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1、Topic sentence&supporting statementsvTopic sentence is the centre of the paragraph.vSupporting statements are the sentences which can give the further explanations of the topic sentence.vThere are two types of supporting statements:major supporting statements&minor supporting statements.v v The rela
2、tion between major supporting statements&minor supporting statements.v主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。2每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。v supporting statementv major supporting statement v主要推展句(major supporting statement
3、)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。v例1：(主题句)There are several factors affecting climate.(推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received.(推展句2)Altitude,or the height above sea level,also determines climate.(推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.(
4、推展句4)In addition,climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。v v2.（主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to cho
5、ose the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.v以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择
6、所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。vminor supporting statement v次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。例:(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.(主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living:mech
7、anic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)For me,teaching is a red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach profession.(次要推展句1)Red-eye,because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom,sure that I will be found out for th
8、e fool that I am.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 teaching is not easy 这个主题。v how to make supporting statements 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信
9、息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3：假设(suppose)Topic sentence:English is an international language.v设问(why)Why can we say English is an international language?v解答(because)Because:English is spoken by pilots and airport control
10、 operators on all the airways of the world.Because:Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.Because:More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.Because:Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.Because:Many members of the International Language Society are se
11、lected from English-spoken countries.v从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis speak English)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 because，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。vExample:v Knowledge Is Powerv Is study really of no u
12、se?As a college student,I dont think so.We all know that it is with advanced science and technology that Americans have turned their country into a highly developed one.And if we dont study,if we have no knowledge,we will be left further behind the developed countries like America.So in order to kee
13、p up with the developed countries and build ours into a powerful country,we should study much harder and master much more knowledge.Knowledge is wealth.Knowledge is power.vExample:v Nowadays more and more movies of violence are produced as some people enjoy them.According to their opinion,movies of
14、violence are exciting and therefore people easily kill their time by watching them.Some others even go further to argue that movies of violence also encourage us to take the law into our hands and to arm ourselves in case we are attacked.v The second way is classification.vSome people hold that auto
15、mobiles will give rise to problems.vSome people hold that automobiles will give a series of rise to problems.vExample:v Pursuit of Masters Degreev The reasons of the increasing number of students pursuing masters degree are as follows.First,with the growth of college graduates each year,the situatio
16、n in the job market is getting tighter and tighter.The public awareness of the situation has created a surge interest in reading for a Master degree.Secondly,many cross-national companies set a much higher standard for new recruits than ever.It seems that the higher education you have,the higher sal
17、ary you may receive.vExample:v Driving Private Cars To Workv There are two main components accounting for the rising percentage of private-car drivers.Nowadays,it is common for people to travel a long distance to work in big cities or even across cities.Private cars will undoubtedly become the first
18、 choice when speed and convenience are considered.Whats more,with rising average income and the advent of some types of economic cars,people can afford private cars,which used to be luxuries for almost all Chinese.vExample:v RecreationsvGenerally speaking,there are two kinds of recreations:physical
19、activities and intellectual activities.Physical activities,on the one hand,keep one fit and develop team spirit and basketball is an example.On the other hand,intellectual activities such as playing chess and reading novels can train ones brains and provide temporary escape from ones troubles Practi
20、ce:vEmployment With College Graduates Improvesv请分析变化原因：如从政府的就业政策，学校关注的就业培训，或大学生开辟自营空间等方面加以分析。v你认为目前大学生就业难的原因是什么，如从中国出现劳动力高峰、大学生择业心态等方面加以分析。v Three chief elements contribute to the improvement.First of all,the governments favorable policies have facilitated the graduates employment.Secondly,it is bec
21、ause most universities have paid more attention to vocational training.Last but not least,some graduates tried successfully to break various paths to be self-employed.v However,the serious employment problem of college graduates cant be neglected for the following reasons.For one thing,we are experi
22、encing another peak of labor booming with 15 million new-born labor forces supply each year.Equally important,some graduates fail to adjust their unrealistically high goals to the new environment of employment.v congratulationsv v Letters of congratulations are common letters written for social cont
23、acts.You need to convey congratulations to friends,relatives,colleges,customers,clients,and other business associates about their good news,such as births,weddings,promotion,and new business.Sending congratulations is a thoughtful goodwill gesture,for a congratulations letter adds a glow to any pers
24、on or business relationship.vThe elements of Congratulations:plimentary Closev5.signaturevProcess of writing:v1.Use the word”congratulations”early in your letter.v2.Mention the reason why you congratulate someone,such as graduation,promotion,honor,baby.,etc.v3.If necessary,tell you learned about the
25、 good new.If you read it in the newspaper,enclose the clipping or a photocopy of it.v4.If appropriate,relate an anecdote,shared memory or reflection that has some bearing on the occasion.v v5.Close your letter with wishes for the person or expressions of your confidence:wish the person continued suc
26、cess and happiness,express your confidence in a bright future,assure the person of your love,affection,admiration,warmth interest,delight,pleasure or continued business support.vNote on writing:v1.The language of congratulations is always positive.Even when you are close to the person you are writin
27、g,make your congratulatory letter brief and somewhat formal.v2.Dont indulge in excessive flattery.v3.Dont make your congratulatory letters do double duty.v4.Dont talk about“luck”when you congratulate someone.If you do so,it implies that chance rather than talent and hard work was responsible for the
28、 success.v5.Dont inadvertently putting a negative spin on your congratulations.Such as“I would never have thought you could do it”.vCommon expressions:vMy warm congratulations to you onvThis brings our best wishes and warmest congratulations.vBest wishes for speedy recoveryvBest wishes for a long an
29、d happy married life to you both.婚姻美满，天长地久婚姻美满，天长地久v I hope this small gift will add a bit to your happiness on your birthday.vWe send you every good wish for all possible happiness.衷心祝你幸福美满vHearty congratulations and all good wishes on the milestone in your life.v在你生命中这个重大的日子里，我诚挚地恭喜并祝福你vWishing yo
30、u many happy returns on this joyous day.v祝你天天如意，岁岁今朝vI am at a loss at how to express my happy feelings.vWish you the best of everything in life.事事如意事事如意v May you have lots of promotions in the future.步步高步步高升升vIt is an award that you richly deserve.vMay 10vDear Mr.Stone,vCongratulate on your recent
31、promotion to Managing Director of The China branch.As our close association with you over the past several years,we all know how well you are qualified for this important office.You earned the promotion through years of hard work and we are delighted to see your true ability win recognition.vAgain,c
32、ongratulations and best wishes for continued success.vSincerely yoursvDavid SmithvSales ManagervCongratulations on GraduationvJune 25,2005,vBelinda Asher620 Mayview Ave.Pineville,WV 24874vDear Belinda,vOn behalf of everyone here at Deerwood Resorts Ltd.,I would like to sincerely congratulate you on
33、your recent graduation from Mountain State University with your M.B.A.(Marketing).vI must say that I was not surprised to read of your success in the newspaper.During your first of four summers as an employee at our Lakeland Family Resort,I noted how bright you are and how you have a very quick mind
34、 for business.Considering those attributes with your relentless work ethic and commitment to quality customer service,it is obvious that you have a wide-open future ahead of you.I can only hope that your experience working with us contributes in some small way to your success.vOn behalf of the manag
35、ement and staff at Deerwood Resorts I wish you all the best in your future career and life endeavors,whatever they may be.vYours sincerely,Bruce AtkinsonPresident and CEO vCongratulations on Prize WinningvMay.10vDear Jiang,vI take great pleasure in sending congratulations to you on your winning the
36、scholarship to Tsinghua University of American Literature.vWhile Im not a little surprised,Im all happy to get the good news.I know you have got excellent marks for all the courses you took.It is great to know that you have achieved the goal you set for yourself.It is an award that you richly deserv
37、e.Im really proud of you.vWarmest congratulations.vCordially yours,vWang PingvCongratulations on BirthdayvMay.10vMy Dearest Child,vYour father,brothers,and sisters,all unite with me in wishing you a thousand good wishes on your 25th birthday.We could all have wished that circumstances would have all
38、owed of your spending it with us;but feeling,in these matters,must oftentimes be sacrificed to utility,and our selfish delights must not be suffered to interfere with the prospects of those dear to us.vGod bless you,my dear child，I and that every succeeding year may see you increase in all that is d
39、esirable in body and mind,is the earnest prayer of your ever anxious parents.With best compliments to your mistress and teachers.vBelieve me,vYour ever affectionate mother,vMARY C.WEAVER.vCongratulations on AdmissionvMay.10vDear Ming,vWe are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the C
40、ollege Entrance Examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University.Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.vYou have all along been working hard at your professional studies,and you are excellent in most subjects.Your success shows that only hard
41、work can yield good results.vWe take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you.Wish you greater achievements in your college education.vYours cordially,vZhang Ningv Oct.4vDear Jim,v Congratulations upon having received your doctorate in philosophy from New York University.I know this has me
42、ant years of study and hard work on your part,and its an achievement you can well be proud of.v I have followed your progress with pleasure and concern;and I am sure,from the fine record you have made,that you will be a success in whatever you undertake.v I am looking forward to hearing from your fu
43、ture plans.Love and kind regards.v affectionately yoursv Uncle Tomv Congratulations on EngagementvMay.10vDear Robert,vGood news travels fast.I am pleased to hear that you and Joan became engaged last week.Congratulations!You two are indeed a perfect match.vBest wishes from me on your engagement.Some
44、day I hope to meet Joan.Please remember me to her and tell her my best wishes for her happiness.vYours very sincerelyvDon v Congratulations on MarriagevMay.8vMy Dear Son,vIt is with no small pleasure,and with no slight feeling of parental pride,that I now congratulate you upon your recent change of
45、state.That you have my best and heartiest wishes for your future happiness,you already know;but I feel a natural pleasure in again giving them expression.vAnd here I have to add,that no parent could join in those wishes with more fervent sincerity than your dear and kind mother,who desires you to un
46、ite with me in the most affectionate regards to our new relation,our daughter-in-law.That your marriage state may be blessed with the same domestic happiness that has fallen to my lot,is the sincere wish ofvYour ever affectionate father,vCLARK HAYES.v请根据以下内容写感谢信请根据以下内容写感谢信：v.祝贺怀特先生荣升市场部经理他理所当祝贺怀特先生荣
47、升市场部经理他理所当然应该得到这个职位，因为没有人比他更合然应该得到这个职位，因为没有人比他更合适非常荣幸能和他这样有能力的人共事适非常荣幸能和他这样有能力的人共事他总是能出色的完成公司给予他的各项任务他总是能出色的完成公司给予他的各项任务真是让人由衷的佩服找机会聚一下以正真是让人由衷的佩服找机会聚一下以正式庆贺他的提职祝步步高升！式庆贺他的提职祝步步高升！请根据以下内容写感谢信请根据以下内容写感谢信：v.恭祝李明获得牛津大学的奖学金，这是他多年勤奋学习的回恭祝李明获得牛津大学的奖学金，这是他多年勤奋学习的回报，对他来说意味深长作为同学你为他取得的成就感到由衷报，对他来说意味深长作为同学你为他
48、取得的成就感到由衷的高兴并坚信在他选读的学科中，他一定能出类拔萃再次祝的高兴并坚信在他选读的学科中，他一定能出类拔萃再次祝愿他取得不断的进步！愿他取得不断的进步！v3.3.亲爱的杰克亲爱的杰克:v 我记得你的生日快到了我记得你的生日快到了,我想你的家人现在正为你策划一次我想你的家人现在正为你策划一次意想不到的庆贺吧意想不到的庆贺吧!隔海相望隔海相望,我不能与你握手祝贺我不能与你握手祝贺,于是我赶忙于是我赶忙写信并寄去我为你选择的小礼物作纪念来表达我最衷心的祝贺写信并寄去我为你选择的小礼物作纪念来表达我最衷心的祝贺和最良好的祝愿和最良好的祝愿,祝你健康长寿祝你健康长寿,岁岁今朝岁岁今朝!v 挚爱
49、你的挚爱你的v DavidDavidv 2009,3,5 2009,3,5v May7 vDear Mr.White,vCongratulations on your promotion to Manager of the Marketing Department.There is no doubt that you earned this promotion,and no one is more deserving of the position.vIt has been a pleasure working with one as competent as you.I have alway
50、s felt you can handle the problems the company sends you exceptionally well.I really appreciate you from bottom of my heart.So lets spare some time to dinner to celebrate your advancement in a more formal way.vSincerely yours Davidv v May 1vDear Li Ming,v My warmest congratulations to you on earning