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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 1 页 共 36 页 2021 考研英语一真题及参考答案 2021 考研英语一真题 Section IUse of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today,we live in a world where GPS systems,digital m
2、aps,and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3 you get lost without a phone or a pass,and you 4 cant find north,a few tricks may help you navigate 5
3、to civilization,one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail,but not in a pletely 7 area of land,you have to answer two 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 2 页 共 36 页 questions:Which 8 is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Human
4、s overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9 ,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should 10 see signs of people.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore you
5、r bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 ,even in dense forest,you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve 15 the woods.Head toward these 16 to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于
6、互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 3 页 共 36 页 17 light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can 20 you to civili
7、zation.1.A.Few B.Most C.Some D.All 2.A.put B.takeC.run D.e 3.A.Since B.Until C.ThoughD.If 4.A.formally B.literally C.gradually D.relatively 5.A.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 4 页 共 36 页 around B.away C.back D.next 6.A.onto B.along C.across D.off 7.A.unattractive B.unfamiliar C.unch
8、anged D.uncrowded 8.A.way B.point C.site D.place 9.A.Instead B.Yet C.So D.Besides 10.A.immediately B.eventually C.unexpectedly 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 5 页 共 36 页 D.intentionally 11.A.frightened B.annoyed C.surprised D.confused 12.A.problem B.result C.view D.option 13.A.Above
9、 all B.For exle C.On average D.In contrast 14.A.spot B.avoid C.bridge D.separate 15.A.from B.under C.beyond D.through 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 6 页 共 36 页 16.A.posts B.breaks C.shades D.links 17.A.hidden B.mysterious C.artificial D.limited 18.A.Finally B.Consequently C.Inciden
10、tally D.Generally 19.A.memories B.belongings C.notes D.marks 20.A.lead B.adapt C.restrict D.expose Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 7 页 共 36 页 the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mar
11、k your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose
12、 of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial inst itutions.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long-term decision-making,not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future gener
13、ations.“Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded panies,says the Bank of Englands top economist,Andrew Haldane.He es a giant of classical economics,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质
14、的文档！第 8 页 共 36 页“children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors
15、,who demand high quarterly profits from panies,can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism.”In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information,and thus sh
16、orter attention spans in financial markets.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said missioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange mission in a speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public p
17、anies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 9 页 共 36 页 survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performanc
18、e.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders who hold onto a pany investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a pany.Within panies,the right pensation design can
19、 provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the pany and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imp
20、osing the new rule is to A.guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B.enhance bankers sense of responsibility.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 10 页 共 36 页 C.build a new system of financial regulation.D.help corporations achieve larger profits.22.Alfred Marshall is ed to indicate A.the
21、 solid structure of publicly traded panies.B.governments impatience in decision-making.C.the conditions for generating quick profits.D.“short-termism”in economic activities.23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public panies can be A.minimal.B.indirect.C.adverse.D.temporary.2
22、4.The US and France exles are used to illustrate A.the approaches to promoting“long-termism.”B.the prevalence of short-term thinking.C.the 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 11 页 共 36 页 significance of long-term thinking.D.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism.”25.Which of the foll
23、owing would be the best title for the text?A.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives B.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism C.Patience as a Corporate Virtue D.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers Text 2Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decades is of
24、ten considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in whi
25、ch they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 12 页 共 36 页 The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do
26、their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,it was u sually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level cours
27、es.But now most colleges,save for many selective cuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses crit
28、ical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Ultimately,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.
29、”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well.For 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 13 页 共 36 页 public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better gr
30、ades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another
31、 way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be.On this,students and college
32、s incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is monly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.Colleges neglect of GPAs.B.The 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 14 页 共 36 页 influence of consumer culture.C.Students indifference to GPAs.D.The change of course catalogs.27.What was the origin
33、al purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To maintain colleges graduation rates.B.To increase universities ine from tuition.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges to A.obtain more financial s
34、upport.B.improve their teaching quality.C.boost their student enrollments.D.meet 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 15 页 共 36 页 local governments needs.29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line 5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To be contradictory to each o
35、ther.C.To be identical with each other.D.To plement each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by A.assessing its feasibility.B.listing its long-run effects.C.paring different views on it.D.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第
36、16 页 共 36 页 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raise
37、d by technologies yet to e.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:“What is intelligence,identity,or consciousness?What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to ev
38、ade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and“Humans.”Just how people think is still far too plex to be understood,let alone reproduced,says David Eag
39、leman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 17 页 共 36 页 how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical iss
40、ues involving AI arent at hand.The ing use of autonomous vehicles,for exle,poses thorny ethical questions.Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a plex bination of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in
41、that moment.AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving s ituation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of
42、 a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.Britain 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 18 页 共 36 页 is setting up
43、a data ethics center.India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to“design or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use wou
44、ld violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent,and fair.To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects huma
45、nitys highest values?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it A.involves some concerns raised by AI today.B.has remained popular for as long as 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 19 页
46、 共 36 页 200 years.C.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eaglemans opinion,our current knowledge of consciousness A.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.is too limited for us to reproduce it.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.can b
47、e misleading to robot making.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles A.can hardly ever be found.B.has aroused much curiosity.C.is still beyond our capacity.D.causes 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 20 页 共 36 页 little public concern.34.The authors attitude
48、 toward Googles pledges is one of A.contempt.B.skepticism.C.respect.D.affirmation.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.The Conscience of AI:plex But Inevitable B.Frankenstein,the Novel Predicting the Age of AI C.AIs Future:In the Hands of Tech Giants D.AI Shall Be Killers
49、 Once Out of Control Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of dec
50、ades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！第 21 页 共 36 页 The cases the court overturned said that if a busin