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1、介词一 “介词+介词短语”结构 表示时间、地点等介词短语有时可以作为另一个介词的宾语，形成“介词+介词短语”结构。He pick up the book from under the deskThe air was removed from between the two pipesFrom after the war until the present time my brother and I have written to each other every monthChoose a book from among theseAfter a brief thunderstorm，the
2、sun emerged from behind the cloudsThe old man looked at me from above his spectaclesThe device was removed from out of the room yesterdayThe test will be finished in from fifty minutes to two hours timeThe machine was done by between forty to fifty workersJack will not go home until after the concer
3、tYour composition is quite all right except for a few spelling mistakesSpiders live all over the world except in the ArcticMr Smith is too busy to spare any time except on SundayOur general manager seldom goes anywhere except to his office二 “with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构 “with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构称“with的复合结构”，其中宾
4、语和宾语补足语逻辑上存在主谓关系，通常起状语作用，表示伴随情况、时间、原因、条件、让步等，有时也可以用作定语。这种结构中的宾语由名词或代词充当，宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、不定式或分词充当。1 with+名词/代词+名词He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl2 with+名词/代词+形容词He used to sleep with the window open3 with+名词/代词+介词短语He lost a wallet with a lot of money in it4 with+名词/代词+副词You can tune
5、 in to the broadcast with the switch on5 with+名词/代词+不定式With him to give us a lead，our team is bound to turn out well6 with+名词/代词+分词She looked in my face with tears streaming down her faceHe was listening to the music with his eyes closed“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构用作状语时，可以将with省略，成为分词独立结构，含义不变。Almost all metal
6、s are good conductors，with silver being the best= Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best “without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构的反义。 An object may be hot without the motion in it being visible三 意义相近和容易混淆的几组介词1 当“as for”和“as to”相当于“as far asbe concerned”时，解作“至于”、“就而论”，两者可以通用，常位于句首
7、。As for news，I have little to tell “as for”只能解作“至于”、“就而论”，而“as to”还可以解作“关于”，相当于“about”，可以位于句中，后面跟名词、代词或者宾语从句。 He said nothing as to conditions A question arises as to how we shall refit the equipment “as against”解作“与对比”、“对比则为”。 As against last year，our coal output has increased by three times agains
8、t解作“在映照下”，“以为背景”。 It is difficult to see anything against this bright light2 介词from指时间的起点，表示从什么时候开始；如果需要进一步说明某事到什么时候结束，则使用“fromto”或者“fromtill（until）”，它可以用于一般现在、过去、将来时态的句子中。The library is open from 9 am to 8 pmHe studies from morning till night“from a child”和“from a boy”是习用短语，不能使用介词since，而childhood和b
9、oyhood之前既可以使用since，也可以使用from。当使用“from a child”、“from a boy”、“from （ones） childhood”等短语时，句中的谓语既可以用现在完成时，也可以用一般过去时。 He has been blind from childhood From a boy he was fond of study3 当要表示持续至说话时刻的动作或情况开始于什么时候时，必须使用since，而不能使用from。另外，since后面只能跟某一点时间，不能跟某一段时间。 表示时间的“from+名词”短语通常与一般时态连用，而“since+名词”短语通常与现在完
10、成（进行）时连用，当谈起过去某一时刻时，可以与过去完成（进行）时连用。 I was there from eight oclock，but nobody came I have been there since eight oclock，but nobody has came yet当since作连词时，从句的时态通常用过去时，在美国英语中也可以使用现在完成时。 It is a year since I left the countryside =It has been a year since I left the countryside4 “ago”只能与一般过去时连用，“sinceago
11、”与现在完成时连用，其中“sinceago”可以用“for”替换，句意不变，而且更为常用。I have been here since six months ago= I have been here for six months5 “since when”结构与完成时连用，其中when是疑问代词，解作“什么时候”。Since when have you known him？6 Since和for都可以与现在完成时或过去完成时连用。Since表示某事从什么时候开始；for表示某事延续了多长时间。当for表示的一段时间延续到现在，就和现在完成（进行）时连用，不能和一般现在时连用；当for表示的一
12、段时间一直延续到过去某一时刻，就和过去完成（进行）时连用。We have lived in Hefei for twenty yearsWhen she arrived，I had been waiting for two and a half hours7 as侧重同类或完全相似，既可以作介词，后接名词或代词，也可以作连词，引导从句。like侧重比较，不属于同一类或不完全相似，通常只用作介词，后接名词或代词，不能用作连词引导从句。You are of a cool temper like your father（不完全相似） You are of as cool a temper as yo
13、ur father（完全相似，as是连词）在非正式英语中，尤其在非正式的美国英语中，like有时用作连词，代替as。 He studies English very hard，like he did Chinese some years ago另外，在美国俗语中，like相当于as if，as though。 He stood there like he did not know what to do8 think much（little） of解作“认为很不错（没有什么了不起）”。当as用作介词时，通常解作“作为”，说明某人的地位、身份、职位或者某物的作用、用途。I will act as
14、interpreterThis watch was given me as a birthday present9 beside解作“在旁边”，besides解作“除了之外”。That seems to be the advance ticket office right over there beside the bakery shop另外，beside还可以表示“与相比”、“与无关”。 You are quite tall beside your sister What you say may be true enough，but it is beside the point10 besi
15、des用作介词时，其后面除了接名词和代词外，还可以接动名词；如果句中含有动词do时，则besides后面可以接动词原形。What has he done besides reading newspapers？That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer letters11 besides和except都解作“除之外”，但是besides表示“包括”，如同with，而except表示“不包括”，如同without。We all went to the film besides himWe all went to the film except
16、 him 在否定句中，besides可以代替except。We have no other tools besides these当but用作介词，表示“除之外”时，用法与except相同，只是except比but所表示的排除性更强，“除之外”的意思更加明确。but和except经常用在every，any，no，none，everywhere，all，anything，nothing，nobody等词的后面。We go to school every day but SundayI have no friend but youWe have all but finished our workH
17、e is anything but a foolHe is nothing but a nuisance but和except后面常跟不带to或者偶尔带to的动词不定式。I could not do anything but just sit there and hopeHe does nothing but eat 注意：do anything but和do nothing but后的不定式不能加to。Nothing remains for them to do，except to sort up the letters but后面究竟跟不定式还是动名词取决于but前面的那个动词的要求。He
18、 thinks of nothing but making moneyHe lives for nothing but to make money but for解作“如果没有”、“要不是”，用于虚拟语气的句子中，except for解作“除之外”，用于陈述语气的句子中。I could not have done it but for your helpHe is a good man except for his hot temper12 当but用作介词时，其后的人称代词通常要用宾格，但是当but后面的人称代词紧紧地位于谓语动词之前时，习惯上允许人称代词使用主格形式。All but he
19、and I are going to the exhibition13 apart from=aside from，前者是英国英语，后者是美国英语，解作“除之外”。当apart from相当于besides时，往往用在肯定句中。He has a hobby apart from his ordinary work当apart from相当于except或者except for时，既可以用在肯定句中，也可以用在否定句中。Apart from him，everybody is happyThe children hardly see anyone，apart from their parents1
20、4 except后面除了跟名词、代词之外，还可以跟介词短语、副词、不定式以及由that或者when等引导的宾语从句。He usually goes to work on his bike except on rainy daysHe has always been in good health except quite recentlyHe could do little except writeHe has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days He h
21、as always been in good health except when he has had a slight headache Except where absolutely necessary，use no compulsion15 except for与except意义相同，但是except for可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，而except通常不放在句首，只能放在句尾。在否定句中，有时besides可以代替except，但是通常也不放在句首。You can all go except George You can all go except for GeorgeExcept
22、 for George，you can all go16 except for解作“除了因为”时，不能用except替代，但是含except for的句子可以用含except that的句子替代。Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakesYour composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes except和except for在用法上存在区别：（1） 如果句子前后有相称的同类词，则使用except，否则使用except for。The
23、y all went there except meThe purse was empty except for some coppers（2） 肯定句中常使用except for，否定句中常使用except。There was no one in the streets except the policeman on dutyThe streets were deserted except for the policeman on duty17excepting与except的词义相同，但是except不能用于句首，而excepting只用于句首或者用于not，without，always等
24、词后面。 Excepting his son，they are all right All my brother are married，not excepting the youngest All my brothers come here every day，always excepting the youngest18 between一般指“在两者之间”，among（st）一般指“三者或三者以上之间”。The fortune was divided between the two brothersThe three girls share the room among themAmong
25、 all the reasons he gave for his action，there was only one that we could acceptamong可以用来表示“之一”。He is among my best friends当句中使用divide和share之类的词，如果后面跟着几个单数名词或代词，则用between；如果后面是复数名词或代词，则用between或者among都可以。 He shared his property between his wife，his daughter and his sister He divided his money between
26、 his five sons He divided his money among his five sons19 当谈及三个或三个以上中间的每两个的关系时，用between。Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany20 show sbround some place和show sbaround some place都解作“带参观某处”。其中round表示动态事物的周围，多用于应该英国英语中；around表示静态事物的周围，多用于美国英语中。21 till和until用法基本相同。但是till较为普通，until较为正式
27、；till通常不能用于句首，until可以用于句首，表示强调。Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing energeticallytill（until）用在肯定句中，指由起点至终点的整段时间，句中的谓语动词常用延续动词，而不用瞬间动词（若用瞬间动词，则使用by或before）。 I shall finish the work before Fridaytill（until）用在否定句或具有否定含义的句中，指由起点至终点的整段时间内的任何一点时间，句中的谓语动词常用瞬间动词，而不用延续动词。在这种情况下，有时可以用before取代
28、till（until）。 It did not stop raining until midnight He refused to leave the office before six有时，延续动词与till（until）既可以连用在肯定句中，也可以连用在否定句中，但是意思不同。He will be here till Sunday（他将在这里一直呆到星期天。）He will not be here till Sunday（他要到星期天才来这里。）比较： Dont go out till four（4点以前不可以外出。）Dont wait till four（不要等到4点钟。）22 如果要表
29、示“某一瞬间事件的若干时间以后”，应该使用“若干时间+after+某一瞬间时间”，而不能使用“after+若干时间+of+某一瞬间事件”。two years after his graduation （）after two years of his graduation （） 但是，对于延续性的行为，可以使用“after+若干时间+of+某一瞬间事件”。23 after通常指时间的先后次序，behind通常指位置的先后次序。We will discuss that matter after dinnerThe garage is behind the houseafter除了表示时间“在以后”
30、之外，还能够表示顺序“跟在后面”；有时也可以表示位置“在后面”，意义与behind相同，两者可以互换，但是后者使用较广。He ran after the bus，but could not catch itPlease shut the door after you24 behind通常用来表示位置“在后面”，也可以引申为“在背后”、“落后于”、“作后盾”。Dont speak ill of a man behind his backHe is behind her in EnglishYou cant set up a business nowadays without money behi
31、nd youbehind有时表示时间“晚于”、“迟于”，但是常与times，schedule连用。He arrived ten minutes behind timeOwing to the recent bad weather，the work is several weeks behind schedule25 on指和其他东西接触在其上边，反义词是beneath。up解作“向上面”，反义词是down。over和above表示一物高于另一物，两物并不接触，但是over解作“在正上方”，above解作“在上方”。over的反义词是under，above的反义词是below。26 表示“覆盖在
32、上面”时，不能使用above，必须使用over，此时两物相互接触。She spread a cloth over the table27 “after all”、“for all”和“with all”解作“虽然”、“尽管”，用法基本相同，可互换。After all our advice，he insists on goingFor all your explanations，I understand no better than beforeWith all his faults，we like him still在“for all”后面还可以接从句。For all he boasts so
33、 much，he does very little四 分词介词由现在分词转化而来的介词叫作分词介词。concerning（关于） considering（考虑到） exceptingregarding（关于） including（包括） respecting（关于）I am afraid I can give you no information regarding his whereabouts 其中，considering后面可以跟名词从句。 They have done well considering that they have no experience五 常用的短语介词1 表示“
34、因为”、“由于”的短语介词：because of on account of owing todue to thanks to as a result ofin consequence of as a consequence of by reason ofby virtue of in virtue of by dint ofin consideration of in view of on the score ofby right of on the ground of上述短语介词短语一般用作原因状语，只有due to常用作表语。 The train arrived late because
35、 of the snowstorm The picnic was held in the gym on account of the rain Owing to rising costs，bus fares will be increased from Monday next The omission is due to oversight Thanks to your help we were successful Two people have already died as a result of the accident，and the lives of several others
36、are in danger The river has risen in consequence of the heavy rain As a consequence of the various influences mentioned，in actual speech many words in English have no fixed accent We won by reason of good teamwork Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food，by virtue of their clearness，to
37、ughness，and low cost By dint of much trying we finally achieved our object They didnt give him heavy work in consideration of his youth In view of the big gap existing between us and the advanced countries in science and technology，we must lose no time and spare no effort in catching up He was excus
38、ed from attendance at the meeting on the score of illness He was best entitled to the honor by right of worth We proposed a postponement of the meeting on the ground of too few persons being present2 表示“关于”的短语介词：in relation to with relation to in reference to with reference toin regard to with regar
39、d to in respect to with respect toin connection with as regards as concerns as for as toWhat did you say in relation to what happened yesterday？I am writing with reference to your last letterIn regard to the test tomorrow，it is postponedIn respect to your visit with us，we hope you can come before Se
40、ptemberIn connection with his matter，I have no opinionHe was always secretive as regards his familyAs concerns that matter，I should like to say a few words3 表示“根据”、“按照”的短语介词：according to in accordance with in the light of in terms ofin compliance with in conformity with in conformity to pursuant toa
41、greeably to in line with“in accord with”和“in agreement with”解作“与一致”，常用作表语。“according as”是从属连词，引导状语从句；“according to”是短语介词，后接名词或名词从句。“in accordance with”具有两种含义：解作“按照”时，与according to意义相同，但是语气较重，常用作状语；解作“与一致”时，不能用according to替代，常用作表语。 They were commended or criticized according as they had done their wo
42、rk They were commended or criticized according to their work They were commended or criticized according to how they had done their work This is done in accordance with the instruction of the PartyThis is done according to the instruction of the PartyWhat he did is quite in accordance with the lawAc
43、cording to the weather forecast，we shall have rain tomorrowEverything has been done in accordance with the rulesIn the light of recent discoveries it may be necessary to revise our previous theoryHe thinks of everything in terms of moneyIn compliance with the readers suggestion，we have made a thorou
44、gh revision of the book and cut it by halfAll plans are made in conformity with the views of the majorityIn conformity to custom，the occasion was marked with great ceremonyBoth parties acted pursuant to their agreementIn line with age-old tradition，we observe the Spring Festival with greater ceremon
45、y than New Years Day4 表示“与一致”的短语介词：in accord with in accordance with in conformity within line with in agreement with in keeping withHis actions are not in accord with his wordsThe signing of the agreement is in conformity with the common desire and interests of the two peoplesBehavior at school parties must be in line with school rulesHis opinion is in agreement with mineMarys hair style was in keeping with the latest fashion5 表示“除之外”的短语介词：（1） 解作“除