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1、The Goals for this CourseThe Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on To understand some basic theories on linguistics;linguistics;To understand the applications of the To understand the applications of the li
2、nguistic theories,especially in the fields of linguistic theories,especially in the fields of language teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),language teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),cross-cultural communicationcross-cultural communication;To prepare for the future research work.To prepare for the future res
3、earch work.第1页/共97页语言学学习应注意的方面：语言学学习应注意的方面：1)1)术语问题术语问题 2 2）语言学理论问题）语言学理论问题 3 3）语言学研究方法问题）语言学研究方法问题 4 4）语言学研究名家）语言学研究名家 5 5）学习习惯问题）学习习惯问题第2页/共97页Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 IntroductionI I Linguistics Linguistics 1.1.Definition of linguisticsDefinition of linguistics2.Linguistics and traditional
4、 grammar2.Linguistics and traditional grammar3.Use of studying linguistics 3.Use of studying linguistics 4.Scope of linguistics4.Scope of linguistics II Language II Language 1.Why Study Language?1.Why Study Language?2.Definitions of language2.Definitions of language3.Origin of language 3.Origin of l
5、anguage 4.Design Features of Language4.Design Features of Language5.Functions of language5.Functions of language Some major concepts in linguistics Some major concepts in linguistics 第3页/共97页1.Definition of Linguistics1.Definition of Linguistics Linguistics is the Linguistics is the scientific or sy
6、stematic study of languagescientific or systematic study of language(p.1).(p.1).语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言的科学研究。语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言的科学研究。A person who studies linguistics is known as aA person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist linguist.第4页/共97页1)Four principles of linguistic 1)Four principl
7、es of linguistic studies(P1)studies(P1)Exhaustiveness/adequacy Exhaustiveness/adequacy（穷尽性）：（穷尽性）：use use adequate samples in the study.adequate samples in the study.The linguists should gather all the materials The linguists should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give the
8、m an relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation.adequate explanation.If he leaves many facts undiscussed or If he leaves many facts undiscussed or unexplained,his study will not be regarded as unexplained,his study will not be regarded as exhaustive and his conclusions will
9、not be exhaustive and his conclusions will not be accepted as scientific.accepted as scientific.第5页/共97页Consistency Consistency（一致性）：（一致性）：keep the rules keep the rules consistent in the study of a language.There consistent in the study of a language.There should be should be no contradictionno cont
10、radiction between between different parts of the total statement.different parts of the total statement.Economy Economy（简洁性、经济性）：（简洁性、经济性）：rule out the rule out the redundancy,redundancy,make key partmake key part stand out in stand out in language description or language analysis.language descripti
11、on or language analysis.Other things being equal,Other things being equal,a short statement a short statement or analysis is preferredor analysis is preferred to a longer or more to a longer or more complex plex one.第6页/共97页ObjectivityObjectivity（客观性）：（客观性）：describe a describe a language as it is.la
12、nguage as it is.A linguist should be as objective as A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of possible in his description and analysis of data and cannot allow prejudice to data and cannot allow prejudice to influence his generalizations.influence his generali
13、zations.第7页/共97页2)Two purposes(p.2)2)Two purposes(p.2)a.Linguistics studies the nature of language a.Linguistics studies the nature of language in order to in order to establish a theoryestablish a theory of language of language and and describes languagesdescribes languages in the light of the in t
14、he light of the theory established.theory established.b.Linguistics examines b.Linguistics examines all the forms of all the forms of languagelanguage in general and seeks a scientific in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is understanding of the ways in which it is
15、 organized to fulfill the needs it serves and organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human life.the functions it performs in human life.第8页/共97页2.The difference between linguistics and 2.The difference between linguistics and traditional grammar(P2-3)traditional gr
16、ammar(P2-3)Traditional grammar,as a pre-20th century Traditional grammar,as a pre-20th century language description and pre-linguistic language description and pre-linguistic product of research,was based upon earlier product of research,was based upon earlier grammars of Latin or Greek(e.g.English
17、grammars of Latin or Greek(e.g.English had six cases because Latin had six cases),had six cases because Latin had six cases),and laid emphasisand laid emphasis onon correctness correctness,literaryliterary excellenceexcellence,the use of,the use of LatinLatin modelsmodels,and the,and the prioritypri
18、ority ofof writtenwritten languagelanguage.第9页/共97页 2.Linguistics vs.Traditional Grammar第10页/共97页A.Linguistics is descriptive,not prescriptive.第11页/共97页A linguist is interested in what is said,not what he thinks ought to be said.He describes language in all its aspects,but does not p r e s c r i b e
19、 r u l e s o f c o r r e c t n e s s.H e d o e s not believe that there i s s o m e absolute standard of correctnessconcerning language use.第12页/共97页 Instead,he would prefer to be an observer and recorder of facts,but not a judge.第13页/共97页 Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character
20、.The grammarian saw it as his task to formulate the standards of correctness and to impose these,if necessary,upon the speakers of the language.第14页/共97页B.Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written.第15页/共97页c)Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not fo
21、rce languages into a Latin-based framework.第16页/共97页Traditional grammar-Traditional grammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-based frameworkprescriptive,written,Latin-based framework 规定性的、书面语的，放进一规定性的、书面语的，放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内个拉丁语为基础的框架内Modern linguistics-Modern linguistics-descriptive,spoken,not necessarily La
22、tin-based frameworkdescriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework 描述性的、口头描述性的、口头语的，不强行放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内语的，不强行放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内第17页/共97页Weakpoints of Traditional Grammar第18页/共97页1.规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。第19页/共97页以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯
23、定。正因如此，规定语法学家认为：I didnt do nothing.正确的解释为:It is not true that I did nothing.或 I did something.第20页/共97页但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者，“didnt”重读，而后者“didnt不重读。第21页/共97页再看下列例句：All the children didnt sleep(All the children failed to sleep.)All the children didnt sleep.(Not all the ch
24、ildren failed to sleep.)第22页/共97页这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题：All the children didnt sleep.(重音落在sleep上，且使用降调)All the children didnt sleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）第23页/共97页事实上，这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为例：今天街上好热闹。今天街上好不热闹。第24页/共97页再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法：他差点儿摔倒了。他差点儿没摔倒。第25页/共97页 我差点儿通过了考试。我差
25、点儿没通过考试。如果用“差点儿”和“差点儿没”去修饰说话人希望实现的事情，那么“差点儿”含有惋惜希望的事情未能实现，而“差点儿没”是指庆幸希望的事情发生了。第26页/共97页 2.There are no absolute standards of correctness in language uses.第27页/共97页 秋浦歌白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。不知明镜里，何处得秋霜。单看“白发三千丈”一句，真叫人无法理解：白发怎么能有“三千丈”呢？愁生白发，人所共晓，而长达三千丈，该有多少深重的愁思。十个字的千钧重量落在一个“愁”字上。以此写愁，匪夷所思。奇想出奇句，不能不使人惊叹诗人的气魄和笔力
26、。第28页/共97页3.Use of studying linguistics(pp.3-4)3.Use of studying linguistics(pp.3-4)1)To have an 1)To have an overviewoverview of human of human language;language;2)To understand that human languages 2)To understand that human languages have important features in common have important features in co
27、mmon though they though they differ greatly in many detailsdiffer greatly in many details;3)To go along the path leading to the final 3)To go along the path leading to the final profession either as a profession either as a teacherteacher of foreign of foreign languages or as a languages or as a res
28、earcherresearcher of linguistics of linguistics or translation(p.4)or translation(p.4)第29页/共97页4.Scope of linguistics(pp.4-8)4.Scope of linguistics(pp.4-8)1)microlinguistics VS macrolinguistics1)microlinguistics VS macrolinguistics Micro Microlinguistics:linguistics:Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Sy
29、ntax,Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.Semantics,Pragmatics.These branches are at the very These branches are at the very centercenter of linguistic of linguistic scope.scope.Macro Macrolinguistics:linguistics:Sociolinguistics,Psycholinguistics,Sociolinguistics,Psycholinguis
30、tics,Neurolinguistics,Stylistics,Discourse analysis,Neurolinguistics,Stylistics,Discourse analysis,Computational linguistics,Cognitive linguistics Computational linguistics,Cognitive linguistics These branches are related to something that is These branches are related to something that is not at th
31、e center of linguistic scope.not at the center of linguistic scope.第30页/共97页2)Linguistics classified from different 2)Linguistics classified from different perspectivesperspectivesfunctional functional linguistics VS linguistics VS formalformal linguistics linguisticsthe former stresses the function
32、 of language the former stresses the function of language and the latter stresses the form of languageand the latter stresses the form of languagetheoreticaltheoretical linguistics VS linguistics VS appliedapplied linguistics linguisticsthe former studies the the former studies the“purepure”theory i
33、n theory in language and the latter studies how to apply language and the latter studies how to apply the theory the theory 第31页/共97页Theoretical linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1.1.Phonetics Phonetics 语音学语音学2.2.Phonology Phonology 音系学音系学3.3.MorphologyMorphology形态学形态学4.4.Syntax Syntax 句法学句法学5.5.Sem
34、antics Semantics 语义学语义学Use of linguisticsUse of linguistics1.1.Applied linguistics Applied linguistics 应用应用语言学语言学2.2.Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics 社会语社会语言学言学3.3.Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics 心理语心理语言学言学 第32页/共97页corpuscorpus linguistics linguisticslinguistic description linguistic descripti
35、on based on the extensive accumulation of based on the extensive accumulation of naturally occurring language data and its naturally occurring language data and its analysis by computersanalysis by computers语料库语言学语料库语言学forensic forensic linguisticslinguisticsthe examination of the examination of lin
36、guistic evidence for legal purposes linguistic evidence for legal purposes 法律法律语言学语言学mathematical mathematical linguisticslinguisticsthe study of the the study of the mathematical properties of languagemathematical properties of language数学语数学语言学言学anthropological anthropological linguisticslinguistic
37、sthe study of the study of language in cross-cultural settingslanguage in cross-cultural settings人类语言人类语言学学第33页/共97页3)Recent developments of 3)Recent developments of linguistics:linguistics:Corpus linguistics,Corpus linguistics,Discourse Analysis,Discourse Analysis,Cognitive linguistics,Cognitive li
38、nguistics,Computational linguistics,Computational linguistics,Mathematical linguisticsMathematical linguistics第34页/共97页 II Language II Language 1.Why Study Language?1.Why Study Language?finding out more about how the brain works;finding out more about how the brain works;How children learn language;
39、How children learn language;What the relationship between meaning and What the relationship between meaning and perception is;perception is;What role of language is in different cultures;What role of language is in different cultures;第35页/共97页Fundamental views about languageFundamental views about l
40、anguageChildren learn their native language swiftly,Children learn their native language swiftly,efficiently and without instruction.efficiently and without instruction.Language operates by rules.Language operates by rules.All languages have three major components:a All languages have three major co
41、mponents:a sound system,a system of lexico-grammar and a sound system,a system of lexico-grammar and a system of semantics.system of semantics.Everyone speaks a dialect.Everyone speaks a dialect.Language slowly changes.Language slowly changes.Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles Speake
42、rs of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.and a set of jargons.Languages are intimately related to the societies and Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.individuals who use them.第36页/共97页2.What is Language?Language Language“is not to
43、 be confused with is not to be confused with human speech which is only a human speech which is only a definite part,though certainly an definite part,though certainly an essential one.It is both a social essential one.It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and product of the faculty o
44、f speech and a collection of necessary conventions a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to body to permit individuals to exercise that facultyexercise that faculty”.-Ferdinand de Saussure(-Ferdinand de
45、Saussure(索绪尔：索绪尔：1857-1913)1857-1913)第37页/共97页“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”-Edward Sapir(萨丕尔，1884-1939):第38页/共97页“From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sen
46、tences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”-Noam Chomsky(诺姆乔姆斯基，1928-)第39页/共97页 语言是人类特有的一种符号系语言是人类特有的一种符号系统。当作用于人与人的关系的时统。当作用于人与人的关系的时候，它是表达相互反应的中介；候，它是表达相互反应的中介；当作用于人与客观世界的关系的当作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；当时候，它是认知事物的工具；当作用于文化的时候，它是文化信作用于文化的时候，它是文化信息的载体。息的载体。（许国璋（许国璋中
47、国大百科全书中国大百科全书 语言文字语言文字）第40页/共97页A generally acceptable definition:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是一个具有语言是一个具有任意性任意性用于用于人类人类交流的交流的语音语音符号系统符号系统第41页/共97页Language is a systemLanguage is a systemSystemicSystemic-rule-governed,elements in it are arranged acc
48、ording-rule-governed,elements in it are arranged according to certain rules;canto certain rules;cant be combined at will.t be combined at will.e.g.e.g.*bkli,*I apple eat.*bkli,*I apple eat.语言是一个系统，语言的要素是根据规则组合在一起的。语言是一个系统，语言的要素是根据规则组合在一起的。第42页/共97页Language is arbitraryLanguage is arbitraryArbitraryA
49、rbitrary-no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing-no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes,e.g.it denotes,e.g.“penpen”by any other name is the thing we use to by any other name is the thing we use to write with.write with.语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系语言符号和符号所代表的事物之
50、间没有内在的必然的联系.“pen”“other name”第43页/共97页By saying that“language is arbitrary”,we mean that there is no logical connection between meanings and .考研链接中山大学2003年考题sound第44页/共97页Language is primarily vocalLanguage is primarily vocalVocalVocal-the primary medium is sound for-the primary medium is sound for