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1、副词(ADVERB)一、分类在意义上，副词可以分为时间副词(now，late)、地点副词(here, up)、程度副词(very,so)、频率副词(often,rarely)、方式副词(fast,easily)、态度副词(maybe，honestly)和逻辑连接副词(hence，however)等。在功能上，副词可以分为一般副词(there)、疑问副词(when)、连接副词(how,where)、关系副词(as,why)和解释性副词(namely,forexample, i.e.那就是，e.g.例如，viz即)等。关系副词引导定语从句，连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等，这里仅
2、举数列，详见有关章节。例如：Why she committed suicide is still a mystery.她为何自杀仍是个谜。(主语从句)Id like to know how she did it.我想知道她是怎样做的。(宾语从句)Its where the spring thaw normally begins.春天的脚步通常是从这里开始的。(表语从句)That is the place where he was arrested.那就是他被捕的地方。(定语从句)Ask her when to open it.问她什么时候把它打开。(不定式)二、构成1.大部分副词由相应的形容词
3、加上后缀-ly构成，但注意有变化1 一般情况slowslowly dear dearly cool coolly bad badly final finallyexactexactly2 -y结尾的词happy happily angry angrilysturdysturdilynoisy noisily merry merrilygreedygreedilypatchypatchily七拼八凑地少数词得留y，直接加-ly。例如：wrywrylyspryspryly少数词有两种变化形式。例如：shyshyly/shily gay gayly/gaily drydryly/drily3 -le
4、结尾的词，省去-e再加-ysubtle subtly noble noblysinglesinglyprofitableprofitably suitablesuitablysimplesimplyableably idle idlycomfortablecomfortably例外情况：supplesupplely“元音+le”结尾的词，直接加-ly。例如：solesolely pale palely vilevilelystale stalely servile servilelyfragilefragilely例外情况：wholewholly4 -ue结尾的词，去掉-e，再加-lytrue
5、 truly dueduly5 -e结尾的词，直接加-lycomplete completely wise wiselywidewidelylone lonely loose looselydefinitedefinitely6 -ic结尾的词，加-allyeconomic economicallyhistorichistorically tragictragicallyphonetic phoneticallyautomatic automaticallydemocraticdemocraticallyoptic optically 光 学 上romanticromantically sci
6、entificscientificallyprolificprolifically scenic scenicallytactictactically战术上climatic climatically 气 候 上rhythmicrhythmically fantasticfantasticallyenergeticenergetically fanaticfanatically例外情况:public publicly公开地politicpoliticly狡猾地7 -ly结尾的词，去掉-y，加-ilymelancholymelancholily manlymanlilylonelylonelily
7、chillychillily8 -1结尾的词，只加-yfullfully illilly恶劣地 dulldullystillstilly寂静地9“其他词类+-ly”构成的副词first(序数词)firstlyover(介词)overlymost（不定代词）mostly according（形容词)accordinglydetermined (过去分词)determinedlymatter-of-fact (短语)matter-of-factlykind-hearted(形容词)kind-heartedly ill-natured(形容词)ill-naturedlymarked(过去分词)mar
8、kedly lingering(现在分词)lingeringly2.有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成，意为“向/朝”forward (s), backward (s), downward (s), notthward (s),upward (s), stationward (s), leftward (s),homeward (s), onward (s), inward (s),sunward(s)向阳地3.有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成的，表示位置、方向、状态、有关等意义sidewise, clockwise, crabwise, coastwise, money-
9、wise, saleswise， taxwise, lengthwise, educationwise,weatherwise, corkscrew-wise【提示】1有少数副词加后缀-ways，-long, -ling (s)构成。例如：sideways, lengthways, headlong, sideling (s)2有些副词加a-，here-， there-, where-构成。例如：away, ashore, asideherein (in this), hereby, hereaftertherein (in that), thereby, thereafterwherein
10、(in which/in what), whereby, whereon4.某些以名词等加-ly构成的词，既可作副词，也可作形容词1 hourlyTheir average hourly earnings are 20 yuan.他们每小时的平均收入是20元。(形容词)The guards shifted hourly.卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)2 weeklya weekly payment of 100 yuan每周100元的报酬(形容词)They met weekly.他们每周碰一次面。(副词)3 yearlya yearly meeting年会(形容词)The interest is
11、 normally paid once yearly.利息通常每年付一次。(副词)4 leisurelyHe walked leisurely along the road.他在路边悠闲地走着。(副词)He often takes a leisurely walk in the garden in theevening.晚间，他常常在庭院里轻松地散散步。(形容词)其他如：daily paper日报publish daily每天出版quarterly review季刊meet quarterly每季开会一次the nightly skies夜空appear nightly夜间出现fortnigh
12、tly publication两周一次的刊物perform fortnightly每两周表演一次monthly salary月薪come monthly每月来一次ghostly laugh可怕的笑声ghostly pale鬼似的苍白worldly knowledge人情世故worldly-wise善于处世jolly life舒心愉快的生活jolly good 非常好cleanly room清洁的房间cut cleanly干净利落地切deadly poison烈性毒药deadly serious极为认真kindly heart慈悲心肠speak kindly亲切地说lively girl活泼的女
13、孩step lively轻快地走The band performed nightly.乐队每晚都演出。Im listening to the nightly news broadcast.我在听晚间新闻广播。manly，costly等“名词+-ly”构成的词只用作形容词，参阅第五讲。另外，monthly月刊，daily日报，weekly周报，quarterly季刊，bimonthly双月刊，等，还可作名词用，如Beijing Weekly北京周报。5.alike是形容词也是副词英语中有些副词带有前缀a-，这类词有些同时也是形容词，如：alone,adrift，astray迷路，aslant倾斜
14、，afoot徒步，aboard在船上,abroad, askew歪斜，ahead等。例如：They think alike.他们有同样想法。The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。The setting sun shone aslant across her face.夕阳斜照在她的脸上。The boy has gone astray.那男孩走上了邪路。She went to the station afoot.她是步行去车站的。6.具有两种形式的同根副词有些副词具有两种形式，一种与形容词同形，一种是形容词加后缀-ly构成的。这两种形式的
15、副词有时含义相同或略有不同，有时则意义完全不同。1 hard和hardlyIt is raining hard.雨正下得很大。(猛烈地)He works very hard.他工作很努力。(努力地)She listened hard.她仔细地听。(仔细地)The victory was hard-won.胜利来之不易。The economy was hard hit.经济受到沉重打击。The little girl cried hard.这小女孩哭得很厉害。I can hardly understand you.我简直听不懂你的话。(几乎不)2 clean和cleanlyI clean for
16、got about it.我把它全忘了。(完全地，彻底地)The man got clean away.那人逃得无影无踪。He is clean out of food.他完全没有东西吃了。They played the game clean.他们十分规矩地进行了这场比赛。The knife cuts cleanly.这把刀切东西很整齐。He pulled one cork cleanly, but the othercrumbled.他顺利地取出一个塞子，但另一个却弄碎了。(利索地，顺利地)【提示】cleanly作“清楚地”解时，读作klInl，也可用作形容词，作“爱清洁的”解，读作klen
17、lI，如acleanly cat爱干净的猫。3 late和latelyVery late at night,I got a phone call.深夜，我接到了一个电话。(晚，迟)I have lately received a number of letters aboutthis.我最近收到了一些关于此事的信件。(最近)4 most和mostlyThe head is the most sensitive part of the body.头部是身体最敏感的部位。(最)The snake hunts mostly at night.蛇大多在夜间捕食。(主要地)The guests are
18、mostly friends of the bride.客人大部分是新娘的朋友。(大多数地)5 close和closelyHe stood close to the wall.他靠近墙站着。(靠近)He was following close behind.他紧跟在后面。(近)Watch what I do closely.细心观察我所做的。(细心地)The prisons were closely guarded.犯人受到严密监视。(严密地)6 dead和deadlydead sure确确实实 dead tired疲乏至极dead ahead正在前面dead drunk酩酊大醉 stop d
19、ead突然停下He was deadly pale.他死一般地苍白。She is deadly sleepy.她极为困倦。7sharp和sharplylook sharp注意 sing sharp用升半音唱We arrived at the airport at ten sharp.我们10点钟准时到达机场。(准时)At the crossroads, we turned sharp/sharply to the left.在十字路口，我们向左急转。(急剧地)(作“急剧地，突然地”解时，用sharp和sharply均可)8 slow和slowlyThe workers decided to g
20、o slow.工人们决定怠工。(slow通常与go，drive，walk等动词连用，置于动词之后，其他动词多同slowly连用，slowly在句中的位置较灵活)She drove the car slow into the garage.她慢慢地把车开进车库。Speak slowly,please.请慢点说。She awakened slowly.她慢慢地醒来了。She slowly awakened.Slowly she awakened.但在下面几句中，用slowly和slow均可：How slowly/slow time passes!时间过得多慢呀！Go slow/slowly,wer
21、e coming to a sharp turn.慢点开，我们到了一处急转弯。Youd better go slow /slowly in reaching a decision.作决定时要慎重，不可操之过急。9right和rightlyAll went right.一切顺利。(好)He went right away.他立即就走了。(立即)Go right home at once!直接回家去！(直接)I havent read the book right through.我还没有读完这本书。(完全地)The book is right in front of her.那本书就在她面前。(
22、恰好)I rightly guessed that he wasnt coming.我没猜错，他不来了。(正确地)He rightly guessed it.他猜得对。(正确地)注意，作“正确地”解时，right和rightly均可用，right只能放在动词后，rightly放在动词前后均可。例如：He guessed rightly/right.他猜得对。10 firm和firmlyStand firm.要站得稳。Always hold firm to your beliefs.要永远坚守自己的信仰。He firmly believes that.他坚信那一点。(坚定地)Fix the na
23、il firmly in the wall.把钉子在墙上钉牢。(牢固地)11 fair和fairlyWe must play fair.我们应该公平竞争。(公正地)She hit him fair on the nose.她正好打在他的鼻子上。(恰好)Theyve dealt fair and square with him.他们待他很公正。(公平地)She told the facts fairly.她客观地说明了事实。(不感情用事或不带偏见地)He was fairly beside himself with joy.他欣喜若狂。(相当地，非常)fairly well 相当好fairly
24、good12easy和easilyget offeasy没受多大惩罚Take it easy.不用急。/慢慢来。Take it easy on her.对她不要太严厉。Go easy.别急。Easy said, easy go.轻诺者往往失信。Easy come, easy go.来得快，去得急。Stand easy！(口令)稍息！Easier said than done.做比说难。I can easily finish it today.我今天就能轻易地完成。(容易地)He is easily satisfied.他很容易满足。(容易地)It is easily the best hote
25、l.这无疑是最好的旅馆。(无疑)We found the shop quite easily.我们很容易就找到了那家商店。13wide和widelyThe possibilities are wide open.各种可能性都是大门敞开的。He stands with legs wide apart.他叉开腿站着。(宽阔地，张得很开)Her mouth is wide open.她的嘴张得老大。(完全地)It went wide from the right point.它从目标偏过去了。(偏斜地)They differed widely in opinion.他们的意见分歧很大。(很大地，在很
26、多地方)Canning is the most widely used method of foodpreservation.罐装是最广泛使用的食品保护方法。(广泛地)14 sure和surely“Can I sit here?”“Sure.”“我可以坐在这里吗？”“当然可以。”It sure was a mystery.这的确是个谜。(的确)He will surely succeed.他一定会成功的。(一定)You dont want to hurt his feelings surely.你当然不想伤害他的感情。(当然)15 loud和loudlyDont speak so loud.说
27、话声音别这么大。(loud指音量的大小，常同talk,speak, sing, laugh等连用)He shouted loud and long,but no one came.他大声喊了很长时间，但没有人来。Tell the children not to speak so loudly.告诉孩子们别这么大声叫。(loudly指发音时用力的强度，具有“大叫，呼号”等含义，有时相当于noisily，常指“令人不快的噪音”)He is snoring loudly.他鼾声如雷。She is loudly dressed.她打扮得花枝招展。(花哨地)Please read out loud/al
28、oud.请大声朗读。(“朗读”不可用loudly)但下面两句均正确：他说话声音洪亮而且清楚。He spoke loud and clear.(口语)He spoke loudly and clearly.(书面语)16deep和deeply(1)表示静止状态的具体深度一般用deep，修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。例如：She stood there,her feet deep in the grass.她站在那儿，双脚深陷在草丛中。He lived deep/deeply in the woods.他住在森林深处。He was deeply moved by her words
29、.他被她的话深深地打动了。I enjoy it deeply.我非常喜欢它。She was deeply grateful to you for your help.他对你的帮助非常感激。(2)在work deep into the night, drink deep (痛饮)，deep-rooted eyes(深陷的眼睛)等词组中，不用deeply。有时两者可以换用，如：go deep/deeply into thewoods深入林中，go deep into the matter深入探讨。He is deep/deeply/heavily in debt.他债台高筑。dig deep深挖d
30、ig deeplyShe is deep in love.她在热恋中。She is deeply in love.17near和nearlyThe holiday is drawing near.假期临近了。(接近，指时间和空间)Hes nearly as tall as his father now.他现在几乎和他父亲一样高了。(几乎，差不多)18round和roundlyTurn your chair round and face me.转过你的椅子，面对着我。(转过来)He was roundly criticized by the teacher.他受到了老师的严厉批评。(狠狠地)19
31、 free 和freelyThe dog ran free on the farm.狗在农场上四处乱跑。(无约束地)The horse broke free.马挣脱了。(松开着)He admitted the mistake freely.他直率地承认了错误。(直率地)They walked freely in the park.他们在公园里闲逛着。(自由地)The books are given away free.这些书是免费赠送的。(免费)The books are given away freely.这些书大量地赠送。(大量地、慷慨地)20 clear和clearlyHe climbe
32、d clear to the top of the tree.他一直爬到树顶。(一直地，完全地)Stand clear of the doors of the train.不要站在列车门口。(避开，不碰上)The incident remained very clearly in her mind.那个事件清晰地留在她的脑海里。(清楚地，清晰地)The time is clearly ripe for it.做这件事的时机显然成熟了。(显然)clear也可以表示“清楚地”，但前有程度副词修饰时，只能用clearly。比较：他说得很清楚。He speaks very clear.He speak
33、s very clearly.V21short和shortlyYoud better cut short your talk.Its late.你最好把话说得简短些，天已晚了。(简短)He said he would be back short.他说他不久就会返回。(不久)She answered him short/shortly when he askedher.他问她时，她回答得很不耐烦。22 flat和flatlyknock sb.down flat.把某人击倒在地(平直地)They went flat against orders.他们断然违抗命令。(断然地)Hes flat bro
34、ke.他彻底破产了。(完全地)He finished writing the letter in twenty minutesflat.他写完那封信正好用了20分钟。(正好)He kept singing flat.他继续用降调唱。(用降调)She flatly refused his demand.她坚决拒绝了他的要求。(坚决地)He told her flatly that he wouldnt pay the cost.他坦率地告诉她，他不会付费用的。(坦率地)23 cheap和cheaplyHe bought it cheap and sold it dear.他买得便宜卖得贵。(便宜
35、地)I never thought he would act so cheap.我从没想到他的行为会如此卑鄙。(卑鄙地)The bike was cheaply bought.这辆自行车买得便宜。(便宜地)He escaped cheaply.他轻易逃走了。(轻易地，相当于easily)She buys cheaply.她买得便宜。【提示】 cheap和cheaply都可以表示“便宜地，廉价地”，但cheap只能用于动词之后，不可用于动词前，并常同sell，buy连用，而cheaply则可用于动词前面或后面。比较：乘火车去那座城市很便宜。The train takes you to the c
36、ity cheaply.vThe train takes you to the city cheap.X它卖得便宜。It was cheaply sold.VIt was cheap sold.X24first和firstlythe first three days头三年(最初的，开始的)Youd better phone her first.你最好先给她打个电话。(先)I first met her in a small village.我是在一个小村庄上初次遇见她的。(初次)(宁司 said sho would resan frst她说地宁愿辞职。Firstly he explained
37、some sentences;secondly he gave a brief comment on the whole essay.他首先解释了一些句子，接着对整篇文章作了简要评述。(第一、首先，用于列举)25rough和roughlyrough作副词常用在一些短语中，roughly则表示“大致上，粗略地，粗暴地”。例如：treat sb.rough粗暴地对待某人live rough过苦难生活cut it rough生气sleep rough露宿travel rough因陋就简地旅行play rough耍粗暴态度Roughly speaking,he earned about 800 dol
38、lars last month.大致说来，他上个月挣了800美元。(大致地)Those homeless children slept rough on the street.那些无家可归的孩子露宿街头。Dont argue with him,he will cut it rough.别跟他争论了，他会生气的。I will tell you roughly what I think of it.我将把我对这件事的想法大致同你说一下。He pushed her roughly away.他粗暴地把她推开了。rough只能用在动词后面，roughly则可以用在动词前面或后面。26pretty和pr
39、ettilyThe wind blew pretty hard.风刮得很大。(相当，十分，相当于rather)She was prettily dressed.她穿得很漂亮。(漂亮地)He was prettily punished.他受到了应有的惩罚。(合宜地)He answered the teacher prettily.他很有礼貌地回答了老师。(有礼貌地)注意下面短语的含义：pretty well/nearly差不多/几乎。例如：Its pretty well impossible to climb the mountain in winter.在冬天爬那座山几乎是不可能的。(几乎)2
40、7 false和falselyfalse作副词用于play someone false (对不忠，欺骗)短语中，其他情况用falsely。judge sb.falsely错误地判断某人(错误地)She played anyone false who trusted her.凡是信任她的人都被她骗过。His memory played him false in this matter.他在这个问题上记错了。She spoke falsely.她讲的话是假的。The man was falsely accused.那人被诬告了。He treated me falsely.他待我很虚伪。(虚伪地)2
41、8 new和newlynew-fallen snow新落的雪(新，新近)It is a newly built factory.这是一个新建的工厂。(新近地)They are a newly married couple.他们是新婚夫妇。(最近)It is a newly-painted door.这是新漆的门。(重新，再一次)new-won freedom刚赢得的自由newly-won freedom失而复得的自由【提示】new作副词用时，表示“新，新近”，常同过去分词构成复合词，中间一般有连字号，再如：new-laid eggs新下的蛋，new-found land新发现的大陆，new-b
42、orn baby新生婴儿，new-planted crops新种的庄稼，a new-found friend新交的朋友，new-mown hay刚割下的草。29 last和lastlylast-born最后生的(最后)He came last.他最后来的。(最后地)When did you see her last?你上一次见她是什么时候？(上一次，最后一次)Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for herconsideration.最后，我要感谢女主人的盛情款待。(最后一点，最后)30even和evenlyEven a child can say it.
43、这即使是一个孩子也会说。(甚至，即使)It is an even worse mistake.这甚至是更为严重的错误。(甚至更)The goods are evenly distributed among them.物品均分给了他们。(平均地)He spread the butter on the bread evenly.他把奶油均匀地涂在面包上。(均匀地)31express和expresslyYoud better send the letter express.你最好用快件寄这封信。(用快件寄运)He came here express to see her.他特意来这里看她的。(特意地
44、)I expressly told him what to do.我明确地告诉他要做什么。(明确地，清楚地)The book is expressly written for college students.这本书是专为大学生编写的。(专门地)32 bright和brightlyThe stars shine bright.星光灿烂。(明亮地，只能同shine连用，并放在shine后面)The lamps are shining brightly.灯明亮地照着。(明亮地)The floor is brightly painted.地板油漆得很鲜亮。(鲜艳地)33 full和fullysit
45、full in the sun就坐在太阳底下(直接地)hit sb.full on the nose正好打在某人鼻子上(正好)He is fully aware of it.他完全知道那一点。(完全地)The children are fully fed.孩子们都吃得饱。(充分地)I cant fully describe her face.我不能确切地描述她的面容。(确切地)【提示】注意下面的习惯用法：full ripe全熟了，full many很多，full well很好，turn full around直转过来，look full at sb.直盯着某人，full in the cent
46、re正当中，know full well非常了解。34 just和justlyHe did it just for fun.他那样做只是为了好玩。(只是，仅仅)They just caught the bus.他们差一点误了公共汽车。(勉强地，差一点就不)The moon has just come out.月亮刚刚升起。(刚刚)He lived just in this room.他就住在这个房间里。(正好，恰恰正是)She was treated justly.她受到了公正待遇。(公正地)He was justly punished for the crimes.他受到了惩罚，是罪有应得。
47、(应得地)I wonder just how good he is at spoken English.我不知道他的英语口语好到什么程度。35 dear和dearlyHe paid dear for the computer.那台电脑他买得很贵。(昂贵地)She sold her property very dear.她高价出售了财产。(高价地)He loves her dearly/dear.他深情地爱着她。(深情地)Victory was dearly bought.胜利的代价是高昂的。(昂贵地)Hed dearly like to see you.他非常想见你。(非常)She paid dear/dearly for her mista