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1、|新编简明英语语言学教程Chapter one Introduction一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for hu
2、man communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化
3、传递 |arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send
4、. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and le
5、arned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力 Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 per
6、formance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. |语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language ov
7、er a period of time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correc
8、t” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
9、语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一|种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： 瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue 和 parole 的区别 U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky 美国语言学家 N.Chomsky in1950 针对 Saussures langue the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is m
10、ore important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form;
11、 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members