新编简明英语语言学教程 .pptx

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1、The Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic theories,especially in the fields of language teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),cross-cultural communication;To prepare for the future research

2、 work.第1页/共278页The Requirements for this courseClass attendanceClassroom discussionFulfillment of the assignmentExamination 第2页/共278页Reference Books戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。刘润清，(1995)，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),An Introduction to Language the s

3、ixth edition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.第3页/共278页Chapter 1.Introduction第4页/共278页1.What is language?第5页/共278页Language can meanwhat a person says(e.g.bad language,expressions)the way of speaking or writing(e.g.Shakespeares language,Luxuns language)a particular variety or level of speech

4、 or writing(e.g.language for special purpose,colloquial language)the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community(e.g.Chinese language,first language)the common features of all human languages(e.g.He studies language)a tool for human communication.(social fun

5、ction)a set of rules.(rule-governed)第6页/共278页Sapirs definition(1921)“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”第7页/共278页Halls definition(1968)Language is“the institution whereby humans communicate and i

6、nteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”第8页/共278页Chomskys definition(1957)“From now on I will consider language to be a set of(finite or infinite)sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”第9页/共278页Language can be gen

7、erally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.第10页/共278页Language is a systemSystematic-rule-governed,elements in it are arranged according to certain rules;cant be combined at will.e.g.*bkli,*I apple eat.第11页/共278页Language is arbitraryArbitrary-no intrinsic connec

8、tion between the word and the thing it denotes,e.g.“pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with.第12页/共278页Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic-words are associated with objects,actions ideas by convention.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare 第13页/共278页Language is

9、 primarily vocalVocal-the primary medium is sound for all languages;writing system came much later than spoken form.第14页/共278页Language is human-specific Human-specific-different from the communication systems other forms of life possess,e.g.bird songs,bee dance,animal cries.第15页/共278页The design/defi

10、ning features of human language(Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmission第16页/共278页Arbitrariness -No logical(motivated or intrinsic)connection between sounds and meanings.Onomatopoeic words(which imitate natural sounds)are somewhat motivated(English

11、:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy第17页/共278页Productivity/creativity -Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before,e

12、.g.we can understand sentence like“A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”,though it does not describe a common happening in the world.A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted,making any novelty impossible.The

13、bee dance does have a limited productivity,as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction.But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance;bees do not“talk”about themselves,the hives,or wind,let alone about people,animals,hopes or desires 第18页/共

14、278页Duality(double articulation)Lower level-sounds(meaningless)Higher level-meaning(larger units of meaning)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it,for a far greater number of messages can be sent.A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into

15、a large number of units of meaning(words),and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.(we make dictionary of a language,but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.第19页/共278页Displacement-Language can be used to refer to things,which

16、are not present:real or imagined matters in the past,present or future,or in far-away places.A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearThere is something special about the bee dance though.Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no lon

17、ger in the presence of the food.In this sense,the bee dance has a component of displacement.But this component is very insignificant.For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive.They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate abo

18、ut future discoveries.第20页/共278页Cultural transmission-Language is culturally transmitted(through teaching and learning;rather than by instinct).Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.All cats,gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats,gibbons and bee

19、s.A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible.This shows that language is culturally transmitted.That is,it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.The story of a wolf child,a pig child shows that a human being brought up

20、 in isolation simply does not acquire human language.第21页/共278页Functions of language Phatic:establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.Directive:get the hearer to do something.Informative:give information about facts.Interrogative:get information from others.Expressive:express feelings

21、 and attitudes of the speaker.Evocative:create certain feelings in the hearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worry or please)Performative:language is used to do things,to perform actions.第22页/共278页The origin of language The divine-origin theory-Language is a gift of God to mankind.The invention theory-imitati

22、ve,cries of nature,the grunts of men working together.The evolutionary theory-the result of physical and psychological development.第23页/共278页许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统.当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.第24页/共278页2.What is linguistic

23、s?-Linguistics is the scientific study of language.-A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.第25页/共278页Four principles of linguistic studiesExhaustiveness/adequacy Consistency Economy Objectivity 第26页/共278页The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1.Phonetics2.P

24、honology3.Morphology4.Syntax5.SemanticsUse of linguistics1.Applied linguistics2.Sociolinguistics3.Psycholinguistics 第27页/共278页Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics-speech sound(description,classification,transcription):articulatory phonetics,acoustic phonetics,auditory phonetics.Phonology-sound patterns

25、of languagesMorphology-the form of wordsSyntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence.Semantics-the meaning of language(when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use-Pragmatics)第28页/共278页Use of linguisticsApplied linguistics-linguistics and language tea

26、ching Sociolinguistics-social factors(e.g.class,education)affect language use Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process Stylistics-linguistic and literature 第29页/共278页Some other applications Anthropological linguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputational linguistics(e.g.machine transl

27、ation)第30页/共278页Some important distinctions in linguistics 第31页/共278页Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive-describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use(modern linguistic)Prescriptive-lay down rules for“correct”linguistic behavior in using language(traditional grammar)第

28、32页/共278页Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronic study-description of a language at some point of time(modern linguistics)Diachronic study-description of a language through time(historical development of language over a period of time)第33页/共278页Speech vs writingSpeech-primary medium of languageWriting-la

29、ter developed第34页/共278页Langue vs parole(F.de Saussure)Langue-the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.Parole-the realization of langue in actual use.Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.第35页/共278

30、页Competence and performance(Chomsky)Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each

31、individual.第36页/共278页Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditional grammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework Modern linguistics-descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework 第37页/共278页Chapter 2 Phonology Language is primarily vocal.The primary medium of human language is s

32、ound.Linguists are not interested in all sounds,but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication.第38页/共278页Phonetics -A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription,e.g.p bil

33、abial,stop.第39页/共278页Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view,“how speakers produce speech sounds”Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view,“how sounds are perceived”Acoustic phonetics-from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted fr

34、om one to another.第40页/共278页Articulatory phonetics 第41页/共278页Speech organs:three important areas Pharyngeal cavity-the throat;The oral cavity-the mouth;Nasal cavity-the nose.第42页/共278页The diagram of speech organs1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teeth ridge(alveolar)4.Hard palate5.Soft palate(velum)6.Uvula7.Tip of ton

35、gue8.Blade of tongue9.Back of tongue10.Vocal cords11.Pharyngeal cavity12.Nasal cavity 第43页/共278页Orthographic representation of speech sounds-A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA).The basic principle of the IPA is usin

36、g one letter to represent one speech sound.Broad transcription-used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose,without diacritics,e.g.clear l,pit Narrow transcription-used by phonetician for careful study,with diacritics,e.g.dark l,aspirated p 第44页/共278页Some major articulatory variables -dimensi

37、ons on which speech sounds may vary:Voicing-voiced&voicelessNasality-nasal&non-nasal Aspiration-aspirated&unaspirated 第45页/共278页Classification of English speech sounds-English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:Vowels Consonants Note:The essential difference between the

38、se two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat,the nose or the mouth,while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.第46页/共278页Classification of consonants-English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:

39、The manner of articulation The place of articulation第47页/共278页The manner of articulationstops/plosives:p,b,t,d,k,g;fricatives:f,v,s,z,W,T,F,V,h;affricates:tF,dV;liquids:l(lateral),r;nasals:m,n,N;glides/semivowels:w,j.第48页/共278页The place of articulationbilabial:p,b,m,w;labiodental:f,v;dental:W,T;alve

40、olar:t,d,s,z,n,l,r;palatal:F,V,tF,dV,j;velar:k,g,N;glottal:h.第49页/共278页The place of articulation1.Bilabial;2.Labiodental;3.Dental or interdental;4.Alveolar;5.Palatoalveolar;6.Palatal;7.Velar;8.Uvular;9.Glottal.第50页/共278页The description of English consonantsPlacePlacemannermannerVoic-Voic-ingingBila-

41、Bila-bialbialLabio-Labio-dentaldentalDentalDentalAlveo-Alveo-larlarPalatalPalatalVelar Velar Glottal Glottal Stops or Stops or plosivesplosivesVLVL p p t t k k VDVD b b d d g g Frica-Frica-tivestivesVLVL f f W W s s F F hhVDVD v v T T z z V V Affri-Affri-catescatesVLVL(tFtF )tFtF VDVD(dVdV)dVdV Nasa

42、lsNasalsVDVD mm nn N N LiquidsLiquidsVDVDl,l,rrGlides Glides VDVDww j j 第51页/共278页Classification of vowels -English vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs or pure/single vowelsDiphthongs or gliding vowels 第52页/共278页Monophthongs or pure/single vowels-According to which part of t

43、he tongue is held highest in the process of production,the vowels can be distinguished as:front vowels:I:,I,e,Z,A,B;central vowels:E:,E,Q;back vowels:u:,u,C:,C,B:.第53页/共278页According to the openness of the mouth Close:I:,I,u:,u.Semi-close:e,E:;Semi-open:E,C;Open:A,B,C,B:,Q;第54页/共278页The diagram of s

44、ingle vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:第55页/共278页According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding rounded:u:,u,C:,C;unrounded:I:,I,e,Z,A,B,E:,E,Q,B:.第56页/共278页According to the length of the vowels long:I:,E:,u:,C:,B:short:I,e,Z,A,E,Q,B,u,C.第57页/共278页D

45、iphthongs/gliding vowels ei,ai,aU,EU,Ri,iE,ZE,UE.第58页/共278页Exercises:underline the words that begin with a sound as required.A bilabial consonant:mad sad bad cad pad had ladA velar consonant:nod god cod pod rodLabiodental consonant:rat fat sat mat chat vat patAn alveolar consonant:nick lick sick tic

46、k kick quickA palato-alveolar consonant:sip ship tip chip lip zipA dental consonant:lie buy thigh thy tie ryeA glide:one war yolk rush第59页/共278页Underline the words that end with a sound as required:A fricative pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave messageA nasal train bang leaf lim

47、bA stop drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tipAn affricate:rack such ridge booze第60页/共278页Underline the words that contain the sound as required:A central vowel:mad lot but boot wordA front vowel:reed pad load fate bit bed cook A rounded vowel:who he bus her hit true boss bar walkA back

48、 vowel:paid reap fool top good father第61页/共278页Describe the underlined consonants according to three dimensions:vd/vl place manner LetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither第62页/共278页PhonologyPhonology studies the patterning of speech sounds,that is,the ways in which speech soun

49、ds form systems and patterns in human languages.第63页/共278页Phonetics&phonologyBoth are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds.But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature;it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages;it aims

50、to answer questions like:how they are produced,how they differ from each other,what phonetic features they have,how they can be classified,etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.第64页/共27