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1、时 态（TENSE）一般现在时 (The Simple Present/The Present Indefinite Tense)1.构成用动词原形，第三人称单数有变化。基本变化规则是：一般情况加“-s”，以辅音加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”，再加“-es”(但元音加“y”结尾的则直接加“-s”)，以“o，s，x，ch，sh”结尾的词在词尾加“-es”。动词be的变化形式是is,am，are；动词have的变化形式是have,has。2.功能1 表示习惯的、永久性的或反复发生的动作(常同every day, often, sometimes, usually, always, twicea
2、 month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally, normally,generally, weekly, now and then, every so often,as a rule,rarely等状语连用)He seldom eats meat.他很少吃肉。I never sit up late into the night.我从不晚睡。She always takes a walk in the evening.她常在晚间散步。The world always makes way for the dreamer.这世界永远会为追求理想的人让出一条光
3、明大道。2 表示特征、能力或现时的情况或状态She loves music.她喜欢音乐。Contradictions exist everywhere.矛盾处处存在。They dont speak French here.这儿不讲法语。She lives in a villa at the foot of the hill.她住在山脚下的一栋别墅里。Those eventful months and years are still vivid in my memory.忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。People enjoy reading about the rich and famous.人们喜欢阅读有
4、关富人和名人的书。【提示】下面是一个歧义句：She cant bear children.她不能生育。她受不了孩子们的嬉闹。3 表示普遍真理、事实，也用在格言中The earth moves round the sun.地球绕太阳转。Water boils at 100.水的沸点是100。No man but errs.人非圣贤，孰能无过。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。Spring follows winter.冬天过后就是春天。A stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。Time and tide wait for no man.
5、时不待人。Life is transient.人生如朝露。The seeds of the future lie in the present.未来发展的萌芽存在于现在。A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过二鸟在林。Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which is the Pacific, and we met nostorms.数月前，我们在公海太平洋上航行了10000英里，没有遇到任何风暴。(地理名词)4在由when, if, after, b
6、efore, although, as, as where,whatever,wherever等引导的表示时间、条件、比较等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow.她明天来的时候我会告诉她的。You will surely succeed if you try your best.功夫不负有心人。Ill go where you go.你去哪儿我也去哪儿。I shall tell her the minute she gets here.她一到那里我就告诉她。I shall have a good time whether
7、I win or lose.我不论输赢都会很快活。In the future I shall do as she says.将来我要按她说的去做。The earlier you leave, the earlier youll be there.你动身越早，到那里越早。The next time you come, he will be a grown-up.你下次来的时候，他就长大成人了。Whatever happens, you should keepcool-headed.不论发生什么，你都应该保持冷静。You can drink as much as you like tomorrow
8、, but not tonight.明天你喝多少都行，但今晚不行。When the grass dies back in autumn, these flowers will fade.当青草在秋天枯萎时，这些花儿就会凋谢了。【提示】表示原因、结果、程度、目的等的状语从句，一般不可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。比较：她伤得很重，恐怕要死了。She is so badly injured that she probably dies.She is so badly injured that she will probably die. V在lets see，lets assume, I hope,
9、 I suppose等后，用一般现在时和一般将来时均可。例如：Lets see who finishes/will finish the work first.咱们看看谁第一个完成工作。Suppose the boy loses/will lose his way.假如这小男孩迷了路怎么办。Lets assume there is/will be a heavy rain.让我们假设有一场大雨。I hope she gets/will get everything ready beforeFriday.我希望她在星期五之前把一切都准备好。在某些句子结构中用一般现在时和一般将来时均可。例如：He
10、ll be on the same train as you are/will be.他将同你乘坐同一趟火车。She will perhaps come earlier than you do/will.她也许会比你来得早。如要表示“将来条件决定现在结果”，从句和主句所指的时间不同，f从句要用将来时，主句用一般现在时。例如：If she wont arrive before half past eight, theres no point waiting.如果她8点半之前到不了，再等就没有意义了。If she wont be here before noon,theres no need to
11、 rush.如果她中午以前不会来到，现在就没有必要着急了。在if条件从句中可用情态动词will。例如：If the car wont start, call me any time.如果车子发动不起来，随时叫我。If he wont tell us the truth, wellask hisclassmates.如果他不愿意告诉我们实情，我们将问他的同学。比较：If you will wait a moment,Ill go and tell the manager that you are here.如果你愿意等一会儿，我就去告诉经理你在这里。If you wait a moment,Il
12、l let you in.如果你等一会儿，我就让你进去。5表示现在瞬间一般现在时可以用来描述动作的完成与说话的时间几乎是同时的这种情况，常用于体育运动的实况报道，戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词。例如：I declare the meeting open.我宣布，会议开幕。盒子yow, look. I cren the box?，看音，我打并As I write,the war has broken out.在我写作的时候，战争已经爆发了。(=At the time of writing)Demonstrator:Now I put the cake mixture into this bow
13、l and add a drop of vanilla essence.示范者：我现在把蛋糕配料放进这个碗里，加一点味精。6表示过去时间一般现在时可以用来表示不确定的过去时间，只限于为数不多的动词，如：hear,tell, say，forget等；也可穿插现在进行时等来叙述往事，以增加描写的生动性和真实感，亦称作历史现在时。例如：That is long, long ago.那是很久很久以前的事了。I hear he has come back from Japan.我听说他从日本回来了。Jane tells me you are entering college next year.简告诉我
14、，你明年要上大学了。Julia says you told her to buy the book.朱莉娅说你让她买这本书的。Oh，I forget what he said.哎呀，我忘了他的话了。We learn from the radio that a severe snowstorm hit France.我们从广播里获悉，一场严重的暴风雪袭击了法国。Last week I am in the sitting-room with my wife when this chap next door staggers past and in a drunken fit throws a br
15、ick through our window.上周我和妻子正在起居室里，隔壁的那个家伙摇摇晃晃地从房屋外面经过，突然发起了酒疯，朝我们的窗户扔进了一块石头。比较：他们告诉我你已经同意了。They tell me that youve agreed to it. (用一般现在时，强调现在的事实或结果)They told me youve agreed to it.(用一般过去时，强调未指明的过去时间)7表示将来时间一般现在时可用于指将来时间，表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，或者事先安排好的动作。能这样使用的动词有：be, arrive, begin, come, start, depart,
16、end, leave, go, sail, stop, return, dine, finish, open, close等。例如：A: When does he leave for the south?他何时动身去南方？B: He leaves next week.他下周动身。Is there a film tonight?今晚有电影吗？I write my paper tomorrow.我明天写我的文章。Tomorrow is Christmas Day.明天是圣诞节。The meeting begins at 2: 00 in the afternoon and ends at 5：00
17、.会议在下午2点开始，5点结束。They meet at supper.他们晚饭时会面。When does the ship sail?船什么时候起航？She retires next month.她下个月退休。How long does he stay?他待多久？Exams begin on Tuesday.考试将于星期二开始。Iam in the office all day tomorrow.我明天一整天都在办公室。The contract expires in 2060.合同将于2060年到期。Who comes next?下一个该谁了？The parcel arrives the d
18、ay after tomorrow.包裹后天寄到。When does she return from the holiday?她什么时候度完假回来？The plane takes off at eight and arrives in Beijing at eleven.飞机8点起飞，11点到达北京。Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026takes off at 18：20.看看时刻表。快点！4026航班18点20分起飞。【提示】suppose，assume，know,decide等后的宾语从句，一般现在时可表示较近的将来。例如：I hope t
19、hat you spend the summer here with us.我希望你在这里同我们一起过夏天。I suppose you dont do the work until next month.我以为你要到下周才会做这项工作。Tomorrow at this time well know who is elected.我们明天这个时候就会知道谁当选了。They will meet to decide who speaks at themeeting.他们将见面决定谁在会上发言。Assuming it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?设想明天下雨怎么办
20、？另外，一般现在时和现在进行时都可以表示将来，但前者多表示非个人的计划，指按时间安排将发生的事，而后者则一般表示说话人自己打算要干什么。比较：I leave tomorrow.我明天动身。(a plan not necessarily made by me)I am leaving tomorrow.我打算明天动身。(Ihavedecided to leave.)We start for Shanghai tomorrow morning.明天上午我们去上海。(已计划好不变)We are statting for Shanghai tomorrow morning.明天上午我们将去上海。(打算
21、，容有变动)比较下面的不同时态：Tomorrow is Sunday.明天是星期天。(日历的规定)Tomorrow will be Sunday.明天将是星期天。(单纯未来)你今晚有空吗？Are you free this evening? (随便问问)Will you be free this evening?(语气认真：如果有空，可否)8 在新闻标题、历史简介、小说章节标题或小说、电影、戏剧情节介绍和幻灯、图片的说明中，常用一般现在时I Have A Chance我有一个机会(小说的章标题)USPresident holds talks with British PrimeMinister
22、.美国总统同英国首相举行会谈。American Ambassador leaves Bejing.美国大使离开北京。At rise, the stage is dark.It is two thirty in themorning.幕启，舞台一片昏暗。凌晨2点30分。(舞台说明)The Queen arrives for the opening ceremony.女王到来主持开幕式。(照片说明)EX-PRESIDENTDIES前总统逝世(标题)Bank Robbery: Robbers take 10，000.银行劫案：匪徒抢走10000美元。DNA Leads to Arrest in Ne
23、w York Killing.DNA帮助逮捕发生在纽约的凶杀罪犯。9 用来表示强硬语气、严厉警告或指点道路You mind your own business.你别管闲事。Either he leaves or you leave.要么他离开，要么你离开。If he does that again, he goes to prison.你要是再那样做就要坐牢。You finish the work before ten oclock tomorrow.你明天上午10点前完成工作。Into bed you go!你快睡觉！You take the first turning ahead, the
24、n cross a bridge and you see the city library.前面转一个弯，然后过桥，你就会看见城市博物馆了。10代替现在完成时动词 learn, hear, see, understand, read,forget等表示“已知，已忘”时，可用一般现在时代替现在完成时；“itbe+时间+since.”结构可用一般现在时代替现在完成时。例如：I forget/have forgotten her name.我忘了她的名字。I understand/have understood what he wants.我理解了他要什么。It is/has been years
25、since I enjoyed myself so much as yesterday.我已有很多年没有像昨天那样痛快了。11 用于延续性动词或静态动词，表示持续状态、心理活动、爱憎、知觉等The contract holds good.合同有效。John loves nature.约翰喜欢大自然。The material feels soft.这材料摸上去很软。I dont owe anything to anybody.我谁也不欠。12 表示仍旧有影响的已故人物的言行或状态，或引用书面材料特情Confucus egards sex as human.孔子视性为人之Chaucer write
26、s that love is blind.乔叟写道，爱情是盲目的。Nietzsche advocates the doctrine of Will to Power.尼采宣扬权力意志论。Shelly says, “If winter comes, can spring be farbehind?”雪莱说：“冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species.达尔文认为自然选择是物种进化的主要因素。Dostoevsky draws/drew his
27、characters from sources deep in the Russian soil.陀斯妥耶夫斯基用植根俄罗斯土壤深处的真实形象来描绘他的人物。13 用于定语从句或宾语从句中表示将来这种用法中，主句动词词义使从句自然指将来情况，有时属于习惯用法。本用法中的主句常用一般将来时。例如：He will give you anything you ask for.你要什么他就会给你什么。Anyone that comes will be warmly welcome.谁来都会受到热烈欢迎。She wont forgive anyone who steals flowers in herg
28、arden.她不会宽恕任何从她花园里偷花的人。A quarrel will arise as to who rules the country.关于谁来统治这个国家，将会引发一场争吵。Anyone who does it will get agift.谁做谁得礼品。Call me later and tell me what you think then.稍后给我打电话，把你那时的想法告诉我。Ill be grateful for whatever help you offer me.对于你给我的任何帮助，我都会很感激的。I might comeIll see how I feel tomor
29、row.我也许会来我要等明天看看身体怎样。Please see that the room is straightened up before you leave.你离开之前务必把房间整理好。【提示】如果主句不指将来，只有从句指将来，从句谓语动词要用将来时。例如：I dont know when hell be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。I wonder if Ill recognize Philip after all theseyears.过了这些年，我不知道是否还认得菲利普。14一般现在时与一般过去时的连用有时候，在同一个复合句中、会出现一般现在时和一般过去时连用的现象，这是因为
30、所取的时间点不同。例如：As the town does not have any entertaining places to go,we spent the evening treating the foreign friends to some real Chinese food.由于小城里没有什么娱乐场所可去，我们就请外国朋友们吃正宗的中国菜，晚上就这么消磨了。(从句用一般现在时does not have表示这个小城长期的客观情况，一般过去时spent则表示过去的某次行为动作)现在进行时(The Present Continuous/Progressive Tense)1.构成is/a
31、m/are+现在分词2.功能1 表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事The kettle is boiling.Shall I make tea?水开了，沏点茶好吗？Is the sun shining?出太阳了吗？Its blowing hard.风挺大。It is snowing outside.外面在下雪。公共汽车开过来了。Here comes the bus!(习惯用法)The bus is coming.(强调现在的情景)2 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事John is losing his hair.约翰近来脱发了。She is learning English at colleg
32、e.她目前在大学里学英语。He is taking physics this semester.他这个学期在修物理。I am taking the medicine three times a day.我一天吃三次药。She is generally going to bed at 11 these days.她这些日子通常11点睡。Tourist villages are sprouting along the desertshore.度假村正沿着荒凉的海岸雨后春笋般冒出来。Age is/was telling on her.她渐渐老了。3 表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开
33、始或结束的动作常用的这类动词有：go，leave,come,arrive，land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine, give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take, change, fly, work, wear, see,lunch,play等。例如：I am publishing a book this year.我计划今年出一本书。Im changing my hotel.我打算换旅馆。These shoes are going.这双鞋子快要穿破了。Paul is ri
34、sing at 4 tomorrow.保罗明天4点起床。Shes having a baby in January.她1月份生孩子。Im seeing my solicitor tomorrow.明天我将见我的律师。Theyre getting married in June.他们6月份结婚。The Browns are coming to dinner.布朗夫妇要来吃饭。Were having some guests over tonight.我们今晚有客人来。As soon as we get back home,Im leaving.我们刚回到家，我就要离开了。The President
35、 is meeting us tomorrow.总统明天要接见我们。The rock is falling over.那块石头就要落下来了。The man was drowning.那人快要淹死了。Imagine Im seeing the Mona Lisa.你想想啊我终于要见到蒙娜丽莎这幅画了。We are starting work at eight for the whole winter.整个冬天我们都将是8点钟上班。When a bird is dying,its cry is pitiful.鸟之将死，其鸣也哀。Were leaving for the West tonight.
36、我们打算今晚动身到西部去。Because the shop is closing down,all the T-shirts are sold at half price.这家商店快要关闭了，所以这儿所有的T恤衫都半价出售。Im going.我要走了。She is dying.她奄奄一息了。The sun is setting.太阳就要落山了。When are you starting?你什么时候动身？A: Are you still busy?你还在忙吗？B: Yes, I am just finishing my work, and itwont take long.是的，我快要完成工作了
37、，时间不会长。比较：你路过商店时请来坐坐。When you pass by the shop,please drop in.(任何时候)When you are passing by the shop,please drop in. (将来某时)【提示】现在进行时表示将来，有时含有“决心”的意思。例如：Im not leaving tomorrow.我明天不走了。Im not staying with you.我不同你在一起了。Im taking part in it.我也要参加。When I grow up, Im flying to the moon.我长大了要飞到月球上去。4 动作动词的
38、进行时与always,forever,continually,constantly等连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可能使人感到不满、厌倦或觉得不合情理，有时表示赞赏、满意Its always raining here.这里老是下雨。Jim is always coming late for class.汤姆总是上课迟到。She is always scolding me.她总是没完没了地数落我。Hes always making troubles for his friends.他老是给朋友们制造麻烦。He is perpetually interfering in my affairs.他老
39、是干预我的事。(不满)Shes constantly changing her mind.她老是改变主意。(不满)The man is always boasting.那人老爱吹牛。(厌倦)Shes always helping others.她总是爱帮助别人。(赞赏)The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。(满意)5care，mind等表示感觉、精神活动等的状态动词不用于进行时(1)有些表示感觉、感情、情绪、精神活动、拥有关系等的动词，一般不用于进行时态，常见的这类动 词 有：understand, remember, won
40、der, cost, have, resemble, exist, appreciate, care,desire, fear, detest, hate, like, love, mind, want, know, hope, wish, agree, believe, expect, forget, prefer, mean, respect, perceive, realize, recognize, please, need,recollect, concern,consist,matter,seem,appear显得，signify意指，think认为，intend意欲，forgiv
41、e宽恕，differ不同于，despise轻视，dislike不喜欢，adore爱慕，represent代表，result导致，stand位于，remain停留，own拥有，look看似，lie位于，hold持有，contain包含，dependon依靠，belong属于，等。例如：She is preferring reading to television.X(应改为prefers)I am seeming to hear someone calling.X(应改为seem)但是，上述某些词在表示无意识的动作时，不能用于进行时态，而表示有意识的动作时，又可以用于进行时态。比如“see”这个
42、动词，作“看见”解时是无意的动作，不能用于进行时态，但作“接见，访问，处理，查看，浏览”等解时，又可以用于进行时态，在谈到“看电影，看戏剧”时，也可以用于进行时态。例如：Do you see the rainbow?你看见彩虹了吗？(无意)The manager is seeing the applicants this morning.经理今天上午约见求职的人。(有意)They are now seeing the city.他们正在这座城里游览。(有意)Dont worry, I am seeing you home.不要担心，我会送你回家的。(有意)They are seeing an
43、English film now.他们在看一部英语电影。(=watching)Hes seeing the doctor now.他现在在看医生。Ill be seeing Kate home after the party tonight.今晚聚会后我将陪送凯特回家。They have been seeing each other for a year.他们交朋友谈恋爱已有一年光景。比较：It weighs 50 kilos.它重达50千克。He is weighing himself now.他在称体重。She measures 70 centimeters round the waist
44、.她的腰围量起来70厘米。She is measuring the hall.她在测量这个大厅。She heard the bird sing.她听见了鸟鸣。She is hearing a case.她在审理一个案子。(=isjudging)The students are hearing a lecture.学生们在听讲座。(attend)I am not hearing as well as I used to.我现在的听力不如从前了。(听觉)She hates him.她恨他。She is hating him.看得出她恨他。(=showingvisible signs of hati
45、ng him)She feels worried.她感到担心。She is feeling for the way out.她在摸索着出去的路。(=is groping for)She smells trouble.她感到出问题了。She is smelling the flower.她嗅着花。She doesnt mind it.她不介意这件事。She is minding the baby.她在照看婴儿。(=islooking after)She doesnt care for red.她不喜欢红色。She is caring for the wounded.她在照顾伤员。(=is tak
46、ing care of)She appears happy.她看上去很高兴。She is appearing on the platform.她出现在讲台上。She has a new car.她有一辆新车。Her words are having a bad result.她的话正产生一种坏的效果。(=are producing)She holds half share in the firm.她拥有该公司的一半股份。She is holding a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书。The music sounds sweet.这音乐听起来很美。(状态)Why is th
47、e driver sounding his horn?那个司机为什么按喇叭？(动作)The cake tastes nice.这糕饼味道不错。(状态)Hes tasting the tea.他在品茶。(动作)What do you think of the book?你觉得这本书怎么样？(看法)What are you thinking about?你在想什么？(思维，思考)He looks good-humored.他看上去很幽默。(状态)Hes looking about for a new house.他在寻找一处新房子。He fits the post.他适合这个职位。He is fitting together a lot of parts.他在把许多零件装配在一起。The town lies near the lake.这座小城位于湖边。下ie peoplc are bing under the tre.一些人在树A piano stands against the wall.靠墙有一架钢琴。He is standing on arock.他站在一块岩石上。The hut sits in the middle of the f