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1、口口语班写作班写作课第1页，本讲稿共130页考试作文考试作文哈尔滨医科大学哈尔滨医科大学 瞿平瞿平第2页，本讲稿共130页图画类（难度最大）v1Writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon.2Giveyourcomments.第3页，本讲稿共130页第4页，本讲稿共130页v7、1997：第5页，本讲稿共130页托福新题型v新型的写作考试趋势新型的写作考试趋势v听力听力+写作写作第6页，本讲稿共130页v一、一、书信类应用文书信类应用文v2、2005真题：辞职信道歉信真题：辞职信道歉信vDirections:Twomonthsago,yougotajobasa
2、neditorforthemagazineFashion&Design.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.WritealettertoyourbossMr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.第7页，本讲稿共130页国内作文的评分标准国内作文的评分标准vA节节v应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和组织、语言的准确性、格式
3、和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。扣分。第8页，本讲稿共130页vB节节vB节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和
4、词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。v2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有13分的调节分。分的调节分。v3、A节作文的字数要求是节作文的字数要求是100词左右。词左右。B节作文的字数要求是节作文的字数要求是160200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。v4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以
5、考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。v5、如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。、如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。第9页，本讲稿共130页v1结构结构v2句子句子v3词汇词汇v4内容内容第10页，本讲稿共130页v时间：30分钟v字数：At least 300 words.vAn effective response is typically about 300 words long.If you write fewer than 300 words,you may still receive a top score,bu
6、t experience has shown that shorter response typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.There is no maximum word limit.You may write as much as you wish in the time allotted.But do not write just to be writing;Write to respond to the topic.托福作文v 2023/2/2011第11页
7、，本讲稿共130页v 独立写作独立写作2023/2/2012第12页，本讲稿共130页奖励分给分原则v书法笔迹书法笔迹1.大字大字vs小字小字2.笔的选择笔的选择第13页，本讲稿共130页奖励分给分原则v正确正规可读正确正规可读1.非正规标记：非正规标记：&,Vs,etc.2.简写的问题：简写的问题：WTO？WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)3._4.共共200字！字！第14页，本讲稿共130页奖励分给分原则v标点的问题标点的问题1.随意点随意点2.逗号的问题逗号的问题3.句号的问题句号的问题4.省略号省略号5.顿号顿号6.书名号书名号7.惊叹号和问号惊叹号和问号第15页，
8、本讲稿共130页奖励分给分原则v修改的问题修改的问题1.尽量不修改尽量不修改2.反对对于内容的修改反对对于内容的修改3.正确的修改方法正确的修改方法4.修正液修正液第16页，本讲稿共130页范文分析范文分析v98.1母鸡下蛋，虚假承诺母鸡下蛋，虚假承诺vStudythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:v1writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon此提此提纲应分为两段写作）纲应分为两段写作）v2giveyourcommentsv描述图画阐释寓意给出评论（解决方法）描述图画阐释寓意
9、给出评论（解决方法）第17页，本讲稿共130页范文分析Thepastseveralyearshavewitnessedaphenomenonthatavarietyofpromiseshavebeenarisingfromallwalksoflife.Regrettably,quitealotofpromisesaresheernonsense,justastheheninthegivencartooncommitsherselftolayeggswhichareroundwithoutanyanglesandcornersandhaveshells,eggwhitesandyolks.第18
10、页，本讲稿共130页范文分析Oddsandfunnyastheysound,suchfalsepromisescanbeseenandheardeverywhereinourcountry.Administrationdepartmentsassuretoperformtheirtaskseffectivelyandfairlywithouttakinganybribes;manufacturingunitsguaranteetoturnoutproductsofgoodquality;commercialenterprisessweartoprovidegenuinecommoditiesa
11、ndpoliteandenthusiasticservices.第19页，本讲稿共130页Canyoufindanythingnewandsubstantialotherthantheirobligations,dutiesandjobsinthesesocalledpromises?Iguessyouranswerwillbenegative.Asamatteroffact,theirintentiontomakesuchcommitmentsisnothingbuttoputoncivilizedouterclothingtopleaseordeceivethepublic.第20页，本讲
12、稿共130页范文分析Idaresaythatyoursocietyissufferingcorruptionandcheatwhicharecausingdamagetosocietybothmateriallyandmorally.Butthehenandherlikeshouldknowthatbydishonestwordsnoonecansurvivetheintensecompetitionundermarketeconomysystem.Theyshouldremembertheoldsaying,“Honestyisthebestpolicy”.第21页，本讲稿共130页范文分析
13、v总结总结1.段落安排合理段落安排合理2.聪明的学生举例子聪明的学生举例子3.句式复杂多样句式复杂多样4.用词有效替换用词有效替换5.语法错误较少语法错误较少6.我们的目标？我们的目标？第22页，本讲稿共130页简单句子变复杂的法则简单句子变复杂的法则v1非谓语动词非谓语动词v2插入语句式插入语句式第23页，本讲稿共130页1非谓语动词非谓语动词v我是一名教师。我讲课。我是一名教师。我讲课。vI am a teacher.I give classes.I am a teacher.I give classes.vI am a teacher and I give classes.I am a
14、teacher and I give classes.vBecause I am a teacher,I give classes.Because I am a teacher,I give classes.vI am a teacher,so I give classes.I am a teacher,so I give classes.vBeing a teacher,I give classes.Being a teacher,I give classes.vI,being a teacher,give classesI,being a teacher,give classes第24页，
15、本讲稿共130页2记者们听说刘若英要来哈尔滨要来哈尔滨，记者们听说刘若英要来哈尔滨要来哈尔滨，他们都出去找消息。他们都出去找消息。HearingthatMissLiuiscomingtoHarbin,journalistssettoobtainnews.第25页，本讲稿共130页v3老板叫我见客户，我去见他。老板叫我见客户，我去见他。vThebossasksmetovisitaconsumer.vIgotoseehim.vAskedtoseeaconsumer,Igotoseehim第26页，本讲稿共130页非谓语动词法则v1找到一个共同主语找到一个共同主语v2结果动词作为真正的谓语结果动词作
16、为真正的谓语v3其余动词看与主语的关系，主动的变成其余动词看与主语的关系，主动的变成doing，被动变成，被动变成done。第27页，本讲稿共130页vMyfatherwasdeniedhighereducationforhistoricalreasons.vButbyselfstudieshebecameatechnicianinafactory.vHeneverstoppingstudying.vHetookcoursesoflawinhissparetime.vLaterhebecamealawyer.第28页，本讲稿共130页vMyfather,deniedhighereducatio
17、nforhistoricalreasons,byself-studybecameatechnicianinafactory.vNeverstoppingstudyingandtakingcoursesoflawinhissparetime,laterhebecamealawyer.第29页，本讲稿共130页practicev现在的年轻人没办法缓解压力，他们在朋友的唆现在的年轻人没办法缓解压力，他们在朋友的唆使下，转而求助于吸烟。使下，转而求助于吸烟。vTheyouthnowadayshavenowaytorelievetheirpressure.vTheyareinstigatedbythei
18、rfriends.vTheyturntosmoking第30页，本讲稿共130页vTheyouthnowadays,havingnowaytorelievetheirpressureandinstigatedbytheirfriends,turntosmoking第31页，本讲稿共130页天太热我不能学习天太热我不能学习vItistoohottostudy.vItissohotthatIcannotstudy.vItbeingsohot,Icannotstudy.v情况如此危急，解决这个事情刻不容缓。情况如此危急，解决这个事情刻不容缓。vThesituationbeingserious,iti
19、shightimethatwesolvedit.第32页，本讲稿共130页插入语2v名词，插入小细节（意义，功能，相关的人等），名词，插入小细节（意义，功能，相关的人等），大概念大概念v哈尔滨市一个具有悠久历史的美丽城市，是我的哈尔滨市一个具有悠久历史的美丽城市，是我的故乡。故乡。vHaerbin,(whichis)myhometown,isabeautifulcitywithalonghistory.第33页，本讲稿共130页2 插入语v1主语主语+谓语谓语+状语状语v主语，状语，谓语主语，状语，谓语v老板正在和员工制定计划老板正在和员工制定计划vThebossismakingplanswi
20、thhisworkers.vTheboss,withhisworkers,ismakingplans.不改变整个句式却显得句式有张力不改变整个句式却显得句式有张力Eg:第34页，本讲稿共130页水是生命之源，现在被污染的很严重，覆盖面积越水是生命之源，现在被污染的很严重，覆盖面积越来越小。来越小。Water,whichispollutedseriouslyandcoversdecreasingareas,issourceoflife.Water,whichispollutedseriouslyandcoversdecreasingareas,isthesourceoflife.第35页，本讲稿
21、共130页vWaterispollutedseriously.vWatercoversdecreasingareas.vWaterissourceoflife.第36页，本讲稿共130页网络vInternetisawayofcommunication.vInternetisoneofthemostefficientandconvenientwaysofcommunication.vInternet,bywhichmanyyoungpeoplemakeafortune,isoneofthemostefficientandconvenientwaysofcommunication.第37页，本讲稿
22、共130页vInternet,whichmakestheworldsmallerandsmaller,isoneofthemostefficientandconvenientwaysofcommunication.第38页，本讲稿共130页八大亮点句式八大亮点句式第39页，本讲稿共130页1用否定句式表达肯定用否定句式表达肯定vIamthebestwritingteacherinneworientalschool.vI,ithasbeensaid,amthebestwritingteacherinneworientalschool.v我不是别人，我是新东方最好的写作老师。我不是别人，我是新东方
23、最好的写作老师。vI,ratherthananyoneelse,amthebestwritingteacherinneworientalschool.第40页，本讲稿共130页Other thanvI,otherthananyoneelse,amthebestwritingteacherinneworientalschool.vNobody,otherthanI,isthebestwritingteacherinneworientalschool.第41页，本讲稿共130页中国正在面临非常严重的中国正在面临非常严重的问题。问题。vAproblemofisseriousinchina.vInno
24、countryotherthanchina,ithasbeensaid,istheproblemserious.(thephenomenonpopular）第42页，本讲稿共130页notsomuchas与其说与其说不不如说如说v生活中的成功与其说依靠起学校的成绩倒不如说生活中的成功与其说依靠起学校的成绩倒不如说依靠个人的能力和实践经验。依靠个人的能力和实践经验。vSuccessinthelifedoesnotdependsomuchononesschoolrecordasonesabilityandpractice.(honesty,confidence,persistence)第43页，本
25、讲稿共130页v直到直到20世纪人们才开始重视环保问题世纪人们才开始重视环保问题vItwasnotuntiltheendofthe20thcenturythatweattachedgreatimportancetoenvironmentproblems.第44页，本讲稿共130页2强调句：强调句：Itbe+强调部分强调部分+that(who)+简单句简单句v戒指是每个女孩都梦想得到的。戒指是每个女孩都梦想得到的。vItistheringthateverygirlwantsv我不是用钱能买来的我不是用钱能买来的vIamnotforsale.vItisIwhoamnotforsale.v原则：去头
26、去尾现原形原则：去头去尾现原形第45页，本讲稿共130页v在在20世纪世纪80是年代，由于中国的改革开放政策，是年代，由于中国的改革开放政策，很多外国人开始了解中国及中国的文化。很多外国人开始了解中国及中国的文化。vItwasin1980sthatanumberofforeignersbegantolearnChinaandChinesecultureowingtothereformandopendoorpolicybeingcarriedout.第46页，本讲稿共130页时间状语的替代法则v1用强调句用强调句v2时间（主语），时间（主语），witness谓语，宾语谓语，宾语vIn2000，t
27、henumberofcollegestudentsincreasedsharply.v2000witnessedincreaseinthenumberof第47页，本讲稿共130页v1980switnessedafactthatanumberofforeignersbegantolearnChinaandChinesecultureowingtothereformandopendoorpolicybeingcarriedout.第48页，本讲稿共130页3倒装句倒装句：only句，地点状语倒装句，让步状句，地点状语倒装句，让步状语从句的倒装语从句的倒装 v只有用这种办法，我们才能解决这个问题。
28、只有用这种办法，我们才能解决这个问题。vOnlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblemv在森林里有各种各样的小动物在森林里有各种各样的小动物vAllkindsofanimalsareintheforest.vIntheforestaremanyvaluablespeciesofanimals.第49页，本讲稿共130页如图所示，一个年轻人在操场上奔跑，并且冲向终点。终点又是新的起点。vAsisshowninthecartoon,ontheplaygroundrunstheyoungman,rushingtothefinal,whichisdefinedasanotherst
29、artone第50页，本讲稿共130页Although句型省略v尽管她是个女孩，唱歌却像男人一样。尽管她是个女孩，唱歌却像男人一样。vAlthoughsheisagirl,shesingslikeaman.vGirlassheis,shesingslikeaman.v尽管漫画很简单，但是其寓意却非常深刻尽管漫画很简单，但是其寓意却非常深刻vSimpleasapictureis,themeaningbehinditisasdeepastheocean.第51页，本讲稿共130页4虚拟语气虚拟语气v1）Itishightimethat+过去时过去时vItishightimethattheautho
30、ritiesconcernedtookproperstepstosolvethetrafficproblems(喊口号句式，用于最喊口号句式，用于最后一段后一段)vThesituationbeingsoserious,itishightimethatwetookeffectivemeasures.第52页，本讲稿共130页2）Itisimportant/necessary/imperative/urgent+that+(should)+dov政府有必要制定法律法规来解决这个问政府有必要制定法律法规来解决这个问题题vItisimperativethatlawsandregulationsshou
31、ldbeworkedoutto第53页，本讲稿共130页if句式句式v如果没有改革开放政策如果没有改革开放政策,我们可能根本吃不肯德鸡我们可能根本吃不肯德鸡.vIftherewerenothereformandopendoorpolicy,wewouldnevertasteKFC.第54页，本讲稿共130页5被动句被动句vYourbabywasborn.vMeasuresshouldbetakenvAttentionshouldbepaidtosthvEmphasisshouldbeplaceduponvGreatimportanceshouldbeattachedtov当文中的主语为人们，大
32、家，社会等大词的时候当文中的主语为人们，大家，社会等大词的时候用被动语气用被动语气第55页，本讲稿共130页6定语从句定语从句v交通工具发出有毒气体，污染环境。交通工具发出有毒气体，污染环境。vAutomobiledischargeslotsoffumeswhichseriouslypollutetheairv你穿牛仔裤还是套装对我来说无所谓。你穿牛仔裤还是套装对我来说无所谓。vYoucanwearjeansorsuit,whichmakesnodifferencetome.(matteralottosb)vAmajorityofyouthtendtosmoke,whichhasanegati
33、ve(positive,profound)influenceinsociety.第56页，本讲稿共130页运用定语从句法则v1尽量找出句子相互重叠的部分，尽量找出句子相互重叠的部分，v2把其中从句的重叠部分用关系代词把其中从句的重叠部分用关系代词which,that,whowhose，whom或关系副词或关系副词where或者或者介词介词+which,whom来连接两句来连接两句话话第57页，本讲稿共130页我爱上一个让我奋不顾身的人。v女生版：女生版：IfallinlovewithhimatwhomIthrowmylifev男生版：男生版：Ifallinlovewithagirlforwho
34、mIcandoeverything.第58页，本讲稿共130页If，及及because句式的替换句式的替换vIwanttobuythecupbecauseitscolorisspecial.vIwanttobuythecupwhosecolorisspecial.vIfthestudentscangetajobintheirarea,theyaregainingvaluableexperienceandputtingtheirknowledgetouseimmediately.vThestudents,whocangetajobintheirarea,aregainingvaluableexp
35、erienceandputtingtheirknowledgetouseimmediately.第59页，本讲稿共130页vIfthestudentscangetajobintheirarea,theyaregainingvaluableexperienceandputtingtheirknowledgetouseimmediately.vThestudents,whocangetajobintheirarea,aregainingvaluableexperienceandputtingtheirknowledgetouseimmediately.第60页，本讲稿共130页vifthehobb
36、yisstampcollecting,thepersoncanlearnaboutthecountriesoftheworldandevensomeoftheirhistory.vTheperson，whosehobbyisstampcollecting,canlearnaboutthecountriesoftheworldandevensomeoftheirhistory.第61页，本讲稿共130页vOurneighbor,learningaboutmyfamilysconditionandbeginningtohelpus,lentsomemoneytomyparentswhousedth
37、emoneytoopenashopandgotthroughthehardlife.第62页，本讲稿共130页7主语从句主语从句vWhatmakesthecartoonsurprising(interesting)isthat+环境细节环境细节vWhatmakesthecartoonsurprisingisthattheoldfatheriskickedoffbyhisdaughtersandsonslikeaball.第63页，本讲稿共130页8比较句式比较句式v1与老一辈人相比，现在的年轻人在很小年纪就独与老一辈人相比，现在的年轻人在很小年纪就独立了。立了。vTheyouthnowaday
38、saremoreindependentatanearlyagethantheold.vComparedwiththeoldgeneration,youngpeoplenowadaystendtobemoreindependentatanearlyage.v同级代替比较级；比较级代替最高级同级代替比较级；比较级代替最高级第64页，本讲稿共130页2传统观念认为，素食主义者活的更长，然而他们却因为营养不良而死的更早。vContrarytothethought（belief)that,主句主句vContrarytothethoughtthatvegetarianscanlivelonger,they
39、dieearlierforlackofnutrition.第65页，本讲稿共130页vThemorewelearnabouttheissue,themorewerealizethatitisofimportance.vContrarytothethought(belief,conclusion)that,vContrarytothethought(belief,conclusion)thatvegetarianscouldlivelonger,mostofthemdieearlierforlackofnutrition.第66页，本讲稿共130页词汇v词汇的多样性词汇的多样性v词汇量的概念词汇
40、量的概念v简单词复杂化的方法简单词复杂化的方法v重复率高的词汇重复率高的词汇v词汇的替换方法词汇的替换方法第67页，本讲稿共130页v实现词汇的降级替换实现词汇的降级替换vEG：在当今社会：在当今社会vIncontemporarysocietyvInmodernsociety/todayssociety/nowadays/atpresent/today/now第68页，本讲稿共130页重复率高的词汇重复率高的词汇v1显示：图标图画中，显示：图标图画中，show,indicate,reveal,reflect,demonstrate,conveysthemessagethat,imply,sug
41、gest,illustrate,depict2重要：重要：Beofimportance,significant,vital,essentially,critically,crucial,playarole,shouldbetakenseriously,importanceshouldbeattachedto第69页，本讲稿共130页vveryvofgreatimportance,significantlyimportantv替换替换very的方法：将的方法：将adj.的同义词的同义词变为变为adv.即相当于即相当于very第70页，本讲稿共130页v4极大的：极大的：great/sharp/d
42、ramatic/sizable/significant/enormous/considerable/profoundv5think:believe,convince,suppose,assume,guess,reckon,insist,maintain,argue,claim,inonesopinion,beofopinion/viewthat,holdtheviewthat,asfarasIamconcerned,inmyeyes第71页，本讲稿共130页6Differentvarious,avarietyof,varyfrompersontoperson，Peoplesopinionsar
43、evarious.7moreandmoreStudentsingrowingnumbersfindlearningEnglishhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.vMoreandmoreteachersaredemandedwithvWiththedevelopmentofeconomythereisanincreasingdemandofteachers,第72页，本讲稿共130页vmostvThevastmajorityofstudentstakeaparttimejob.vThelarge(considerable)percentageofcollegestu
44、dentstakesanegativeattitudeofsmoking.第73页，本讲稿共130页vAsisshowninthepictures,withtherampancyofcommercialfishing,thenumberoffisheshasdramaticallydecreased.Inonepicture,therewerevariouskindsoffishandonlyfishing-boatin1900.Onthecontrary,in1995therewasonlyonefish,butmanyfishing-boats.vShown-described/depic
45、tedvPicturecartoon/caricaturevRampancydisorder/immoderationvDramaticallysharply/considerably/profoundly/rapidly/SignificantlyvVariousallsortsof/diversekindsof/vOnthecontrarybycontrast/butontheotherhand/vManyinnumerable/countless/alargenumberof第74页，本讲稿共130页例文vAsisshowninthepictures,withtherampancyofc
46、ommercialfishing,thenumberoffisheshasdramaticallydecreased.Inonepicture,therewerevariouskindsoffishandonlyfishing-boatin1900.Onthecontrary,in1995therewasonlyonefish,butmanyfishing-boats.第75页，本讲稿共130页vThepurposeofthepictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidtothedecreaseofoceanrecourses.Owingtoover
47、-fishing,thenumberoffisheshasobviouslydecreased.Ifweletthissituationgoasitis,wedonotknowwherefishwillbeinthefuture.Bythattime,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.第76页，本讲稿共130页vThepurposeofthepictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidtothedecreaseofoceanrecourses.Owingtoover-fishing,thenumber
48、offisheshasobviouslydecreased.Ifweletthissituationgoasitis,wedonotknowwherefishwillbeinthefuture.Bythattime,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.vShowwarn/soundanalarmtovDueattentionhastobepaidtoimportanceshouldbeattachedtovDecreasedecline/reduction/shrinkvOwingtoasaresultof/onaccountof/asacons
49、equenceof/vOver-fishingexcessive/immoderatefishingvObviouslyevidently/apparently/visibly第77页，本讲稿共130页vPurposemoral(adj道德的，道德的，n寓意寓意)/motive/theme(音乐音乐)vShowwarn/soundanalarmtovDueattentionhastobepaidtoimportanceshouldbeattachedtovDecreasedecline/reduction/shinkvOwingtoasaresultof/onaccountof/asacons
50、equenceof/vOver-fishingexcessive/immoderatefishingvObviouslyevidently/apparently/visibly第78页，本讲稿共130页vTherefore,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasures.Foronething,weshouldappealtoourauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolcommercialfishing.Foranother,weshouldenhancepeoplesawarenessthattheoceanresource