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1、代词一 人称代词和物主代词的应用1 由and连接两个单数名词时,人称代词使用they。Our food and service are better than they used to beYour food and service are better than ours2 由or或nor连接两个单数名词,其人称代词和物主代词使用单数形式,性与or或nor后面的名词一致。Neither the boy nor his sister got what she wanted3 由or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接一个单数一个复数形式的两个名
2、词时,其人称代词和物主代词的性与数与or,nor,but also后面的名词一致。 Not only his sisters but also the boy got what he wanted4 当every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词时,其人称代词和物主代词均使用单数形式。Every bus and ferry company claimed that it would offer a better service if its fares were raised5 当every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词是一男一女时,其人称代词和物主代词使用he和his。 Ev
3、ery man and woman has his own rights6 every或each修饰由and连接的两个单数名词属性不能做出判断时,人称代词和物主代词使用he和his。Each typist and office-boy got the bonus he was entitled to at the end of the year7 人称代词作主语时使用主格形式,作宾语时使用宾格形式。Precisely the same thought sent the three of us in two directions,them to San Francisco and me to N
4、ew York8 人称代词作表语或主语补足语时,使用主格形式。在口语中,作表语用的人称代词常用宾格形式。The only witnesses to the murder were David and IWho is knocking at the door?It is me(通常不说It is him/her/us/them)9 to be用作主语补足语时,后面的人称代词使用主格形式;用作宾语补足语时,后面的人称代词使用宾格形式。The criminal turned out to be heI took David to be him人称代词用作主语补足语(表语)或其中一部分时,使用主格形式
5、;用作宾语补足语或其中一部分时,使用宾格形式。10在电话用语中,使用主格形式作表语。 May I speak to David? This is he speaking(This is David)11当I或me与其他人称代词或名词连用时,I或me应该放在最后。Mother and I went shopping yesterdayThe few people who know the answer include you and me12人称代词和物主代词在人称、性和数等方面应该与其所指代的名词相一致。Every child has its own style of dressing13sh
6、e有时可以用来替代物,如祖国、国家、大地、月亮、船只、学校、汽车、飞机等,具有“亲切”、“爱慕”等感情色彩。Oxford taught me as much English as she could14替代anybody(anyone)、everybody(everyone)、nobody(no one)的人称代词用he,物主代词用his。Nobody in his right senses would do such a silly thing 在英国英语中,尤其在口语中,替代anybody(anyone)、everybody(everyone)、nobody(no one)的人称代词使用t
7、hey,物主代词使用their。If anybody comes,they will be welcome15名词性物主代词可以作句中的主语、宾语或表语。Mine is an English dictionaryI like hers better yoursThis calculator is not theirs二 反身代词的应用1 反身代词不能作主语。2 当动词的动作回到动作发出者本人时,即主语和宾语是同一个人时,宾语使用反身代词。Please help yourself to some tea3 反身代词可以用作介词的宾语。He thinks more of others than o
8、f himself4 反身代词用作同位语(强调语气,解作“本人”、“亲自”)时,在人称和数方面必须与本位语保持一致。用作主语同位语的反身代词可以放在句子末尾,句意不发生改变。 Never leave to others what you yourself ought to do= Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself5 用作宾语同位语的反身代词只能位于宾语之后。I saw the manager myself(我亲自见到了经理。)I saw the manager himself(我见到了经理本人。)三 相互代词的应用1 相互代
9、词each other表示两个人或物之间的彼此关系。These two girls were helping each other to do their homework2 相互代词one another表示两个以上的人或物之间的相互关系。 These three girls were helping one another to do their homework3 在实际应用中,相互代词each other和one another两者可以互换。They sat for two hours without talking to each other= They sat for two ho
10、urs without talking to one another4 相互代词each other和one another不能作主语,只能用作宾语和定语,作定语时使用所有格形式each others和one anothers。We should point out each others shortcomings四 指示代词的应用1 this(these)一般用于指时间或空间上较近的人或物,that(those)指时间或空间上较远的人或物。 Health is above wealth,for this(=the latter)cannot give so much happiness as
11、 that(=the former)2 一般地说,that指前面提到过的事物,起“承上”作用;this指下面将要提到的事物,起“启下”作用。某种情况下,this也可以指前面提到过的事物,用于强调语气。指下面将要提到的事物时,只能使用this,而不能使用that。A laser beam does not diverseThat is why it can drill holes in hard jewels We went to the opera last nightThat was our first outing for monthsWe are going to the opera t
12、onightThis will be our first outing for months3 that和those用于替代前面已出现过的名词,其中前面是单数名词时使用that,复数名词时使用those。The diameter of the moon is 2,000 miles,about one fourth that of the earth有时虽然前面是单数名词,但是根据句子意思后面需要使用复数名词时,也可以使用those。 Made of plastics,the machine is much lighter than those made of steel4 one用来替代单数
13、可数名词的人或物,that用来替代单数可数或不可数名词的物;ones用来替代复数可数名词的人或物,those用来替代复数可数名词的物。This car is finer than that oneThis tea is better than that当替代可数名词时,可以使用the one和the ones,也可以使用that和those,两者可以互换,但是在口语中,前者更为常用。 I drew my chair nearer to the one(that)on which Mary was sitting5 one和ones可以有前置或后置定语,that和those不能有前置定语,但必须
14、有后置定语。Light objects fall as fast as heavy onesThe orbit of an electron may be compared to that(the one)of a planet6 按照习惯用法,that替代带定冠词的名词,one替代带不定冠词的名词。 The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar(学习语言的习惯用法同学习语法一样重要。)This is a point of idiom rather than one of grammar(这是习惯用法问题,而不是语法问题。) 有时根
15、据句子本身的含义,虽然前面出现的是带定冠词的名词,但是后面并非一定要用that,而必须使用one。The step you have taken is one(=a step)of much risk7 such或so修饰“形容词+单数可数名词”时,遵循规则:“such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词”=“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词”。such a good book=so good a book8 修饰“形容词+不可数名词”时,必须使用such,而不能使用so,即“such+形容词+不可数名词”。such nice weather9 修饰“形容词+复数名词”时,必须使用such,而
16、不能使用so,即“such+形容词+复数名词”。such good peoplesuch interesting stories10修饰“many/few+形容词+复数名词”,使用so,而不能使用such,即“so+ many/few+形容词+复数名词”。 so many important problems11修饰“much/little+形容词+不可数名词”时,必须使用so,而不能使用such,即“so+much/little+形容词+不可数名词”。so much useful information12“such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词”之前有no修饰时,such之后的a/an必
17、须删去。no such foolish man such与no,all,one,many,few,several,some,any等词连用时,such须放在这些词的后面。all such problems one such dictionary many such thingssome such people any such book五 疑问代词的应用1 一般地说,who用于询问人的姓名或亲友关系,what用于询问人的职业或身份,how用于询问人的健康情况,whatlike用于询问人的长相如何。 Who is he? He is Mr Li He is my cousin What is h
18、e? He is an engineer How is he? He is very well What is he like? He is tall and handsome2 whatlike用于询问人或事物的性质的提问,how用于询问变化的事物(如暂时的情况、情绪)。What is the educational system like in your country?How is work these days?用于谈论天气时,whatlike和how都可以使用,两者之间没有区别。What is the weather like today?=How is the weather to
19、day?用于询问对某事物的反应时,下面四种表达方式意义相同。 What was the film like?=How was the film?=What did you think of the film?=How did you like the film?3 who的所有格形式为whose,在句中用作表语。Whose else can it be?4 口语中,“To who?”、“Who to?”和“To whom?”结构表达方式相同,但不能用“Whom to?”结构。5 当指无限种东西,选择余地很大时,应该使用what;当指有限种东西,选择余地不大时,应该使用which。which可以
20、指“一个”或“几个”,如果需要明确表示“哪一个”或“哪几个”,则可以使用“which one”或“which ones”,但是不能说“what one”或“what ones”。 What book is he reading?(他正在读什么书?) Which book is he reading?(他正在读哪一本书?)6 who用于指人时,无论余地大小都可以使用,which只能用于选择余地不大的情况。who和what后面不能跟of,但是which后面可以跟of,而且当which指人时,后面往往需要跟“of sb”。当who用于选择的可能性有限的情况下,往往可以用which one取代它。Wh
21、ich of you can not do this exercise?Whom do you like best?your mother or your mother?Which one do you like best?your mother or your mother?六 不定代词的应用1 each和every在用法上,(1) each侧重于表示个别的概念,而every侧重于表示总体的概念,两者在意思上没有实质性的区别,往往可以互换使用。 I know each member of the family(着重表示“这家每个人我都认识。”) I know every member of
22、the family(着重表示“这全家人我都认识。”)(2) each用于指两个或两个以上的每一个,而every用于指两个以上的每一个。Each sex has its own physical and psychological characteristicsEach/Every one of the three boys has done his work(3) each可以用作代词和形容词,而every只能用作形容词,不能用作代词。表示:这些学生当中的每一个 each of these students() every one of these students() every of t
23、hese students()(4) each语气弱,every语气强。2 each可以用作主语的同位语。这时,句中的主语和谓语都应该是复数形式,each既可以跟在主语后,也可以放在句尾,还可以放在助动词或系词之后。另外,each也可以用在间接宾语后作该宾语的同位语。We each have a dictionary=We have a dictionary eachMy sisters have each married businessmenThe witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they saidI bought the gir
24、ls each an ice-cream3 every other day(每隔一天)every three days=every third day(每三天,每逢第三天,每隔两天)4 both指两者事物或人,all指三者或三者以上的事物或人。Both sides of the street are lined with treesJohn,Henry and Robert have all come5 all除了指三者或三者以上的事物或人之外,还可以指不可数的东西,相当于everything。That is all for today6 当all of,both of,half of,any
25、 of,either of,neither of,one of,enough of,some of,many of,most of与名词连用时,名词前必须有定冠词、物主代词或指示代词。some of these people most of the timeenough of this red wine one of my friends7 all,both,half与定冠词、物主代词或指示代词修饰的名词连用时,英国英语中可以不加of,美国英语中必须加of。all (of) my friends both (of) these vases half (of) the time8 either表
26、示“两个事物或人之中的任何一个”。9 neither表示“两个事物或人之中一个也不”。A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but a neutron has neither10nothing相当于not anything。11none相当于not any。12no相当于not a或not any,只用作定语,可以修饰可数名词单复数形式,也可以修饰不可数名词,但当被修饰的名词前有定冠词、物主代词或指示代词时,不能用no,须用neither of或者none of表示。 none可以用来指代人或物,可以用
27、作单数形式,也可以用作复数形式,后面可以跟of;no one只能指代人,不能指代物,相当于nobody,只能用作单数形式,后面不能跟of。I want some coffee,but there was none in the pot13none解作“没有人”时,在现代英语中很少用作主语,通常采用no one或者nobody,只有在谚语中保留了作主语的用法。No one told us that he was not thereNone knows the weight of anothers burden14none可以与of连用,代词no one,nobody,anyone,someone
28、,everyone均不能与of连用。None of them understood me15none other than解作“不是别人(或他物)而正是”、“恰恰是”。He is none other than my old friend16none,no one,nobody和nothing均可以用在否定的简略答语中,但是:(1) 当句首用How many或How much提问时,简略答语中使用None; How many books are on the table? None How much petrol is there in the car? None(2) 当句首用Who提问时,
29、简略答语中使用No one或者Nobody; Who is in the dining-room? Nobody No one(3) 当句首用What提问时,简略答语中使用Nothing。 What is on the table? Nothing17当some解作“一些”时,可以与复数形式可数名词或不可数名词连用。some books some money当some解作“未知的”、“某一个”时,可以与单数形式可数名词连用。some place some一般用在肯定句中,但是在表示请求、建议、命令或期待对方作出肯定答复的疑问句中也要使用some,而不用any。May I give you so
30、me more tea?18any常用于否定句或疑问句,与复数形式可数名词或不可数名词连用,但不能与单数形式可数名词连用。 I have not got a car() I have not got any car() any表示“任何一个”、“随便哪一个”时,可以与单数形式可数名词连用,并且可以用在肯定句中。Come and see me any timeTake any cardany可以用在if从句或表示一个问题的从句中。If there are any good apples in the shop,bring me two poundsI am wondering whether y
31、ou have got any English periodicals19any other表示“别的任何一个(不包括)”;any表示“任何一个(包括)”。20another表示三个或三个以上当中的另外一个,the other表示两个当中的另外那个,other只能用作定语,the others是the other 的复数形式,可用于需要表示复数的情况下。I have two sisters;one is a doctor,and the other is a nurseOne has come,the others have not21another表示泛指的“另外一个”,the other表
32、示特指的“另外那个”。another还可以表示“外加一个”、“再来一个”。As far as he is concerned,one piece of music is very much like anotherCan I have another pint of bitter,please?Mr Brown already has two cars,and now he has bought another22一般情况下,another后面只能跟单数名词,不能跟复数名词。 当another表示“再”、“又”时,后面可以跟few或者带数字的复数名词,这种情况下,可以用more代替anothe
33、r,但是词序相应发生变化。I will be here for another two days=I will be here for two more daysThere is room for another few people in the back of the bus23others用于泛指,而the others用于特指(others=other,the others=the other)。Some metals are magnetic and others are not24other、others和another的用法:单 数 形 式复 数 形 式泛 指Another(另外
34、一个)作 定 语作主语、宾语other(students)others特 指the other(另外那个)the other(students)The others25few和a few修饰可数名词,little和a little修饰不可数名词。a few和a little解作“虽然少但是仍有一些”,表示肯定;few和little解作“不”,“没有什么”,表示否定。 You do not need to go shoppingThere are a few eggs in the fridge,and I have got a little bread and cheeseit will be
35、 enough for supper His theory is very difficult;few people understand it His theory is very difficult,but a few people understand it 26one用于指人时,可以泛指“人们”或“任何人”(包括说话者在内),但不特指某个人或某一批人,也不指不包括说话人在内的一群人。one的所有格在英国英语中使用ones,在美国英语中使用his。One should always be careful of ones health27在以one作主语的句子中,如果它需要重复多次,则根据
36、修辞,使用he,his,him,himself分别代替one,ones,one,oneself。但是在美国英语中,在以one作主语的句子中,无论它重复一次还是多次,都使用he,his,him,himself分别代替one,ones,one,oneself。 One will get his moneys worth if he buys it at this shop One cannot succeed at this unless he tries hard28当one和ones用作不定代词时,前面可以加定冠词,但是不能加不定冠词、物主代词、名词所有格或者数词,即不可以说a one,my
37、ones,Johns one,two ones。如果在one和ones之间有形容词,则可以说a weak one,my new ones,Johns bad one,two white ones。29复合不定代词someone,somebody和something用于肯定句中,anyone,anybody和anything用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。修饰复合不定代词的形容词要放在它们的后面。I do not think we have met beforeYou are confusing me with someone elseHas she got anything important
38、 to say?There is nothing wrong with the machine30在美国英语中,almost常与nobody,nothing,never搭配使用;在英国英语中,使用scarcely(或hardly)与anybody,anything,ever搭配使用。但是无论是英国英语还是美国英语均不能使用almost not,而必须使用scarcely(或hardly)。Almost nobody knew the boys name31everyone,anyone,和something等复合不定代词后面不能跟of。表示“某些人(或物)中的每一个、任何一个、每一个”时,分别使用every one,any one,和some one。Every one of us was deeply moved by his speech学科网(北京)股份有限公司