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1、动词的时态一 一般时态的应用1 一般现在时的应用:表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态,常与every day,usually,often,always,sometimes,seldom等时间状语连用。 They set new production records almost every month. They are science students.如果要表示现在正在进行的动作,应当用现在进行时,不能用一般现在时。比较: Water boils at 212 Fahrenheit.The kettle is boilingshall I make tea?一般现在时还可以用来表示客
2、观事实或普遍真理。 Light travels faster than sound.当主句是一般将来时时,条件或时间状语从句中的谓语须用一般现在时表示将来的动作。 If you see him,will you tell him to ring me up?2 一般过去时的应用:表示过去的动作或状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August. 如果条件或时间状语从句所修饰的句子是过去将来的动作,则该从句的谓语动词须用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。 He said he would wait
3、 until she came back. 一般过去时有时不表示过去的动作或状态,而是表示现在或将来的动作或状态,使语气婉转客气,具有“试探性”的含义。 I wonder if you were free this evening. 情态动词could,might,would用于表示现在或将来的动作或状态,语气比can,may,will婉转。 Could you help me for a moment? You know,I think it might rain. What would you say were the most of popular games in China toda
4、y?3 一般将来时的应用:表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,有下列几种表达形式:(1)shall(will)+动词原形(2)be going to+动词原形:表示打算或准备做某事。 She is going to be married this autumn. 在美国英语中可以用be going to go(come)形式,在英国英语中不能用这种形式,须用go或come的现在进行时表示。 Are you going to go to the show?(美国英语) Are you going to the show?(英国英语)(3)be+about+不定式:解作“马上就要”,用于表示即将发生的
5、事情。 They seem about to start.在美国英语中,“be not about to do sth.”可以表示“不愿意做某事”。 I am not about to pay 50 dollars for a dress like that.(4)be+不定式 表示按计划或安排要在将来做的事。When are they to leave China for home? 表示“应该”、“必须”或用来征求对方意见。You are to do your homework before you watch TV.Are we to meet again tonight? 表示“可以”
6、、“可能”。Such people are to be found everywhere.He is nowhere to be seen. 表示“想要”。If we are to be there in time,we will have to hurry up.(5)动词arrive,come,dine,do,finish,give,get,go,have,leave,play,publish,return,see,sleep,spend,start,stay,take,wear,work的现在进行时:表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。 Are you going anywhere tomor
7、row? We are taking our examination next week.(6)arrive,be,begin,come,dine,go,leave,return,sail,start等动词的一般现在时:表示按照计划安排好的或根据时间表预计要发生的事情。 School begins the day after tomorrow. The delegation arrives at Hefei tonight.当现在有某种迹象预示未来要发生什么事或可能要发生什么事时,须用be going to结构。 You are going to see a lot of me.二 进行时态的
8、应用1 现在进行时:表示此刻正在进行的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作。She is having a talk with him.All the Chinese people are working hard for the socialist modernization of their country.2 过去进行时:表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。We were doing an experiment in chemistry at 7 oclock yesterday evening.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别:一般过去时说明动作发生在过去某个时间这一事实,强调这个动作在过去
9、发生过;过去进行时说明动作在过去某个时间正在进行,强调动作的进行过程。 We built a new laboratory last term. We were building a new laboratory last term.3 将来进行时:(1) 表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。 We will be having a meeting from 7 to 9 tomorrow evening.(2) 表示按计划将要发生或预料势必要发生的动作。 Dont telephone after eightI will be having a dinner party.(3) 表示语气
10、婉转客气。 I hope you will be sending her over soon.4 Always,forever,constantly和continually与现在进行时连用,表示经常发生的事,表示“出于偶然”或“令人讨厌”。比较:I always meet Henry in the Red Lion.(我总在“红狮”跟亨利会面。定期在“红狮”会面) I am always meeting Henry in the Red Lion.(我常在“红狮”碰见亨利相遇是出于偶然) My father is forever losing his keys. He is constantl
11、y being asked for advice. He is continually asking me for money.5 be的进行时:表示人们的活动或行为,但是不能表示思想状态或感情,相当于behave,act或speak。Tom was being naughty.I am being serious.be的一般时态常指长期性的一贯性的状态或特征,而be的进行时态则指短暂的具体的某一举止行为。 He is careful.He is being careful.表示喜怒哀乐等的形容词不能与be的进行时连用,只能与be的一般时态连用。 I am happy.比较: He is si
12、ck.(他病了。) He is being sick.(他恶心。)6 表示状态、感情或感觉的动词通常只能用一般时态,而不能用进行时态或完成进行时态。属于这一类的动词有:be,have(有),know,love,hate,like,dislike,desire,prefer,want,hope,wish,astonish,surprise,please,satisfy,impress,believe,doubt,feel(认为),guess,imagine,mean,realize,recognize,remember,forget,suppose,think(认为),understand,he
13、ar,see,find,notice,declare,suggest,move(动议),look(看起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),mind(在乎),regret,fear,belong,contain,consist,possess,concern,depend,deserve,fit,suit,owe,own,include,involve,lack,matter,need,appear,seem,resemble,hold(容纳),call(称呼),measure(有尺寸),weigh(有重)。上述动词中,有一些解作别的意思时,可以使用进行时态。
14、比较: I see what you mean.(我明白你的意思。) I am seeing him tomorrow.(我明天看望他。) I think you are right.(我认为你是对的。) What you are thinking about?(你在想些什么?) I feel we should not do it.(我觉得我们不应该做这件事。) I am feeling better today.(我今天身体感觉好一些了。)有时,用现在进行时比用一般现在时更具有感情色彩。 He is doing fine work at school.动词become和begin,尽管表示
15、无法延续的动作,但仍然可以用进行时态,表示一个逐渐的过程。 He is becoming more and more used to farm work. I am beginning to see the advantage of your method.三 完成时态和完成进行时态的应用1 现在完成时:表示一个过去发生的动作对现在情况有影响或一直延续到现在,甚至还可能继续下去。I have read the book twice.We have known each other since childhood. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的关系,如所产生
16、的结果、影响等;一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去某一时刻,不表示与现在的关系。 I have lost my key.(我把钥匙丢了。表示现在还未找到,无法开门) I lost my key last week.(上星期我把钥匙丢了。钥匙是上星期丢的,没有说明现在是否找到) 如果主句中的谓语动词是将来时,则条件或时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以用现在完成时来表示将来完成的动作,并表示这个动作在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成。如果主句和从句的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生(主句动作紧接着从句动作),则从句中的谓语动词多用一般现在时。 Smith is to study medicine as soo
17、n as he has finished military service. She will write you when she gets there. 在“This(That,It) is the first(second等序数词) time+(that)”以及“This(That,It) is the only(或形容词最高级)+名词+(that)”的句型中,谓语动词要用现在完成时。 This is the first time I have drunk Californian champagne. This is the only party I have ever really e
18、njoyed in my life. 如果谈到过去,则句型中使用过去完成时。 It was the third time he had been in love that year.2 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在;这个动作可能刚刚终止,也可能还要继续下去。(1) 现在完成时强调动作的结果,现在完成进行时强调动作进行的过程。 He has lived here for ten years. He has been living here for ten years.(2) 现在完成时用于表示时间较长的动作,现在完成进行时用于表示时间
19、较短的动作。 My parents have lived in Beijing all their lives. My parents have been living in my house for the last month.(3) be,have,know,like和see等一些动词不能用进行时态,因此要表示现在完成进行含义时,只能用现在完成时。 He has been ill for a long time. I have not known him for long. We have not seen each other for ages.3 过去完成时:表示在过去某一时间或动作
20、以前已经完成的动作,也可以表示由过去某一时间开始一直延续到另一时间为止的动作。Before daybreak we had covered half the distance.When he came in,I had waited for two hours.I could see from his face that he had received bad news.当一个由when,before,after,as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接时,由于这些连词本身已经说明两个动作的先后关系,因此主句和从句的谓语动词均可以用一般过去时。 He locked th
21、e door before he left. After he locked the door he went out.4 过去完成进行时:表示动作某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间,这个动作可能还在进行,也可能已经停止。When they arrived I had been waiting for three hours.不能用进行时态的动词,也不能使用过去完成进行时,而只用过去完成时表示某一时间前一直延续的情况。 At last we saw the man we had long wished to see.5 将来完成时:表示到将来某个时候为止,某件事已经完成。In another
22、 year or so,you will have forgotten all about it.将来完成进行时:表示将来某一时刻以前一直延续的动作。这种时态应用得很少。 I will have been teaching for twenty years this summer.四 时态的呼应如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则从句中的谓语动词一般要用过去时态。(1) 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,则从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。 He said he was a little unwell. He said he was writing a nove
23、l.(2) 若从句中的谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作之前,从句用过去完成时。 She said she had typed the letter.(3) 若从句中的谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作之后,从句用过去将来时。 The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. 如果从句叙述的是一般真理,或是在转述别人的事情时这些事情仍然未改变,则尽管主句是过去时,从句中的谓语动词可以不变为过去时态(如果变为过去时态也可以)。 Galileo proved that the eart
24、h goes round the sun. She told me the other day that she is only 28. 如果从句中有一个具体的时间状语,其谓语动词所表示的动作虽然发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前,仍然使用一般过去时,不能使用过去完成时。 He told me that his father was born in 1941. 如果认为是在转述事实,常用现在时态;如果不敢肯定转述的是否属实,最好使用过去时态。 She told me she is getting married next June. She told me she was getting married next June. 在口语中,当强调动作或状态与现在的联系时,可以不使用过去时态。 He told me to ask you how you are getting along.学科网(北京)股份有限公司