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1、备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识十语篇能力双清（通用版）说明类语篇的特征及解答攻略说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事 理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象 到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在 于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五 年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题：高科技领域的科研成果；人们 比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经
2、典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说 明文是中考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词 汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同词的不同词性的用法交 替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇, 例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和 说明）等。一、说明文的行文特征写说明文可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说 明、叙述等方法。1.比较
3、对照比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：（I）逐点比较多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：There arc basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies , channels“ of organization, a
4、nd fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see 义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithcrcd through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为,爬行o（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解 乂有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根，前缀，后
5、缀，合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解 决了。1 .根据前缀猜测词义例如:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few minules.根据词根 conscious （清醒的,有 意识的），结合前缀semi （半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义半清醒的，半昏 迷的。Fm illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为有文化修养的，通晓的，前缀il表示否定，因 jtt illiterate指一窍不通，不知道的。2 .根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insect
6、icide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示杀者,杀灭剂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect （昆虫）,不难猜出 insecticide 意为杀虫剂Then the vapor may change into droplels.后缀 lei 表示小的， 词根drop指滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义”小滴，微滴 3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如:Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight 或许是一个生
7、 词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high （高的，强的）和light （光线）两部分组成， 合在一起便是以强光照射，使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull （公牛）和fight （打， 搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动一斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能 是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把
8、握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们 可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除 仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章 的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时， 要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观 全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，
9、它 表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所 表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、 推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为 一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地 统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是 一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读 方法，才能有效
10、地提高阅读理解能力。力强化一、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。Focus on the trees （专注森林）Do you use a smart phone every day? What do you usually do with your phone? Phones arc very in our daily lives. However, they can cause some 2. It can be 3 to keep focused （专注）these days.When working on your homework,
11、 you might sometimes find that your smart phone is distracting （分心）you.4 . your smart phone can distract you when you are doing other things, such as having dinner, staying withfriends, reading books.A（n） 5 called Forest can help you keep focused. You can download the app if you want to get off your
12、6 and focus on more important things. When you set （设置）a new task （任务）in the app and set time to finish it, a tree seed （种子）will be “planted“ in the app. If you keep doing your 7. the seed will grow into atree. But if you close the app and play with your phone 8. the tree will wither （朴i萎）and die. O
13、nce you9 the work, your tree will be “planted in the app. If you keep trying, you will have a 1（） one day! You can share your achievements （成就）with your friends and try to plant different kinds of trees.Don,t you think it is interesting and meaningfill?D. boring1. A. terribleB. importantC. relaxing二
14、、阅读理解2. A. problemsB. dangerC. discussionD. questions3. A. difficultB. necessaryC. simpleD. educational4. A. HoweverB. AlsoC. ThoughD. Luckily5. A. bookB. appC. magazineD. film6. A. homeworkB. gameC. phoneD. school work7. A. workB. planC. taskD. activity8. A. instead （相反的）B. finallyC. soonD. happily
15、9. A. stopB. finishC. startD.choose10. A. treeB. studyC. successD. forest1China has named the nations first Mars rover （火星车）Zhu Rong. For all of us, Zhu Rong is the best name.In an ancient Chinese story, Zhu Rong had the face of a man and the body of an animal. He rode on two dragons. When he had a
16、big fight with Gong Gong, the god of water, Zhu Rong won. But after （he fight, the human world came into complete darkness. Then he brought fire from heaven （天国）to the world.“Zhu Rong is regarded as the earliest god of fire in traditional Chinese culture, a space official said. The first Mars rover
17、was named Zhu Rong. The name symbolizes （象征）light and hope for space exploration （探索）in our country, and means to guide humans to continue exploration.After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rong moved around Mars for several months and landed on it in May. In recent years, our country has sent up
18、the worlds first quantum satellite （量子卫星），and Change-4 has made a soft landing on the moon. We have made great progress in space technology and will soon start building our own space station.11. What Zhu Rong brought from heaventhe world was.A. fireB. warsC. waterD. animalsFor Chinas space explorati
19、on, the name Zhu Rong symbolizes.A. a big fightB. complete darkness C. light and hopeD. Chinese cultureThe underlined word “it in the last paragraph refers to A. the earthB. MarsC. the moonD. the sunAccording to the passage, we can infer that.A. Zhu Rong is a bad person in an ancient Chinese storyCh
20、ina has made little progress in space technologyB. the writer is proud of Chinas space technologythe official doesnt like the name Zhu Rong2The use of paper money began in the Tang dynasty, about 1200 years ago. At that time, it was called “flying cash because the wind could take it easily. The use
21、of paper became popular in Song dynasty. Every piece of paper had pictures of houses, trees, and people on it. Every bill was in red and black. Like the money wc use today, it also had some special marks on it. By having these marks, it would be helpful to tell whether the money was a fake. Then it
22、wouldnt be so easy to counterfeit it.The paper money was very beautiful. The reason it became popular so quickly was that it was convenient to take and use. People didnt have to take heavy coins to shops. People could use it to buy the things that they need.The use of old paper money ended in 1897.
23、In the same year, China started (o use modem paper money. But Europe started using it in the 1600s.12. What didnt people draw on the paper money?A. Trees.B. Building.C. People.D. Birds.13. What was not the reason that paper money became popular?A. It was easy to use.B. It was beautiful to see.C. It
24、was convenient to buy things.D. It was light to take.14. Which one is TRUE according to the passage?A. Chinese People used modem paper money earlier than European People.B. Modem paper money has been used for over 100 years.C. People stopped using paper money in 1897.D. There were more than two colo
25、rs on the old paper money.15. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Secret of PaperB. Flying CashC. The History of Paper MoneyD. The Importance of Money3Nowadays, traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is becoming more and more popular around the world. A government report says that people in 18
26、3 countries and areas are now using it. The famous American swimmer Michael Phelps, an Olympic champion, has ever visited a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine and had “cupping” （拔罐）.Massage （按摩）and acupuncture （针灸）are two other important kinds of TCM. Chinese massage can make you relaxed and fre
27、sh. In acupuncture, doctors put long needles （针）into the patients* heads, arms.It takes away pain, though （he look is funny.TCM is an important part of Chinese culture. The earliest medical classic in China, Huangdis Classic on Medicine, came out more than 2,000 years ago. The hook is about the rela
28、tionship between man and nature. In Chinese culture, yin and yang are two parts of nature. Nature keeps balanced if yin and yang work well together. The human body needs such balance, too. TCM helps to do that. Especially, for some health problems, a doctor of TCM will not give you medicine. Instead
29、, he may give you just a food plan and right ways to eat.TCM thinks the correct ways of eating: Sit down to eat. While eating, turn off the TV and get away from the work desk. Eat seasonal foods. Do not miss any of （he three meals. Also, get your body moving often, just as the saying goes, “Running
30、water is never siale.”Why did the writer mention Michael Phelps in the first paragraph?A. lb introduce a doctor ofTCM.B. To give an example of using cupping.C. To introduce the Olympic champion.D. To give an example of a good swimmer.16. About Huangdi fs Classic on Medicine, which of the following i
31、s NOT TRUE?A. It is an important book on TCM.B. It came out over 2,000 years ago.C. It is mainly about how to take medicine.D. It is the earliest medical classic in China.17. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means.A.水到渠成B.柔情似水C.绿水长流D.流水不腐This passage may come from.A. a guide bookB. a news repo
32、rtC. a magazineD. a poster三、阅读补全句子阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，在每小题句子空白处填入适当单词，使其意思与短文内容一致（每空词数 不限）Sometimes people come into your life and you know that they are there to teach you a lesson, or to help you understand who you are or who you want to become.You never know these people who may be a classmate, a neigh
33、bour or a friendbut when you lock your eyes on them, you know at that very moment they will influence your life in some ways.Sometimes things that happen to you may see m unpleasant, painful, or frustrating at first. But in another way, you find that without getting over those difficulties you would
34、 have never realized your ability, strength or will power（意志力）.The people you meet and the success you get help to create who you are and who you become. Even the bad experience can be learned from. In fact, they are sometimes the most important ones.If someone loves you, give love back to them in t
35、he way you can, not only because they love you, but because in a way, they are teaching you to love and how to open your heart and eyes to things.If someone hurts you. or breaks your heart, forgive（原谅）（hem, for they have helped you learn about truth and the importance of being careful of people arou
36、nd.Self-confidence is necessary to a person. If youre not confident, it will be hard fbr others to believe in you.Learn a lesson in life each day you live!18. A classmate, a or a friend can influence our life in some ways.19. According to the passage, unpleasant things are for you in another way.20.
37、 Sometimes bad experiences are very important to us because we can them.21. Wc should him or her if somebody do something bad to us.22. The writer thinks that the life we live every day can teach us. 四、短文填空阅读下面短文，然后根据括号内所给汉语意思写出单词的正确形式。每空限填;回。Finland, a small country located in Northern Europe along
38、 the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, is a beautiful place to 28（参观）.Winter is the most popular season in Finland. The 29（太阳）,disappears fbr months in the northernmost pail of the country. People have to wear very heavy30（夕卜套）to keep warm. The white snow, bright moon and star
39、s, and if you are 31（幸运的）enough - the colorful Northern Lights create the 32 （著名的） and surprising light and magical scene. One of （he best ways to experience the scene is to sleep in a 33（玻璃）hut, surrounded by nature.You can just stay 34 （在里面）,warm and comfortable, looking at the night sky and waiti
40、ng.The air quality in Finland is the best in the world according to the data from WHO. As 75% of the country is covered by forests, people can connect with nature 35（容易地）.Finnish people often enjoy the smallthings in 36（口常的）lives, like just sitting quietly by a lake. So if you have the chance to Fin
41、land, just（ake a deep breath, hike in （he forest or simply 37 （休息）on a smooth rock by the sea.五、书面表达38.某语言学习网站针对人们学外语时遇到的困难做了一项调查，共有6400名网友参与，下图是这次调查 的投票结果。其中，没有足够的时间的人数占35%,不能一直保持积极性的人数占25%。请你用两段文字写一篇短文，第一段简要说明图表内容，第二段阐述你学外语遇到的困难以及你的解决办2.开头已给出，不计入总词数3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。Recently, I read a result of a s
42、urvey made among 6, 400 people about their difficulties in learning a foreign language.参考答案【答案与解析】本文介绍了一款可以让人放下手机，帮助保持专注力的应用程序专注森林。1 .句意：手机在我们的日常生活中非常重要。terrible 糟糕的；imporiant 重要的：relaxing 放松的;boring 无聊的。根据“Do you use a smarl phone every day? What do you usually do with your phone? Phones are very.i
43、n our daily lives”以及常识可知手机在日常生活中 很重要。故选B。2 .句意：然而，手机还是会产生一些问题。problems 问题；danger 危险：discussion 讨论；questions 问题，疑问。根据When working on your homework, you might sometimes find that your smart phone is distracting（分心）you”可知这是手机产生的需要解决的问题, 用 problem o 故选 A .句意：它让我们很难保持专注。difficult困难的,费力的;necessary必要的；simp
44、le简单的；educational有教育意义的。根据“When working on your homework, you might sometimes find that your smart phone is distracting （分心）you”可知手机会让人分 心，很难保持专注。故选A。3 .句意：而且，当你做其他事情时，我们的智能手机也会分散你的注意力。However 然而；Also 而且；Though 虽然；Luckily 幸运地。根据When working on your homework, you might sometimes find that your smart
45、phone is distracting （分心）you.your smart phone can distract you when you are doing other things诃知前后两个句子是递进关系，用also。故选B。4 .句意：一个叫做“森林”的手机软件可以帮助你保持专注。book书；app手机软件；magazine杂志；film电影。根据“You can download the app”可知这是个手机软件。 故选B。5 .句意：如果你想摆脱手机并专注于更重要的事情，可以下载该应用程序。homework 家庭作业；game 游戏；phone 手机；schoolwork 学
46、校作业。根据But if you close the app and play with your phone”以及文章的描述可知这款软件是让人放下手机，专注做事。故选C。6 .句意：如果你继续做你的任务，种子就会长成一棵树。work 工作;plan 计划；task 任务;activity 活动。根据“When you set （设置）a new task （任务）in the appM 可知只有继续做任务，种子才会长大。故选C。7 .句意：但是相反如果你关闭应用程序并玩手机，树会枯萎并死亡。instead相反;finally终于；soon很快;happily快乐地。由语境可知,此处指“玩手机
47、”代替“做任务”,树就 会枯菱。故选A。8 .句意：一旦你完成工作，你的树将被“种植”在应用程序中。stop 停止;finish 完成;start 开始；choose 选择。根据“Once you.the work, your tree will be planted in the app, 可知只有完成了工作，树才会被“种植”到app上。故选B。9 .句意：如果你继续努力，总有一天你会拥有一片森林。tree 树：study 学习；success 成功；forest 森林。根据“f you keep trying, you will have a.one day”可知坚持下 来，会有越来越多的
48、树，就会形成一个森林。故选D。1【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍我国的第一个火星车被命名为“祝融”的渊源介绍了我国宇 航事业的巨大发展。10 .细节理解题。根据“Then he brought fire from heaven to the world.”可知祝融从天国带到人类|比界的是火。 故选A。11 .细节理解题。根据“The name symbolizes light and hope fbr space exploration in our country.”可知这个名字 象征着我国太空探索的光明与希望。故选C。12 .词义猜测题。根据After leaving the earth last summer, Zhu Rong moved around Mars for several months and landed on it in May.可知去年夏天离开地球后，祝融号绕火星飞行了几个月，并于今年5月在它上面登陆, 所以推测it代指火星，故选B。13 .推理判断题。根据We have made great progress in space tec