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1、句子成分由词按照一定的语法规则结合起来表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分(单词或词组等)叫做句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语（了解）等。主语和谓语为句子的主要成分，其他为次要成分。注意，词类与句子成分不同。词类单纯指单词的分类(如名词、动词等)，而句子成分则指单词、词组、短语等在句子中的语法作用(如作主语、谓语)。1 主语主语是一个句子的主体，一般放在谓语之前，在主动句中是动作的施予者，而在被动句中，主语通常是动作的对象或受事。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等担任。1)名词作主语Mary is a good stud
2、ent.玛丽是一个好学生。The building was completed last month.这座大楼是上个月完工的。2)代词作主语He enjoys walking in the hills. 他喜欢在山里散步。No one can answer this question.没有人能回答这个问题。3)数词作主语Four plus six is ten.4加6等于10。Hundreds came to the exhibition.有几百人来参观展览会。4)不定式作主语To explore the Amazon River this summer has been very good
3、news to me.今年夏天探险亚马孙河对我来说是个好消息。It is necessary to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语很有必要。5)动名词作主语Smoking is bad for the health.吸烟有害健康。Swimming is a good sport in summer.游泳是夏天的一种良好运动。6)名词化的形容词作主语(the+形容词，the+分词)The young should respect the old.青年人应该尊重老年人。The wounded have been sent to the hospital.受
4、伤的人已经被送往医院了。7)从句作主语When we shall go back has not been decided yet.我们什么时候返回还没有决定。What she did is for your good.她所做的是为你好。2 谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，表明主语做什么，是什么或处于什么情况、状态。谓语由动词担任，有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。1)简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成。We reviewed our lessons yesterday.我们昨天复习了功课。He looked after her two years ago.他两年前照顾过她。2)复合谓语(1)情态动词+动
5、词作谓语She can speak English very well.她英语说得很好。The work may be done in a week.这项工作可以在一周内做完。(2)连系动词+表语作谓语The dictionary is mine.这本词典是我的。She looks happy.她看上去很高兴。3 宾语1)可作宾语的词和句子宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词表示，一般放在及物动词或介词的后面。(1)名词作宾语Paper catches fire easily. 纸很容易着火。He enjoys music.他爱好音乐。(2)代词作宾语I saw h
6、er this morning.我今天上午看到她了。He will do anything for her.为了她，他什么都愿意做。(3)数词作宾语If you add 5 to 3,you get 8.5加3得8。I like the third.我喜欢第3个。(4)名词化的形容词和分词(the+形容词，the+分词) 作宾语We should respect the old.我们应该尊敬老人。They have taken the injured to the hospital.他们把伤者送到医院去了。(5)不定式作宾语Please remember to buy me some stam
7、ps.请记住给我买些邮票。He likes to make people laugh.他喜欢逗人发笑。(6)动名词作宾语He stopped smoking last month.他上个月戒了烟。She denied saying that.她否认说了那种话。(7)疑问词+不定式作宾语答地 dont hooe loe to anoer her我不知道如南回She hasnt decided where to go.她还没有决定去哪里。(8)从句作宾语I wish you would study hard.我希望你能努力学习。He said he would come.他说过他要来。2)直接宾语
8、和间接宾语有些及物动词(如give, ask, tell, offer,teach，show，buy 等)可以带两个宾语。一个指人，称为间接宾语，表示动作的方向或动作的目标，常由名词或代词充当；一个指物，称为直接宾语，表示动作的对象或结果，常由名词、代词、数词、不定式等充当。Mother bought me a cap yesterday.母亲昨天给我买了一顶帽子。She taught us English then.她当时教我们英语。I sent my mother three letters last month.我上个月给母亲寄了3封信。提示1间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，但有时为了强调
9、间接宾语，可用“直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语”结构，把间接宾语后置。Will you buy another dictionary for her?你再给她买一本词典好吗？She gave some good advice to the students.她给了学生们一些好建议。2如果直接宾语是人称代词，须把间接宾语后置，并在前面加“to”。I have found the book and given it to her.我找到了那本书，并给了她。4 宾语补足语有些及物动词带了宾语后，还需要有一个补足成分，才能使句意完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语，用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份
10、等。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。能够充当宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词、从句等。动词 call, allow，elect, keep, consider, make, see, find, name, hear, smell, have, let, get, help, prefer, declare, wish, advise,feel 等后面常跟宾语补足语。The teacher made the children get up early.老师要孩子们早起。(动词不定式)I found her quite busy.我发现她很忙。(形容词)The
11、y named the girl Alice.他们给女孩起名为艾丽丝。(名词)We elected him monitor of the class.我们选他当了班长。(名词)I want him back.我要他回来。(副词)在分同o keephe sating.不要让地等下去了。(现I consider the work well done.我认为这项工作做得很好。(过去分词)He found her in trouble.他发现她遇到了麻烦。(介词短语)People call such a way“killing two birds with onestone”，人们称这种方法为“一箭双
12、雕”。(动名词)She has made him what he used to be.她已经使他恢复到原来的状态了。(从句)5 表语表语放在连系动词之后，用来说明主语的特征、状态、身份等。可以充当表语的词有名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子。1)名词作表语She is our teacher.她是我们的老师。He became king when he was only a child.他在只是个孩子时就当了国王。2)代词作表语“Who is it?”“Its me.” “是谁？”“是我。”The pencil is hers.这支铅笔是她的。3)形容词作表语I
13、am free today. 我今天有空。The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的。4)副词作表语Her mother will be back soon.她母亲不久就要回来了。He is there. 他在那里。5)数词作表语Hes sixteen years old.他16岁了。Shes always the first to come.她总是第一个到。6)不定式作表语Her work is to look after the children.她的工作是照看孩子们。My dream is to fly to the moon.我的梦想是飞到月球上去。7)动名词作表语Her hobb
14、y is collecting stamps.她的嗜好是集邮。What she likes is growing flowers.她的喜好是养花。8)分词作表语He seemed worried about it.他似乎为那件事担心。It is surprising to hear the news.听到这个消息令人吃惊。提示常用作表语的过去分词有：gone走了，去了lost 失去了，迷路satisfied 满意的interested感兴趣的bored厌烦的known为人所知broken 碎的，破了的puzzled 困惑不解worried 担心的confused迷惑的excited兴奋的ast
15、onished 吃惊的tired 疲劳的disappointed 失望的pleased高兴的surprised 吃惊的touched感动的discouraged 泄气的done做完的9)“疑问词+不定式”作表语The problem is how to get enough money. 问题是怎样得到足够的钱。The difficulty is how to cross the river.困难是怎样渡河。10)介词短语作表语She is at home in English.她精通英语。Life is like a long river.生命就像一条长河。11)从句作表语That is w
16、hat I think.那就是我所想的。The problem is who can drive you home.问题是谁能开车送你回家。6 定语定语用来修饰名词或代词。可用作定语的词有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词或句子等。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语。用形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词作定语时通常放在被修饰词的前面，叫做前置定语；用介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词短语、句子作定语时通常放在被修饰的词后面，叫做后置定语。但要注意，如果被前置定语修饰的是由some,any，every,no 等构成的不定代词(如 somebody，anything, eve
17、ryone,nothing)时，则定语要放在这些词的后面。参见第五章。1)形容词作定语That is a tall tree.那是一棵很高的树。(前置)There is something wrong with the radio.收音机有毛病了。(后置)2)名词作定语They are talking about a maths problem.他们在讨论一个数学问题。(前置)Computer science is developing rapidly.电脑科技发展得很快。(前置)3)代词作定语Your hair needs cutting.你的头发需要理了。(前置)Can anyone an
18、swer this question?有人能回答这个问题吗？(前置)4)副词作定语He is reading in the room above.他正在楼上的房间里读书。(后置)Thats the only way out.那是唯一的出路。(后置)She asked for a day off.她请假一天。(后置)The students there are watching a football game.那边的学生在观看足球赛。(后置)The weather today is rather cold. 今天的天气相当冷。(后置)5)数词作定语Thirty students attended
19、 the party. 30名学生参加了晚会。(前置)She won the first prize in the speech contest.她在演讲比赛中获得了第一名。(前置)6)动名词作定语He bought some sleeping pills.他买了一些安眠药。(前置)He is in the reading room.他在阅览室。(前置)7)分词作定语He gave an inspiring speech yesterday. 他昨天作了一个激动人心的演讲。(前置)The girl standing on the left is his daughter.站在左边的那个女孩是他
20、的女儿。(后置)He bought a TV set made in that factory.他买了一台由那家工厂制造的电视机。(后置)8)不定式作定语I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(后置)Id like to buy some books to read during the trip.我想买几本书在旅途中读。(后置)9)从句作定语The man who spoke to you just now is his father.刚才同你说话的那个人就是他的父亲。(后置)He that will thrive must rise at
21、five. 五更起，事业兴。(后置)He who would search for pearls must dive below.采珍珠，须潜水。(后置)提示用几个定语同时修饰一个词时，应把与该词关系最密切的定语放在最后(参见“第五章形容词”的有关内容)。a young Chinese writer一位年轻的中国作家a clever little girl一个聪明的小女孩a great modern socialist country一个伟大的现代化的社会主义国家7 状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，用来表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果、条件、让步、频度等情况。通常用作
22、状语的词有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词词组、从句等。1)时间状语一般位于句尾，有时位于句首或主语和谓语之间。The plane will take off in a few minutes. 几分钟后飞机就要起飞了。Having finished the job,he went to have supper.完成了工作，他就去吃晚饭。(强调)On seeing her,I said “Hello”to her.我一看见她，就打招呼。当问到关于她的家庭情况时，那女人没有回答。The woman, asked about her family, made no answer.Asked ab
23、out her family, the woman made no answer.The woman made no answer, asked about her family.2)地点状语一般位于句尾，但有时也可位于句首或句中。There are plenty of fish in the lake.湖里有许多鱼。He has been looking for you here and there.他到处找你。3)原因状语大多位于句尾，有时也有位于句首的。He came late because of the rain.由于下雨，他来迟了。As he has no car, he cant
24、 get there easily. 因为没有车，他去那里不方便。提示除 because, since, as, now that,for 等连词可以引导原因状语从句外(参见有关部分)，原因状语的表示法还有很多，简要介绍如下。1for(原因，理由)Thank you very much for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。He jumped for joy.他高兴得跳起来。I can see nothing for the dense fog.由于大雾，我什么也看不见。2from(由于，因)The campers died from cold.露营者冻死了。She didnt dar
25、e to go there from fear.她因为害怕不敢去那儿。at(因感官的影响，引起主观上感性的反应)She laughed at the joke.听了那个笑话她大笑起来。He was surprised at seeing her again.再次见到她，他感到很吃惊。with(原因，理由)They were singing with joy.他们高兴得唱起来。He is bent with age.他年老腰弯了。5through(由于，因为，多指不好的事情)He made the mistakes through carelessness.他由于粗心而犯了错误。The comp
26、any went bankrupt through no fault of mine. 公司破产了，不是由于我的过失。due to(由于，因为)He came late due to the rain.他因雨来迟了。She had to stay at home due to a knee injury.她因膝伤而不得不待在家里。 because of(相当于because引导的从句)She cancelled the trip because ofthe badweather.由于天气糟糕，她取消了旅行。thanks to(由于，多亏)Thanks to the policeman, the
27、 child was saved from drowning.多亏那位警察，落水儿童得救了。Thanks to the timely rain, they reaped a goodharvest.多亏下了及时雨，他们获得了好收成。9 out of(出于原因)I came out of interest. 我因兴趣而来。She did it out of concern for us.她出于关心我们才做那件事的。He kicked the door out of bad temper.他因为发脾气用脚踢门。on account of(由于)We stayed indoors on accoun
28、t of the storm.由于暴风雨，我们不外出。1 owing to(由于)He failed owing to lack of work.由于工作做得不够，他失败了。2 on the ground of(由于)He gave up the work on the ground of the lowpayment.由于酬金太低，他放弃了那份工作。3不定式、分词I am very glad to see you back.看到你回来我非常高兴。Tired out, he stopped to have a rest.他累了，停下来休息一下。Not knowing what to do ne
29、xt, he went to ask Mr. Brown for advice. 由于不知道下一步该怎么办，他去向布朗先生征求意见。4)方式或伴随状语常位于句尾(动词后或动词+宾语后)。They listened to the teacher attentively.他们注意听老师讲课。She cut the apple with a knife.她用刀子把苹果切开。一位老人在路上走着，后面跟着一条狗。An old man walked along the road,followed by a dog.An old man, followed by a dog, walked along th
30、e road.Followed by a dog, an old man walked along the road.5)程度状语位于被修饰词的前面。The river is very long.这条河很长。This film is entirely different from that one.这部电影同那部电影完全不同。提示enough作状语时位于被修饰词的后面。例如：This problem is easy enough.这个问题极其简单。6)目的状语常位于句尾。He ran fast to catch the train.他飞跑着去赶火车。He went there for the
31、purpose of seeing her.他去那里，想见见她。To pass the exam she studied hard.她勤奋学习以便能通过考试。(有时可把目的状语放在句首，加强语气)7)结果状语位于句尾。She woke suddenly to find him standing near thebed.她突然醒来，发现他站在床边。It rained so hard that we had to stay at home.雨下得太大了，我们只得待在家里。8)条件状语位于句首。Turning to the left,you will see the library. 向左转弯后，你
32、就会看到那个图书馆。Provided (that) no objection is raised,we shall hold the meeting here.如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会了。Given better attention, the trees would have grown better. 要是多加管理，这些树还可以长得更好一些。Without enough water, we couldnt grow ricehere.如果没有足够的水，我们这儿就不能种水稻。(介词 without,but for等也可以表示条件)9)让步状语位于句首或句尾。They continued
33、 to walk in spite of the heavysnow.尽管下着大雪，他们仍然继续向前走。Although he is poor in health, he is strong inwill.他虽然身体虚弱，但意志坚强。10)频度状语表示频度的时间状语，如often,always,seldom, never, ever, often, sometimes, usually等，通常位于句中，放在行为动词前面，be动词或情态动词后面。He usually goes to bed at ten.他通常10点钟睡。He is seldom angry.他很少生气。I will alway
34、s remember her.我将永远记着她。11)几个状语连用的次序问题(1)方式地点时间连用几个状语修饰同一个动词时，通常按“方式状语地点状语时间状语”的顺序排列。They talked happily in the room last night.他们昨天晚上在房间里谈得很愉快。She walked quickly into the room just now.她刚才快步走进了那个房间。(2)由小到大用几个不同的时间状语或地点状语同时修饰同一个动词时，一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。He stayed here for two months last year. 他去年在这里待了2个月。
35、She then lived in a small village in the north.她那时住在北方的一个小村子里。(3)变化位置状语在简略回答中，谓语部分只有be动词、助动词或情态动词时，位置有变化。“He will never do it again.”“Yes, he neverwill.”“他决不再做那件事了。”“是的，他决不再做。”San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles rarely is. 旧金山的夏天通常是凉爽的，但洛杉矶的夏天却很少是这样了。8 同位语（了解）同位语是指与前面名词或代词在语
36、法上处于同等地位的句子成分，对该名词或代词作进一步补充、解释、说明。可用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、从句等，通常置于被说明的词之后。We your friends are always ready to help you.我们是你的朋友，时刻准备帮助你。They three went to the flower show yesterday.他们3人昨天去看了花展。They each sang a song.他们每人都唱了一首歌。When coal, the remains of plants, is burned, chemical energy is changed into heat
37、energy.当煤，植物的遗骸，燃烧时，化学能变成热能。He had to face the fact that the nearest gas station is forty miles away.他不得不面对这个事实，最近的加油站也在40英里之外。同位语的引导词常用的有：namely, viz, or, or rather, that is, i. e. /ie, such as, especially, or better (still), that is to say,for example/e. g., for instance, say, for one, chiefly, ma
38、inly,particularly等。She left the school last month,namely/that is/ that is to say,in May this year.她于上个月，即今年5月，离开了学校。There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance,training tigers.有些工作比驾驶卡车危险，例如驯虎。There are different forms of energy,such as heat energy, sound energy, electric energy a
39、nd chemicalenergy.有各种不同形式的能，如热能、声能、电能和化学能。She began asking more questions, chiefly aboutaccounts.她开始问更多的问题，主要是账目方面的。You should avoid eating fat meat, pork inparticular.你应避免吃肥肉，特别是肥猪肉。9 独立成分（了解）英语中的独立成分有感叹词、呼语和插入语三种。它们可以是词、词组或主谓结构，因其与句子中的其他成分并无语法上的联系而被称为独立成分。9-1 感叹词（了解）感叹词是说话者为了表达某种感情或情绪而突然发出的词，在句中不作
40、任何成分，独立于句子之外，没有实在意义。感叹词常位于句首，也位于句中或句尾，常用的有：ah (啊)，oh(啊，嗅)，aha(啊哈)， alas (啊呀)，wow (哇)，why(哎呀，什么)，gosh(唉，糟糕)，ha ha (哈哈)，hurrah(好 哇)，damn(该死，讨 厌，他 妈 的)，phew(啐)，heavens(天哪)，boy(荷，好家伙)，uh-huh(啊哈)Boy, what a game!嘿！真是一场精彩的比赛！Gosh!Youve forgot my name!天哪！你竟把我的名字忘了。Oh， how diligent he is!啊，他是多么勤奋！Well, how
41、cold the room is!哎呀，屋子里这么冷！Why, you are here already.嗯，你已经来了。Oh, dear, he is so stubborn!天哪，他竟然这么固执！9-2呼语（了解）John,where are you going?约翰，你要去哪里？Ladies and gentlemen, you are welcome to the party. 女士们，先生们，欢迎你们来参加晚会。9-3 插入语（了解）In my opinion, this is the best solution to theproblem.依我看，这是解决这个问题的最好方案。By the way,does he still live there?顺便问一下，他还住在那里吗？21