are ready to render them economic assistance I returned him the book Such an arrangement will save us a lot of trou
39、ble I will secure you a position I sold my brother my car for 100 I will have to send him a cheque Can you show me some big ones？ Will you sing us a song？ Can you spare me a few minutes？ He struck the table a heavy blow Dont you think we ought to take her some food？ This taught us a lesson I telepho
40、ned your aunt the sad news of fathers death Did you tell Aunt Joan the news about Paul？ He threw the dog a bone The book won him a reputation I wish you luck！ He wrote me the news2当间宾语位于直接宾语之后时，在间接宾语前必须加上介词to或for，偶尔也用其他介词。 要求间接宾语前加to的动词：accord，afford，allow，assign，award，bring，deny，give，grant，hand，len
41、d，offer，owe，pass，pay，post，promise，read，recommend，refuse，return，sell，send，show，teach，telephone，tell，throw，wish，write。要求间接宾语前加for的动词：buy，choose，cook，do，fetch，find，get，leave，make，order，paint，play，prepare，save，sing，spare。（1）当两个宾语都是人称代词时，直接宾语通常放在前面，间接宾语放后面，其前面的to在英国英语中有时可以不用。 Give it （to） me（2）表示“向问个问题”，
42、可以用“ask sb a question”，也可以用“ask a question of（不用to） sb”，其中后者是古老用法，在现代英语中多用前者。 He asked a question of me He asked me a question（3）explain和suggest两个动词后面的间接宾语不管在直接宾语前面还是后面都必须加介词to。 He will explain the matter to you He will explain to you the matter I suggested a way out to her I suggested to her a way
43、out（4）间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，但是下列情况下，应该将带to或for的间接宾语放在直接宾语之后。当直接宾语是人称代词时。 You had better hand it directly to the department head当直接宾语比间接宾语短时。She sent some flowers to the nurse in charge of her daughters hospital ward当特别强调间接宾语时。Mother made a padded coat for sister, not for me三 后接复合宾语的动词有些动词后接复合宾语，即宾语加上宾语补足语。
44、能作宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、副词。1 后接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：appoint，call，christen，consider，count，crown，elect，find，leave，make，name，nominate，think。They appointed him mayor of ShanghaiThis was calling black whiteThey christened the child MaryWe did not consider him a reliable manI count it a great honor to serve
45、youThey crowned him kingThey elected Smith chairmanHe found her a very suitable person for the jobThat year his parents died，leaving him an orphanWho made you judge between us？Her father named her KittyThey nominated the girl vice-director of the factoryI thought him a fool宾语补足语也可以用名词从句（宾语补足语从句）来表示。 What has made China what she is today？比较make后接复合宾语与后接双宾语的情况：He will make her a good wife（他将使她成为一个好妻子。）（复合宾语）