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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1 2021 考研英语一真题及答案 015 年考研英语(一)真题完整版 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourt
2、h cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is _(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and u
3、nrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The s
4、tudy_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms worki
5、ng together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the las
6、t 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,frie
7、nds and strangers,were taken from the same population.1.A when B why C how D what 2.A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3.A for B with C on D by 4.A compared B sought C separated D connected 5.A tests B objects Csamples D examples 6.A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible 7.
8、A visit B miss C seek D know 8.A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9.A again B also C instead D thus 10.A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11.A about B to Cfrom Dlike 12.A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13.A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源
9、于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2 14.A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15.A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16.Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17.A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18.A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19.A political B religious C ethn
10、ic D economic 20.A see B show C prove D tell Section II Reading Comprehension Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain onc
11、e insisted“kings dont abdicate,they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writin
12、g is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“e
13、mbody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their abs
14、olutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very histo
15、ryand sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be t
16、he symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrus
17、iveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her
18、 rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！3 both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they prov
19、ide a service as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public support B was unpop
20、ular among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to
21、look up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?*A+Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families *D+The nobilitys
22、adherence to their privileges 24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles A takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to his future role 25.Which of the following is the best titl
23、e of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats TEXT 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether poli
24、ce can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects a
25、t the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should prov
26、ide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that police dont violate the 欢迎您
27、阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4 Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history a
28、nd comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.
29、Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must so
30、rt out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to *A+search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.*B+check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their p
31、hone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of A tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to A getting into ones residence.*B+handing on
32、es historical records.*C+scanning ones correspondences.*D+going through ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.*D+citizens p
33、rivacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution s
34、hould never be altered.Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contribut
35、ing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！5 “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven
36、 experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whe
37、ther any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publ
38、ish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a l
39、asting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that A Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjourn
40、als are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to Afound.Brevised.Cmarked Dstored 33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establish
41、ment of the SBoRE may Apose a threat to all its peers Bmeet with strong opposition Cincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals 34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A.adds to researchers worklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement
42、.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 T
43、wo years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！6 dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be
44、profit and the market.But“its us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for
45、capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the
46、World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same chargethe wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged
47、by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2021 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One
48、of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world,it has become normal that well-pai
49、d executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholde
50、r value,business-friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding,to be fair in what was writ