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1、新概念语法精粹Guide to New Concept English Grammar第一章英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）一.定语从句定语从句：由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which;关系副词 when, where, why引导。（下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！）1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2. The man （whom） you spoke to j
2、ust now is my friend.3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.7. It is no need telling us the rea
3、son why you didnt finish it in time.8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.|2.|只能用that和who引导的定语从句A. all, nothing, anything, a few, one 做先行词指物时B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是
4、which.C.先行词前有the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时，引导词只能用thatoD. 当先行词是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody 时， 后面要用 who 或 whom； All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。口 as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式：A.引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成，“suchas, the sa
5、me. as 和“asas”句型，可代替先行词。例如：Wc hope to get such a tool as he is using.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B. as引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。（这是语法考试的一个考点。）注意区别:as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如： As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。限定性形容词主要用
6、来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1 .当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用： a lovely girl, the naughty boy.形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be, become, seem, appear, feel, look, taste, smell, sound, remain, go, turn, keep, stay, etc.The dish tastes delicious.The music sounds sweet.The milk went bad.小心陷阱feel, smell, taste, look, kee
7、p有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。He looked me up and down carefully.I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.2 .形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名 词的后面）a river navigable （一条可通航的河）sight visible可见的景象person responsible （负责人）注意：responsible person （有责任心的人）the best way possible （尽可能好的办法）the
8、number necessary （必要的数量）the people present （在场的人）.只能作表语的形容词1 .某些表示健康状况的形容词。well （身体好的）,ill （病的），faint （虚弱的），poorly （身体不好的）示彳列：His mother has been ill for a long time.特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了）He is a sick person.（他是个病人。）2 .某些以a-开头的形容词。如:afraid （害怕的），alone （独自
9、的），alive （活着的）,asleep （睡着的）,awake （醒 着的），aware （意识 到的）The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。）The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）He is asleep in his mothers arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）I have been awarn of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）5.当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词十数量形容词十性状形容词十名词。（万图 看起来费劲,看透了绝对
10、实用）代明形容词数量形容词性状形容词名词1234567891011用于冠 词前的 形容词冠词序数基数性质 状态大小 长短 形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料名词指75代词物主代词动名词不定代词Eg. a broken small old gray stone bridge.AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwoodboxBothA(n)secondtwobadsmallnewyellowIndianstonethiscageSuchthat roundcold Ironyour Somesuch a good yellow pen.测试精编I.选择正确选项：1. Th
11、e Chinese food served in American restaurant is not bad but I preferA. Chinese food authenticallyB. Chinese authentic foodC. food Chinese authenticallyD. authentic Chinese food 2.lessons were not difficult.A. Our first few short EnglishB. Our few first short EnglishC. Our few first English shortD. F
12、ew our first English shortDo you think that the Labor bill will be passed? Oh, yes, its that it will.A. almost surelyB. very likelyC. near positiveD. quite certainly一 Have you traveled much? 一 No, I have done traveling.A. few B. little C. small D. less一 I was very busy. 一 Did you really work hard?A.
13、 all dayB. all the dayC. all the day longD. all of day long一 Do you need anything from the store? _and some cheddar cheese.A. Only a French bread loafB. A French bread loaf onlyC. Only a loaf of French breadD. A loaf of French bread onlyAccording to the information, the newly-constructed highway is
14、said to beA. lengthy twenty milesB. length about twenty milesC. about twenty miles long D. in twenty miles of lengthMr. Smith has done business here.A. a lot ofC. muchB. a number ofD. lots3. 一 Are you helping to organize the political convention? 一 Im in charge of welcoming theA. out-of-town visitor
15、sB. visitors from outside of townC. visitors out-of-townD. outside town visitors Does Jane have brown hair? Yes, In fact, its quitesimilar in shape yours.A. as B. with C. like D. to第六章副词ADVERBS定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。分类：时间及频度副词:before, frequently, always, usually 等 地点副词：he
16、re, northward, anywhere, above, below 等方式副词：rapidly, quickly, clearly, hard, well 等程度副词：quite, much, nearly, just, enough, perfectly, only 等 疑问副词：how, why, when, where 等例：He walked out of the room slowly.She looks very beautiful.We study English very carefully.Even a child can do it better.Perhaps s
17、he will telephone you tomorrow.金牌要点:几个重要副词的使用:1. enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。He is old enough to go to school.I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle.2. too：位于形容词或副词前。She is too eager to see me.3. very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him.4. muc
18、h：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。The subject has beentalked too much.Her dress is much more beautiful than mine.5. still: “依旧,仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。He still remembers the days they spent together.I still can not catch his words.6. yet:位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还二Have you emptied the dustbin yet?I havent done that yet.7. on
19、ly:根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子!）Only he can tell you how to do it.He can only tell you how to do it.He can tell you how to do it only today.8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。 Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain.你知道吗？几个易混淆的副词：1. easy: stand easy （= comfortably） easily: It cant
20、 be solved easily.2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window（=directly）clearly: Clearly, he doesnt know anything about it.（=obviously）3. high: He can jump very high.（高地）highly: We think highly of the good teacher.（高度地）4. just: We have just know the news.（刚刚） justly: He was justly punished.（公
21、正上也）hard: You must think hard.（努力地） hardly: He hardly knows about it.（几乎不）5. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.（三下常） prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.（漂亮地）near: He lives near the school.（附近） nearly: I nearly missed the bus.（几乎）6. late: Dont come late next time.（迟至U） lately: I havent read
22、novels lately.（最近）formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.（正式地） formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.（以前）7. free （免费地）freely （自由地）8. most （最）mostly （大部分）9. sharp （准时地）sharply （严厉地）测试精编I.选择正确选项：1. Automobile production of the present time has been increased.A. greatly
23、 B. highly C. on a large scale D. infinitely一 Was the class long enough? 一 No,enough.A. it wasnt much too longB. it wasnt too much longC. it wasnt quite longD. it wasnt too long muchAfter the funeral, the residents of the apartment building.A. sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemeteryB. sent
24、 to the cemetery each week flowers faithfullyC. sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each weekD. sent eachweek faithfully to the cemetery flowersAir travel has provided people with the opportunity to travel.A. a large amount of milesB. much distanceC. extensivelyD. wide rangingly一 Paul still hasn
25、t returned from the meeting. Really? Fm sure he expected to be backA. before long nowB. long before nowC. now before longD. now long before一 Has your father arrived in Bombay yet?一 He probably arrived there sometime.A. a week past B. thelast week C. this past week D. theweekbefore now Whydocsn Jessi
26、ca stay withrclativcs inNew York? She inBoston.A. has onlyrelativesB. only has relativesC. has relatives onlyD. relative has onlyThe nectarineis a fruit likea peach.A. as B. and C. too D. somewhat Isawyouat theracetrack last week. Igoquite often, but I onlybetA. scarcely B. hardly C. barely D. occas
27、ionallyLets stayat home, Ithinkits for walking.A. muchtoo hotB. very much hotC. too much heatD. very much heat第七章冠词ARTICLES不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man.I.定冠词用法如下:（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？ !）1 .用于双方都知道的名词前：Please cleanthe classroom.2 .用于单数名词前，表示一
28、类人或物：The horseis a useful animal.（马是有用的动物）This is a very hardjob for theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。）3 .用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the sun, the spring.4 .用于方位名词前：People in the west like coffee very much.5 .用于乐器名词前：play the violin.6 .用于计量单位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon.7 .形容词最高级和序数词前：This is the easiest way to work
29、out the problem.He came to see me for first time.8 .用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the Pacific, the Thames, the Rocky Mountains9 .杂志、报刊名称前：theTimes, the Overseas Digest10 .用于建筑物、和组织前：the White House, theMinistry of Education11 .用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人 the Smiths, the Greens12 .用于形容词前,表一类人/物：the rich, theblind13 .用于 Engli
30、sh, Chinese, French 等名词前，表“全体国民 the English, the ChineseII.以下情况不用冠词：1 . 三餐前 breakfast, lunch, supper, . Have you had lunch?2 . 体育运动项目前 playchess, . I have nointerest intennis.3 .在由by引出的交通工具前by air （乘飞机），by car.在称呼或职位前 He has been elected president of the committee.4 .习惯用语前 at school, day by day, at
31、table （在吃饭），go to church （做礼拜）.测试精编I.单项选择：1. The cat is beautiful animal, but its intelligence leaves much tobe desired.A. aB. anC. theD. /universityofChicago has anexcellent lawschool.A. AB. AnC. TheD. / Tina looks especiallyprettytonight. Yes, shealways looks her best in ofthat color.A. dress B. a
32、 dress C. that dress D. the dress一 Didhe flyacross theEnglishChannel?No, hecrossedit by.A. a ship B. theship C. shipsD. shipIf you want to gotothe post office from here, take.B. theBroadwaybusD. a Broadways bus一 As a rule, they were paid C. bya hour D. byhoursA. BroadwaybusC. some Broadwaybus一 Howdi
33、d you pay the workers ?A. byan hour B. bythehour7.7.moretobe pitiedthanblamed.A. UneducatedareB. UneducatedisC.The uneducatedareD.The neducatedis. Astronomy is of stars and planets.A. a science B. science C. the science D. scientific. After that, what happenedtohim? The chancetoenter cameand he took
34、it.A. tocollegeB. thecollegeC. for collegeD.college.Westernart ofthe 19thcenturyshows the influence of Far East.A. aB. anC. theD. /第八章介词Prepositions金牌要点：“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考下图：aboveoverto f on t f fromInf throughinto / I X out of byunderbelowL分类：1 .常用简单介词：be
35、tween,about, across, against, among, after, at, behind, besides, beyond, by, concerning, beneath, despite, except, during, down, for, from, past, than, under, until 等。2 .合成介词：inside, outside, onto, out of, within 等。3 .短语介词：according to, ahead of, along with, as for, because of, be means of, due to,
36、in spite of, on behalf of, owing to, with regard to 等。IL介词与“的”之关系：在英语学习中，一遇到“的”，大家就会立刻想到s所有格或者。f,实际上，在很多情况下，“的” 必须借助于介词才能准确表达。以下请学员重复记忆: 美国的冬天 f the winter in America 停车场的入口 f the entrance to the parking lot 穿过森林的小路 f the path through the forest 鲁迅的著作 f the works by Lu Xun 水中的月亮 f the moon reflected
37、 in water 历史的见证 f the witness to history 对爱的渴望 f a longing for love 对我们不利的证据f the evidence against us 阳光下的漫步 f a walk in the sunlight 追求名誉的女人 f a lady after fame 两人之间的争论 f an argument between the two persons重要介词的重要用法：(1) from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。He came from London.Hewent to London.二词常搭配使用“fromto”Westudi
38、edEnglish from morningtoafternoon Hell start fromBeijingto Shanghai.经典用法: 由于 f The girl is trembling from fear. 免除f Tramps are always free from care.流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。 分开 The couple parted from each other at the airport. 由制成f The red wine is made from grapes.红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引导的惯用法：from far从远处from now / the
39、n on从现在/那时起from bad to worse 每况愈下from time to time (occasionally 时而)习语:She comes to visit me from time to timeout of ：表示与“into”相反的语意He will be out of town.I stepped out of the dark room.out of+ 名词（=lack, to be without 用完,用光）He went to the shop because he was out of paper.out of date （= old-fashioned
40、 过时的）The book has been out of date.out of work （= jobless 失业的）He needs money because be is out of work.out of the question （= impossible 不可能的）Finishing the hard work is out of the question.out of question （= doubtless 毫无疑问的）That hecan doit well is out of question.out of order （= not functioning 失灵的）
41、Her radio is out of order, so she can!t listen to it.（3） by:表示从旁经过或在附近。经典用法: 通过f This is the nearest road by which they came. 在时由矣The young man works by day and steals money by night. 由所生f He has two sons by her second wife. 抓住f She caught her child by his coat in the flood. 按计算f The farmers sell th
42、eir apples by the pound. 就（气质，特征）而言f He is an artist by temperament （气质）。He passed by me without saying hello.He lives by the sea.用于被动语意，导出动作执行者The glass was broken by the boy.by +具体时间：They usually have dinner by 8 oclock.by + 交通工具 （bus, train, plan.）He travelled to Paris by air / plane.by the end o
43、f +时间名词：到末为止。By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.by then:到那时He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.by way of （= via）经由，取道They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong.by the way顺便问By the way, do you kn
44、ow where Mr. Li has gone?by far:得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）The book is by far the best on the subjectby accident 不小心，与on purpose （故意地）语意相反The wrong information was put into the computer by accident.（4） in:在内部，与out”语意相反。All the students are in the classroom.In + month / year:在某月 /年 In January, in 2000In time及时Th
45、ey arrived at the station in time.In the street 在街上In the past在过去In the future 在未来In the beginning 开始，起初In the end最后,终于In the way挡住去路He couldn*t drive his car away because a big stone was in the way. once in a while 时而Once in a while, he went to the Museum.in no time at all 立亥U, 迅速He finished his ho
46、mework in no time at all.in the meantime 同时He was having supper, and in the meantime he watched TV.in a row坐在某一排上We sat in the 20th row of the cinema.in the event that 如果In the event that you pass the exam, Ill telephone you.in case万一，如果Bring you raincoat in case it rains.get in touch with与取得联系keep in touch with 与保持联系on:位于某物体表面上。The dishes are on the round table.on a day / date在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上on Wednesday, on February 9lh, 1999on Friday afternoon, on a dark night.on a / the + (bus, plane, ship, train, bike)He went to school on a bus.on a . street在某条街道Mrs. Smith lives on 51,1 Avenue.on t