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1、否定(NEGATION)否定(Negation)与肯定(Affirmative)相对。英语中的否定结构形式多样，有部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定等。在译成汉语时，有时要将否定结构译成肯定含义，有时又要将肯定结构译成否定含义；有时在英语中否定主语，译成汉语时就要转换成否定谓语。诸如此类的现象很多，值得探讨。一、常用否定表示法1.部分否定1代词或副词与not搭配代词或副词如all， both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, anybody, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely,
2、 wholly,completely，everywhere,always,often等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”等。例如：Both of them are not my brothers.他们两个不全是我的兄弟。(这一句是部分否定，不可译成“他们两个都不是我的兄弟”，如要表达这个意思，要说：Neither of them is my brother.)All is not gold that glitters.闪闪发光物，未必皆黄金。=Not all is gold that glitters.Every man can not do it.不是每个人都能
3、做这件事。=Not every man can do it.All are not friends that speak us fair.对我们和和气气说话的人并非都是朋友。I do not remember all these formulas.这些公式我并非全都记得。This kind of tree is not found everywhere.这种树并非哪里都能找到。Everyone can not answer this question.并非每个人都能回答这个问题。The rich are not always happy.富人未必总是幸福的。Every couple is no
4、t a pair.成对成双多，珠联璧合少。(=Not every couple is a pair.)Not all her work is successful.并非她所有的工作都是成功的。Not all birds can fly.并非所有的鸟都会飞。All are not thieves that dogs bark at.遭狗狂吠者，并非皆盗贼。Not every child wants to become a film star.并非所有的孩子都想成为电影明星。为作家c nan connor be a wrier.并非每个人都可成Every man cannot be ahero.并
5、非人人都能成为英雄。All bread is not baked in one oven.人生性各异，不可强求同。Not every horse can run fast.并非每匹马都跑得快。Not both of them are fit for the job.他们两人不是都适合这个工作。I dont want both of the dictionaries.我不是两本词典都想要。He doesnt always stay up late.他不是总是睡得很晚。I dont go to work every day.我不是每天都去上班。Not all men are honest.不是所有
6、的人都诚实。Not all English people like fish and chips.并不是所有英国人都喜欢炸鱼加炸土豆条。All is not lost that is in peril.身陷危难时，并非万事休。He didnt eat all the cake.他并没有把所有的蛋糕都吃完。All are not capable that are in high position.身居高位者，并非皆贤才。Allteachers of English are not experiencedteachers.并非所有英语教师都是有经验的。All truths are not to b
7、e told at all times.不是所有的实情在所有场合都适宜说出。She didnt attend every lecture.她并非每一个讲座都听。Both the books are not worth reading.这两本书并非都值得读。All the scientists are not geniuses.并非所有的科学家都是天才。These rules dont apply to all cases.这些规则并不适用于所有的情况。I dont know everything about him.对他的情况我并不都了解。She is not always excited.她
8、并非总是兴奋。I dont altogether agree with you.我并不完全同意你。It is not altogether bad.那并不完全是坏事。I dont like both.并非两个我都喜欢。He is not absolutely wrong.他并不完全错。I dont wholly believe it.我并不完全相信它。She is not entirely mistaken.她并没有完全弄错。【提示】all.not和both.not有时可以表示全部否定，这时，句中一般有情态动词。例如：All the difficulties cannot make him g
9、ive up.没有什么困难能够使他放弃。All the money in the world wont make her happy.世界上所有的钱也不能使她幸福。2all, both, everybody等与带有否定意义的词(decline，fail，nothing等)连用，或者与带有否定词缀的词(dishonest，unhappy等)连用，表示全部否定，意为“都不，全不”。例如：All of them were unhappy.他们都不幸福。(=None of them was happy.)Both girls disbelieve in his words.两个女孩都不相信他的话。Al
10、l these politicians are dishonest.所有这些政客都不诚实。All their attempts came to nothing.他们所有的努力都毫无结果。not.all和not.anybody等有时既可表示部分否定，也可表示全部否定。例如：She wasnt listening all the time.她一直没有注意听。(否定的中心是谓语wasntlistening)她并不是一直都在注意听。(否定的中心是allthe time)She doesnt lend her car to anybody.她的车不借给任何人。(降调，全部否定)她的车不是任何人都给借的。
11、(升调，部分否定)2明修栈道，暗度陈仓汉语有句成语：“明修栈道，暗度陈仓”，指的是一种虚虚实实、声东击西、使人莫辨真相的战术，表现了虚指与实指、形式与实质的不同。说来也巧，英语语言中的否定结构也往往具有这种形与实不符的现象，形式上否定的是A，但实际意义上否定的却是B.等等。这种否定的虚实移位，往往造成歧义，需细加辨别。(1)否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语，也就是上文所说的“部分否定”。全称代词all，both，everybody等作否定句主语时，都可能产生否定移位，形式上否定全体，但实际上否定部分，参阅上文。再如：Everybody can not enjoy the music
12、.并非每个人都能欣赏这首曲子。(=Not everybody can enjoy the music.)(2)否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语。这种否定也是用否定全体的形式来否定部分，常同all，everyone等连用。例如：I dont agree with all of you.我并不完全同意你们。(=I agree with some of you.)I dont like both of the books.这两本书我并非都喜欢。(=I like not both of them.)(只喜欢其中的一本)The cloth does not feel very soft
13、.这布摸起来不是太柔软。(=The cloth feels not very soft.)(3)否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语。例如：I did not do it for myself.我做那件事并非为了自己。(=I did it not for myself.)He didnt shout to frighten you.他大声喊叫不是为了吓唬你。Henry doesnt inspire fear like his brother.亨利不像他弟弟那样使人望而生畏。The student did not sit there listening to theteacher.那个学
14、生坐在那里，并没有听老师讲课。She didnt return the same person that she left.返回时，她同先前离开时判若两人。He has not come to the decision quickly.他并不是匆忙做出决定的。(=He has come to the decision notquickly.)She didnt come to complain, but to solve theproblem.她来这里不是发牢骚的，而是解决问题的。They did not go into the mountains to hunt animals,but to
15、 protect them.他们进山去不是为了捕杀动物，而是要保护它们。但是，谓语中的否定词not并非只能否定其后的状语，如上面第二个例句也可理解为For myself，Idid not do it.(我为了自己，没做那件事。)为避免歧义，可以将状语提前，并在其后加逗号。如果是遇到not.because句型，若否定主句，可将because从句提到主句前，或在because从句前加逗号同主句隔开；若否定从句，可在because前加not，或用It is/was.that.结构。在口语中，否定主句时，主句谓语动词用降调；否定从句时，主句谓语动词读升调。下面几个句子均能产生歧义，试加以分析，并调整句
16、子结构以排除歧义。The poem is not found in this volume.She didnt come to the meeting by train.He didnt buy the picture because it was cheap.(4) happen，prove，pretend等后有否定不定式时，否定词not往往移位否定谓语。例如：She didnt happen to be present.她当时恰巧不在场。He didnt pretend to notice the misprint.他假装没注意到那个印刷错误。(5)在not.and.结构中，and连接两个
17、表语、谓语动词、状语、定语或宾语，表示部分否定，否定的往往是and后的部分。例如：The house is not big and comfortable.这房子很大，但不舒适。He does not speak Russian and French.他说俄语，但不说法语。Dont drink and drive.不要酒后开车。(喝了酒就不要开车。)These are not cheap and wear-resistant rubbers.这些胶鞋价格便宜，可就是不耐穿。The man is not rich and kind.那人为富不仁。She did not speak correct
18、ly and clearly.她说得正确，但不够清楚。We cannot put on airs and make people like us.要是摆架子，别人就不会喜欢我们。He is not a bright and diligent boy.他并不是个又聪明又勤奋的孩子。(他是个聪明的孩子，但不勤奋。)【提示】在古雅的文体中，还常用“行为动词+not”这种否定结构。例如：I know not what else she can do for you.我不知道她还能为你做什么。(相当于do not know)He doubted not but that she would regret
19、 someday.我相信她有一天会后悔的。(相当于did not doubt)2some与not连用也构成部分否定。例如：I dont like some of the exhibits.有些展品我不喜欢。I dont like any of the exhibits.展品我一个也不喜欢。She didnt invite some of her colleagues.有些同事她没有邀请。She didnt invite any of her colleagues.她的同事她一个也没有邀请。2.全部否定英语中表示全部否定时常用no，not，none,nobody, nothing, nowher
20、e,neither,never等。例如：None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。Neither of the substances dissolves in water.这两种物质都不溶于水。The book is nowhere to be found.那本书哪儿也找不到。No cigarette is completely harmless.香烟没有完全无害的。Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。Never have we been daunt
21、ed by difficulties.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定是很重要的，稍一疏忽，就会出现译文上的错误。比较：I dont know anything about her.我对她的情况一无所知。(全部否定)I dont know everything about her.她的情况我并不完全知道。(部分否定)None of the answers are right.所有的答案都不正确。(全部否定)All the answers are not right.并非所有的答案都是正确的。(部分否定)Ido not know any of them.他们我全不
22、认识。(全部否定)I do not know all of them.他们我并非个个都认识。(部分否定)Not any student has read these magazines.没有任何学生读过这些杂志。(全部否定)并非任何学生都读过这些杂志。(部分否定)The horse cannot carry your luggage and hers.这匹马既不能驮你的行李，也不能驮她的行李。(全部否定)这匹马不能既驮你的行李，又驮她的行李。(部分否定)Sam didnt sleep for eight hours.萨姆八个小时没睡觉。(全部否定)萨姆没有睡足八个小时。(部分否定)3.双重否定
23、，意义肯定双重否定是指同一个句子里出现两个否定词，即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气更重或更委婉。译成汉语时可以译成肯定形式，也可以保持双重否定的形式。双重否定表示法多种多样，主要有：1no/not+否定意义形容词；2no/not/never/few+否定意义动词；3no/not/never+without+名词/动名词；4 not+否定意义副词；no+否定意义名词；6can not.and not。例如：No one cancommand others who cannot command himself.正人先正己。There was never a great
24、 genius without a tincture of madness.伟大的天才总有点癫狂。He doesnt lend his books to nobody.他的书没有哪个不借。You cant make something out of nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊。Whats done cannot be undone.做过的事后悔也无用。Nothing is nothing at all.没有一件事情是微不足道的。Few things are impossible to a willing mind.只要有志气，没有任何事情办不到。It is impossible not
25、to do it.不做这件事是不可能的。Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.有志者事竟成。Not infrequently did they quarrel.他们经常吵架。He was not weak never to resume his work again.他的身体还没有虚弱到以后不能恢复工作的地步。Not a day passed without a number of people being killed in traffic accidents.每天都有很多人死于车祸。It is not impossible to master a
26、foreign language within a short period of time if you use a good studymethod.如果你学习方法对头，那么在短时期内掌握一门外语并不是不可能的。Variation outside the range given are not unlikely.变化超出规定范围并非不可能。Nobody had nothing to eat.人人都有东西吃。We see him not infrequently.我们时常见到他。Theres not a person in our village who isnt anxious to pu
27、t the place on the map.我们村子里没有一个人不渴望将这个地方标到地图上。She told him what she thought of his contribution in no uncertain terms.她毫不含糊地告诉他她对他贡献的看法。Not unnaturally,he rejected her demand.他很自然地拒绝了她的要求。It seems no impossibility to John.在约翰看来，这不是不可能的。She is an not unattractive middle-aged woman.她是个还有几分姿色的中年女人。He
28、has built up a not inconsiderable businessempire.他已经建立起一个相当规模的商业帝国。His angry outburst was not unexpected.他的勃然大怒并非完全出人意料。Hes not unreasonable.Hes right in a way.他并非没有道理，从某种意义上讲他是对的。He made some not unintelligent observations.他作了一些具有一定见解的评论。The world has done me no injustice.这世界并没有对我不公平。Immortal garla
29、nd is to be run for, not without dust and heat.不朽的花环是备极艰辛而后得到的。The moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee.每夜月亮的光辉都为我带来了梦寐，梦见美丽的安娜贝尔李。She has given me no small support.她给了我极大的帮助。Nothing is unnecessary.没有什么是不必要的。Her grandson never fails to phone her on herbirthday.她孙子
30、从来不会忘记在她生日时打电话给她。No way is impossible to courage.勇敢者不会有绝路。It is not uncommon nowadays for students to have bank loans.学生获得银行贷款如今已是平常事。No smoke without fire.无火不起烟。Nothing is unexpected.一切都在预料之中。Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.只要勤奋，有技能，任何事情都能办得到。Nothing has been done that can not be d
31、onebetter.任何事情都有改进的余地。Never did she hear the tune without being moved to tears.每当她听到这首曲子，总会潸然泪下。Scarcely an adventure or character is given in his works, that may not be traced to his own colorful life.他作品中的每一桩事情或每一个人物几乎都是取材于他本身丰富多彩的生活经历。Not infrequently the clouds began to gather, and there was eve
32、ry sign that a change was at hand.时常看到云块开始聚集，大有天色马上要变的样子。Nowadays it is not seldom that man lives to be ninety years old.今天，活到90岁的人是很常见的。You cannot read the book and not be inspired.你读了这本书，不能不受鼓舞。You cannot see the film and not be moved.你看了这部电影，不能不受感动。He went out as usual,though not without somefear
33、.他照常出去了，虽然有些害怕。Its not uncommon for the students to make spelling mistakes.学生们出现拼写错误是常见的。Nobody does nothing.人人都要做事的。He is not displeased with my answer.他对我的回答感到满意。Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人了。No machine ever runs without some friction.从来没有一台机器运转时没有摩擦。At the beginning o
34、f learning English you can not speak it without making mistakes.开始学英语时讲英语不可能不犯错误。There is nothing so difficult but it becomes easy bypractice.无论多么困难的事，只要实践便会变得容易了。再如：not unprepared不是毫无准备，notimmutable并非一成不变，not unobjectionable并非不可反驳，not unlike跟一样，等。4.几乎否定几乎否定(又称半否定)表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有little/few很少/一点
35、儿，barely仅仅/几乎不，hardly几乎不/简直不，rarely很少，scarcely几乎没有/简直不，seldom不常/很少，等。例如：This problem has been little studied.对这个问题几乎还没有研究过。He little realizes the danger he is in.他几乎还没有意识到所面临的危险。I seldom get any sleep.我几乎不能入睡。件事cocely anpbody believesthot.几乎没有人相信这It is hardly right.这几乎是不对的。Little remains to be said.
36、简直没有什么可说的了。Hardly a day goes by when I dont think of her. 几乎没有一天我不想她。Her voice was so low, I could barely hear her.她说话的声音很轻，我几乎听不见。Iunderstand little of what she said.她说的我几乎全不理解。He would hardly recognize his hometown if he saw it now.如果他现在看到了故乡，将很难辨认了。【提示】这些词后常插入if ever，if any,if at all等表示让步概念。例如：Th
37、ey rarely, if ever, tour to that country.他们难得到那个国家去旅行。The manuscript has few, if any, misspellings.这部手稿的拼写错误即使有也是极少的。5.形式否定，意义肯定英语中有些形式上否定而内容含义却是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文含义，即译出此类否定结构的肯定含义。1cannot.too意为“越越，非常，无论怎样也不过分”，相当于It is impossible to overdo, The more.the better。在此结构中，cannot也可改用canhardl
38、y/scarcely/never，too也可改用over，enough，sufficient等。例如：You cannot be too cautious.你越谨慎越好。A man can never have too many friends.朋友越多越好。We can hardly praise his achievement too much.对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。He cant see you quickly enough.他想尽快见到你。(=He desires to see you as soon as possible.)Newtons contribution t
39、o modern science can scarcely be overrated.牛顿对现代科学的贡献无论怎样评价也不过高。【提示】“cannot wait+不定式”意为“be eagerto.急于做”，表示强调的肯定意义。例如：I cannot wait to read the book.我非常渴望读到这本书。He couldnt wait to see her.他渴望见到她。2 cannot buttv, cannot help but+v,cannot help+ v-ing意为“不得不，禁不住”。例如：We cannot but read books to increase out
40、knowledge.我们只有读书才能增长知识。I cant help but feel sorry for her.我不能不为她感到遗憾。We cannot help admiring his courage.我们不能不佩服他的勇敢。Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。3no/nobody.but意为“都，没有不，只有才”。例如：There is no man but has his faults.人皆有过。There is no rule but ha
41、s exceptions.凡是规则都有例外。Nobody reads the book but will be moved.这本书谁读了都会受感动。There exists no man but has an enemy.人不树敌世上无。There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.各种材料在力的作用下，多少都会有些变形。【提示】这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that/which/who does/will/have.not。在疑问词或否定词后面，but都含有否定意义，不论是作
42、代词还是连词均表示双重否定，也就是肯定，意为“没有不”等。参阅有关章节。比较：No one believes that she will succeed.没有人相信她会成功。(否定)No one believes but she will succeed.人们相信她会成功。(直译为“没有人相信她不会成功”，为双重否定表示的肯定)There is no one that knows him.没有人认识他。(否定)There is no one but knows him.人人都认识他。(肯定)There is no man that errs.人都没有错。(否定)There is no man
43、but errs.人人都会有错。(肯定)注意下面三句：You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.你不深入研究就找不到答案。(=只有才能，条件状语)He is not such a fool but he can tell a friend from a foe.他并没有蠢到敌友不分。(程度状语)But (that) you lent him a large sum of money, he would have gone bankrupt.要不是你借给了他一大笔钱，他早就破产了。(条件状语，这种结构中的主句要
44、用虚拟语气)4 never/not.but (that)意为“每当总是，没有哪次不是”,but(that)可以引导结果从句、条件从句、定语从句等。例如：I never see you but I think of my mother.每当看见你时，我总是想起我的母亲来。He never played with them but (that) a quarrelfollowed.他每次和他们一起玩，总会引起一场吵闹。It never rains but it pours.雨不下则已，下则倾盆。(祸不单行。)I never think of summer but I think of my sch
45、ooldays.想到夏天就想起了我的学生时代。Never a day passed but brought us good news.我们每天都有好消息。He will not be angry but that he is offended.人们惹了他他才会生气。(条件状语)I never walked in the park but (that) I thought of her.我每次从公园里走过总会想到她。(结果状语)5nothing but,none but与nowhere but意为“仅仅，只，只有才”，与nothingother than同义。nothing but后接非指人的名
46、词，none but后接指人的名词或非指人的名词。例如：We can see nothing but/nothing other than water.我们目之所及尽是水。The children want to do nothing but watchtelevision.孩子们只想看电视。None but me knew what happened.只有我知道发生了什么事情。None but a fool would do such a thing.只有傻瓜才愿干这件事。Nothing was heard but the dripping of water.只听见雨水的滴嗒声。He cho
47、se none but the best.他只选最好的。You can find that sort of bird nowhere but inAustralia.你只有在澳大利亚才能找到那种鸟。这种形式有时也可用疑问句来表示。例如：What is coal but a kind of stone?煤只不过是一种石头。Whose fault is it but your own?这只不过是你自己的过失。【提示】下面一句也是形式否定，意义肯定：She can hardly be other than grateful.她非常感激。6nothing else than意为“仅仅，完全”。例如：His failure was due to nothing else than his owncarelessness.他的失败完全是他的粗心所造成的。7 no/none other than意为“正是，仅仅是”。例如：This is no other than the book we want to buy.这正是我们要买的那本书。She is none other than my adviser.她正是我的导师。The anonymous letter was written by none other than the author himself.写匿名信的