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1、被动语态1 构成1)构成：助动词 be+(及物动词的)过去分词语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语间的关系。英语动词有主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示。Father cleared away the snow in the yard.父亲清扫了院中的雪。(主动)The snow in the yard was cleared away by father.院中的雪被父亲清扫了。(被动)被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not，也可用简略形式
2、：isnt, arent, wasnt, werent, wont, shant,hasnt, havent,hadnt。被动语态的疑问式是将第一助动词放在主语前，特殊疑问句式为：疑问词+一般疑问句。如果特殊疑问句是对主语进行提问，要用陈述句语序。English and some other foreign languages are taught in our university.我们大学开设英语和一些其他外语。Is the novel written by Jack London?这部小说是杰克伦敦写的吗？The whole city was destroyed by the earth
3、quake.整座城市被地震毁灭了。Will the protest meeting be held tomorrow?明天举行抗议集会吗？These elements shant be sent over to the factory at once.这些元件不会立即就送往工厂。The machine has been placed on a solid foundation.机器已经安置在坚实的地基上。The villa over there is now being redecorated.那边的那幢别墅正在被全新装修。The bridge was being built last yea
4、r.Im not sure if it is completed.那座桥去年正在建造，我不知道现已造好了没有。The article will have been finished by the end of the week.这篇文章在本周末会写完。She told me that the temple would have been repaired before the rainy season set in.她告诉我说，在雨季来临前，这座寺庙就将修好了。Hilton would surely be pleased with the good work that is being don
5、e in his name.以他的名义做好事，希尔顿肯定会很高兴。What crops are grown in your hometown?你的家乡种什么作物？When will the goods be delivered to us?货物什么时候送给我们？2)带有情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词The book must be returned to the library at once.这本书必须立即还给图书馆。The task can be finished in a week.这项工作1周内可以完成。Must it be done by her?这件事必须由她做
6、吗？This problem oughtnt to be ignored.这个问题不容忽视。3)带有不定式的被动语态结构为：to be+过去分词A new hotel is going to be built here.这里将建造一家新旅馆。Who is to be sent there?派谁去那里？He didnt want to be examined.他不想受检查。To be hospitable is sure to be rewarded in one way or another.热情付出总会在一个或另一个地方得到回报。4)短语动词的被动语态及物短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为
7、被动语态时，不可漏掉组成短语的介词或副词。这类短语动词由“动词+介词、动词+副词、动词+名词+介词、动词+副词+介词”构成，常用的有：break into (闯入)，look at (看)，look after(照顾)，go into (探究)，work out (制定，计算 出)，go over(复习)，figure out(辨别出，计算出)，find out(查明)，put on(安排，增加，上演)，take up(占据)，put off (推迟)， throw out (扔掉)， carry out (执行)，take care of (关心)，pay attention to(注意)，
8、look down upon(瞧不起)，do away with(废除)，make use of (利用)， play a part in(起作用)等。The experiment has been carried out.实验已经进行了。The old man is well taken care of.那位老人被照顾得很好。This lesson must be gone over again.这课书必须再复习一遍。对公民的教育应给予密切的关注。Close attention should be paid to the education of the citizens.The educa
9、tion of the citizens should be paid close attention to. (短语动词中间为名词时，可将该名词变为被动语态的主语)5)祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态：Let+宾语+be+过去分词否定祈使句的被动语态：Dont let +宾语+be+过去分词Let+宾语+not be+过去分词把书放在最上层的架子上。Put the book on the top shelf.Let the book be put on the top shelf.别把那棵树砍掉。Dont cut down the tree.Dont let the tree be cu
10、t down.Let the tree not be cut down.6)双重被动结构如果某人或某物为两次动作的施动对象，要用双重被动结构。The college requires all students to attend the lecture.学院要求所有学生都要听这个讲座。The lecture is required to be attended by all students in the college. (被要求、被听)The manager asked me to finish the design before Friday.经理要我在星期五前完成设计。The desi
11、gn was asked to be finished before Friday.(被要求、被完成)2 用法1)不知某事为谁所做不知道谁是动作的执行者时，要用被动语态。His watch was stolen yesterday.他的手表昨天被偷了。This kind of car is made in Japan.这种汽车产于日本。A lot of trees have been planted along the lake.沿湖植了许多树。2)不必说出动作为谁所做不必或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。This novel was written in 1886.这部小说写于188
12、6年。A bridge is being built over there.那里在造一座桥。All the work will be done by hand.全部工作都将由手工完成。3)为了强调或突出动作的承受者强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心。The matter was discussed at the meeting last week.这个问题上周在会上讨论过。Wang Lin was elected monitor of the class.王林被选为班长。Many buildings were destroyed in the big fire. 在那场大火中许多建筑物被
13、毁。Dictionaries cant be used in the exam. 考试中不能使用词典。4)It is said that等结构在I was told that, It is said that, It is believed that, It is hoped that, It is suggested that 等习惯用语中用被动语态。I was told that he had been wounded in the war.我听说他在战争中受过伤。It is reported that a new road will be built here.据报道这里将修建一条新路。
14、5)出于礼貌有时出于礼貌，避免说出动作的执行者。You are cordially invited to the opening ceremony on Monday morning.敬请您出席星期一上午的开幕式。Enough has been done for him, but he is not contented.已经为他做了很多，但他仍不满足。6)习惯用法某些习惯用法仅以被动语态形式出现。The bookstore is located right in the centre of town. 书店正好位于市中心。Fifty lambs were born this spring.这个
15、春季有50头羊羔出生。All the apartments are beautifully situated overlooking the beach.所有的公寓都环境优美，俯瞰海滨。7)句子结构的需要有时出于句法修辞的需要，为使句子平衡，避免更换主语，用被动语态。The famous scientist appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the students. 那位著名科学家出现在台上，学生们报以热烈掌声。The books and clothes will be given to the children who co
16、me from the backward mountain areas. 这些书和衣服将送给那些来自贫困山区的孩子们。3 被动语态的疑难问题3-1 主动语态变为被动语态的方法1)宾语主语把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。She wrote the letter.她写了那封信。The letter was written by her.那封信是她写的。He will water the flowers in the afternoon. 他要在下午浇花。The flowers will be watered in the afternoon(by him).花要在下午(由他)浇。2)主动谓语被
17、动谓语be 动词要按新主语的人称、数作变化，谓语由主动结构变为被动结构。The policeman has caught the thieves.警察抓住了小偷。The thieves have been caught by the policeman.小偷被警察抓住了。The workers are repairing the watches.工人们在修这些手表。The watches are being repaired by the workers.这些手表正由工人们在修。(此句不可变为The watches are repaired by the workers.)3-2 可以有两种被
18、动语态的动词英语中有些动词，如tell， pay,send, give, buy, show, offer, lend, leave, make, hand,throw，teach等，有时可以带两个宾语，一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。在变为被动语态时，通常把间接宾语(即代表人的宾语)变为被动语态的主语，但也可以把直接宾语(即代表物的宾语)变为被动语态的主语。She asked him some questions.她问过他一些问题。He was asked some questions (by her).Some questions were asked him (by her).Mother
19、bought me a new coat.母亲给我买了一件新大衣。I was bought a new coat (by Mother).A new coat was bought for me (by Mother).3-3“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构的被动语态这种结构变为被动语态时，只将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语，宾语补足语不变。The man painted the door red.那人把门漆成红色。The door was painted red.门被漆成了红色。(red在此为主语补足语)They asked the teacher to explain the q
20、uestion again.他们要求老师把那个问题再解释一遍。The teacher was asked to explain the question again.老师被要求把那个问题再解释一遍。3-4 被动语态中的by短语和with 短语1)用by短语表示动作的执行者，说明具体动作是由某人或某物执行的；用with 短语表示做某事所用的工具或手段，或者表示某种情况或状态。The letter was written by Henry. 这封信是亨利写的。(动作的执行者)The letter was written with a pen.这封信是用钢笔写的。(书写所用工具，相当省略了by He
21、nry) Henry wrote the letter with a pen.亨利用钢笔写了这封信。The tiger was killed by a hunter.老虎是被一个猎人打死的。(动作的执行者)The tiger was killed with a gun.老虎是用枪打死的。(所用工具，相当于省略了by a hunter)A hunter killed the tiger with a gun.猎人用枪打死了老虎。He was seized by the police.他被警方抓住了。(动作的执行者)He was seized with a high fever. 他发高烧。(情况
22、)The town was attacked by the enemy. 那座小城遭到敌人的进攻。She was attacked with high blood pressure.她患高血压。(情况)The picture was covered by a silk blanket.这幅画被一块丝单盖着。(动作的执行者)The roads were covered with snow. 路上有积雪。(状态)2)被动语态中的施动者by短语通常紧跟在“be+过去分词”之后，但 put,place,set,move, introduce 等动词后常要跟一个介词短语，多作状语，这时，by短语要放在介
23、词短语之后。We were all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.我们都由于暴力犯罪案件的上升而感到震惊。She was moved to tears by the story.她被那个故事感动得哭了。The vase was carefully placed on the shelf by the girl.花瓶由那个女孩小心地放在架子上。The technique was introduced into China by an American missionary.这项技术最初是由一个美国传教士引入中国的。3)无必要、不愿或无法确定动作的执行者
24、，by短语常省略。The picture was drawn long ago.这幅画是很久以前画的。I have been told many times not to judge people by their looks.有人多次告诉我不要以貌取人。This type of camera is made in Japan. 这种照相机是日本造的。4)如果 by 短语所表示的动作执行者是话语的中心，为强调的对象，或省略by短语后会造成句义不清，则不可省略by短语。The art centre is designed by an American architect,not by a Jap
25、anese architect.这个艺术中心是由一位美国设计师设计的，不是由日本设计师设计的。Chinese is mainly spoken by the Chinese.中文主要是中国人说。3-5 smell sweet等结构英语中有些动词，用主动语态形式表示被动语态意义，如连系动词 feel,look,taste,smell,sound, prove 等；当wash, cut, wear, clean, shut, lock, open, read, cook, close, write, sell, catch, draw, run, translate, burn, end, beg
26、in, operate, ride 等用作不及物动词，表示主语的品质、性能时，通常也要用主动形式表示被动意义。The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。This kind of books sells very well.这种书很好卖。This dish tastes good.这菜很好吃。The shirt washes well.这衬衫很经洗。The car drives fast.这车子能开得很快。This pair of shoes will wear very long.这双鞋子能穿很久。The meat cuts easily.这肉容易切开。Her paper
27、 reads like a novel.她的论文读起来像小说。The machine cleans very easily.这台机器容易清洗。This wine drinks well for its price.以这个价钱就能喝到这样好的酒是值得的。The window blew open.窗户被风吹开了。The material has worn thin.这种料子已经穿薄了。The window wont close.这窗户关不上。The carpet doesnt clean very well.这地毯不容易弄干净。The tree saws easily.这棵树容易锯。The doo
28、r doesnt/wont lock.这门锁不上。The envelope tears easily.这个信封容易撕开。The window will not fasten.这窗户关不上。比较：The door wont shut.这门关不上。(主语的情况、属性，表示“门出问题了”)The door wont be shut.这门不用关上。(表示“不用关，不必关”，门本身没有问题)The sentence reads clearly.这个句子读起来很清楚。(没有歧义，不难懂)The sentence is read clearly. 这个句子被读得很清楚。(读这个句子的人读得好)3-6 “be
29、+过去分词”结构有时并不是被动语态1)某些动词，如be，look，seem，feel等后的过去分词实际上已转化为形容词，作表语，表示状态、情绪等，不表示被动。He seems interested in collecting stamps.他似乎爱好集邮。She felt pleased with his work.她对他的工作很满意。Mary looked worried about his illness.看来玛丽对他的病很担忧。He was surprised at the news.那消息使他大吃一惊。She is delighted at the film.她喜欢这部电影。The b
30、ook is well written.这本书写得好。They are determined to carry out the experiment.他们决心进行这项实验。Wine is made from rice.酒是米酿成的。Im puzzled how to do it.我不知如何做此事。They are frustrated with their life there.他们对那里的生活感到厌倦。This kind of art has been lost to the world.这种艺术已经失传。She was deeply disappointed about losing th
31、e race.比赛输了，她很沮丧。The yard is covered with fallen leaves. 院子里覆盖着落叶。2)be+不及物动词的过去分词，如gone，come, fallen, mistaken, retired, graduated, lost,fallen等，为系表结构，表示状态。He was graduated from Harvard University in 2011.他于2011年毕业于哈佛大学。Summer is come. 夏天来了。The happy days are gone. 快乐的日子一去不返了。I was mistaken about ho
32、w much it would cost.我错估了它的价钱。Both my parents are retired.我的父母都退休了。3-7 某些介词短语可表示被动意义某些介词短语可表示被动意义，如under repair(在修理中)，under discussion(在讨论中),under control (被控制)，under consideration(被考虑)，under construction(被修建)，in the charge of(由负责)，in the possession of(由拥有)等。The city wall is under repair.城墙在修复中。The
33、forest fire was finally under control.森林大火最终被控制住了。Your proposal is under consideration.你的建议在考虑中。The project is in the charge of a foreign expert.这项工程由一位外国专家负责。The property is in the possession of an old lady.这些财产为一位老太太所拥有。3-8 被动语态和系表结构的区别被动语态表示动作，系表结构表示状态或情况。2被动语态常由by引出施动者，系表结构后常跟其他介词，如in，over，about
34、,with等。被动语态可用进行时态，系表结构常用一般时态或完成时态。4被动语态可用greatly，deeply等修饰，系表结构常用 very, rather,quite,too, so,most, more 等修饰。The project is being carried out successfully.这项工程正在顺利地实施。(进行时，被动语态)He is deeply moved by her words.他被她的话深深地打动了。(被动语态)I was greatly interested by her lecture.我对她的演讲深感兴趣。(被动语态)I am very interes
35、ted in making kites. 我对制作风筝很感兴趣。(系表结构)The road was mended.路修好了。(系表结构，表示状态)The road was mended by them.路被他们修好了。(被动语态，表示动作)The door was closed.门关着。(系表结构，表示状态)The door was closed by her.门被她关上了。(被动语态，表示动作)The novel is well written.这部小说写得好。(系表结构，表示状态)The novel is written by a young writer.这部小说是一位年轻作家写的。(
36、被动语态，表示动作)The bridge is completed.这桥已完工了。(系表结构，表示状态)The bridge was completed last week.这桥是上周完工的。(被动语态，表示动作)The top of the hill is covered with snow.山顶覆盖着雪。(系表结构，表示状态)The top of the hill is covered by a cloud.山顶被一片云笼罩着。(被动语态，表示动作)The glass was broken.玻璃杯破了。(系表结构，表示状态)The glass was broken by the boy.玻
37、璃杯被那个男孩打破了。(被动语态，表示动作)Those books are all sold out.那些书全部售空。(系表结构，表示状态)Those books are sold quickly.那些书卖得很快。(被动语态，表示动作)3-9 不能用于被动语态的动1)不及物动词不及物动词不可用于被动语态。比较：The boy slept well last night. (正)这男孩昨夜睡得很好。The boy was slept well last night.(误)专心听老师讲。The teacher is listened carefully.(误)The teacher is list
38、ened to carefully.(正)(listen to为及物性短语动词，to不可省)2)状态动词表示状态的动词，如have(有)，possess(拥有)，own(拥有)，want(缺乏)，lack(缺少)，fit(适合)，resemble(像)，hold(容纳)，become (成为)等，不可用于被动语态。另外，enter(进入)，join(加入)，miss(没赶上，错过)也不用于被动语态。比较：The coat fits her well.(正)这件大衣她穿很合适。She is fit well by the coat. (误)He has a new bike.(正)他有一辆新自行
39、车。A new bike is had by him. (误)She resembles her mother.(正)她像她的母亲。Her mother is resembled by her.(误)The early bus was missed by me.(误)提示have 表示“得到，欺骗”时可用于被动语态，have a good time 可用于被动语态。Im afraid youve been had. 恐怕你上当了。A good time was had by the children.孩子们过得很愉快。3)部分短语动词英语中有大量的短语动词，有些可用于被动语态，有些则不可用于被
40、动语态，需注意加以区别。比较：The children have been well looked after.孩子们得到了很好的照顾。They quite agreed with him.(正)他们很同意他。He wasnt quite agreed with by them.(误)有些短语动词，在某层意思上可用于被动语态，如：arrive at 表示“达成(协议)”时可用于被动语态，而表示“到达”时则不可；look into 表示“调查”时可用于被动语态，而表示“向里看”时则不可。A new agreement has been arrived at. 已经达成了一项新协议。The cau
41、se of inflation will be looked into. 通货膨胀的原因将要被调查。3-10 不可变为被动语态的句1) myself等宾语是反身代词时不可变为被动语态。比较：She hid herself behind the door.(正)她藏在门后面。Herself was hid behind the door.(误)2) each other等宾语是相互代词时不可变为被动语态。比较：They helped each other. (正)他们互相帮助。Each other was helped.(误)3) live a happy life 等同源宾语不可变为被动语态。
42、比较：He dreamed a sweet dream.(正)他做了一个甜蜜的梦。A sweet dream was dreamed by him. (误)4)hope to do等宾语是动词不定式或动名词时不可变为被动语态。比较：I hope to do the job.(正)我希望做这项工作。To do the job is hoped by me. (误)Talking was stopped by them just now.(误)孩子们都渴望同父母一起外出度假。The children desired to go out for holidays with their parents
43、. (正)To go out for holidays with their parents was desired by the children. (误)提示有些作宾语的动词不定式可以借用形式主语it变为被动语态。比较：They have decided to go by train tomorrow. It has been decided by them to go by train tomorrow.他们决定明天乘火车去。5) join the army等组织、团体等的名词作宾语时不可变为被动语态。比较：He joined the army last year.(正)他去年入伍了。T
44、he army was joined by him last year. (误)6) shut ones mouth 等宾语是主语(人)身上某一部分或感官时不可变为被动语态，若不是主语所有，则有被动语态。比较：She raised her hand. (正)她举起了手。Her hand was raised. (误)The boys head was shaken by the doctor.男孩的头被医生摇了一下。7) weigh作“有重，重达”解时，是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态。在下面的句子中，weigh可看作系动词：The box weighs thirty kilogrammes.(
45、正)这个箱子重达30公斤。The box is weighed thirty kilogrammes. (误)8)宾语表示地点或处所时不可变成被动语态，但用动词reach和jump则可以。例如：He left the room a moment ago.(正)他刚刚离开房间。The room was left a moment ago.(误)The last fence was jumped by all the horses.所有的马都跳过了最后一道障碍。提示考察下面一句：He is a good teacher and respected by the students.(他是一位好教师，
46、受到了学生们的爱戴。)这是一个病句。be 动词 is 既可作连系动词，又可作助动词。“He is a good teacher”中的“is a good teacher”是系表结构，is为正确用法；而“respected by the students”中的“respected”是过去分词，前面应有助动词is，构成被动语态。注意，be 动词不可同时作连系动词和助动词，故上句应改为：He is a good teacher and is respected by the students.3-11 get+过去分词“get+过去分词”也可以表示被动语态，常指偶然发生的事情，或没有计划、没有预料到
47、的事情，或暗含主语对发生的动作有一定的责任。“get+过去分词”结构的动作执行者一般不给出。How did the vase get broken? 那个花瓶是怎么弄破的？How did the bridge get damaged?这座桥是怎么被损坏的？She got burnt when cooking.她做饭时烫伤了。Jack got beaten whatever others might say.不管别人怎么说，杰克被打了。How did the door get opened?门是怎么开的？(意味着：It should have been left shut)He got bitten by a dog yesterday.他昨天被狗咬了。提示1“be+过去分词”常表示单纯的被动意义，指经过考虑、安排的动作。“be+过去分词”可表示动作或状态，而“get+过去分词”只表示动作。比较：They got married last month.他们上个月结婚的。(被动)They have been married for months.他们结婚已经几个月了。(状态)20“get+过去分词”的否定式和疑问式要借助助动词do。She didnt get burnt